Created page with "{{About/ja|the common insulin disorder/ja|the urine hyper-production disorder/ja|Diabetes insipidus/ja}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = 糖尿病 | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|_|ə|'|b|i|_|t|i|z|,_|-|t|I|s}} | image = Blue circle for diabetes.svg | image_size = 250px | alt = 太い青い縁取りと透明な中央の空洞の円 | caption = 糖尿病を表す普遍的な青い円のシンボル | field = En..."
'''Diabetes mellitus''', often known simply as '''diabetes''', is a group of common [[endocrine disease]]s characterized by sustained [[hyperglycemia|high blood sugar levels]]. Diabetes is due to either the [[pancreas]] not producing enough [[insulin]], or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects. Classic symptoms include thirst, [[polyuria]], weight loss, and [[blurred vision]]. If left untreated, the disease can lead to various health complications, including disorders of the [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular system]], [[Diabetic retinopathy|eye]], [[Diabetic nephropathy|kidney]], and [[Diabetic neuropathy|nerves]]. Untreated or poorly treated diabetes accounts for approximately 1.5 million deaths every year.
The major types of diabetes are [[Type 1 diabetes|type 1]] and [[Type 2 diabetes|type 2]], though other forms also exist. The most common treatment for type 1 is [[insulin replacement therapy]] (insulin injections), while [[Diabetes medication|anti-diabetic medications]] (such as [[metformin]] and [[semaglutide]]) and [[Lifestyle medicine|lifestyle modifications]] can be used to manage type 2. [[Gestational diabetes]], a form that arises during [[pregnancy]] in some women, normally resolves shortly after delivery.
As of 2021, an estimated 537 million people had diabetes worldwide accounting for 10.5% of the adult population, with type 2 making up about 90% of all cases. It is estimated that by 2045, approximately 783 million adults, or 1 in 8, will be living with diabetes, representing a 46% increase from the current figures. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase, most dramatically in low- and middle-income nations. Rates are similar in women and men, with diabetes being the seventh leading cause of death globally. The global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare is an estimated US$760 billion a year.
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==徴候と症状==
==Signs and symptoms==
{{Anchor|Signs and symptoms}}
[[File:Main symptoms of diabetes.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes]] [[File:Diabetes complications.jpg|thumb|Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are potential complications of diabetes]]The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are [[polyuria]], thirst, and weight loss. Several other non-specific signs and symptoms may also occur, including fatigue, blurred vision, and genital itchiness due to [[Candidiasis|''Candida'' infection]]. About half of affected individuals may also be asymptomatic. Type 1 presents abruptly following a pre-clinical phase, while type 2 has a more insidious onset; patients may remain asymptomatic for many years.
[[File:Main symptoms of diabetes.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|糖尿病の最も重要な症状の概要]]
[[Diabetic ketoacidosis/ja|糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス]]は、1型に最もよく起こる医学的緊急事態であるが、長期にわたる場合やβ細胞機能障害が顕著な場合には2型でも起こることがある。[[ketone bodies/ja|ケトン体]]の過剰産生は、吐き気、嘔吐、腹痛、呼気中の[[acetone/ja|アセトン]]臭、[[Kussmaul breathing/ja|クスマウル呼吸]]として知られる深呼吸、重症の場合は[[Altered level of consciousness/ja|意識レベルの低下]]などの徴候や症状を引き起こす。[[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state/ja|高浸透圧高血糖状態]]もまた、重度の高血糖に続発する脱水によって特徴づけられる緊急事態であり、結果として[[hypernatremia/ja|高ナトリウム血症]]が精神状態の変化や場合によっては[[coma/ja|昏睡]]を引き起こす。
[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] is a medical emergency that occurs most commonly in type 1, but may also occur in type 2 if it has been longstanding or if the individual has significant β-cell dysfunction. Excessive production of [[ketone bodies]] leads to signs and symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, the smell of [[acetone]] in the breath, deep breathing known as [[Kussmaul breathing]], and in severe cases [[Altered level of consciousness|decreased level of consciousness]]. [[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]] is another emergency characterised by dehydration secondary to severe hyperglycaemia, with resultant [[hypernatremia]] leading to an altered mental state and possibly [[coma]].
[[Hypoglycemia|Hypoglycaemia]] is a recognised complication of insulin treatment used in diabetes. An acute presentation can include mild symptoms such as [[Perspiration|sweating]], trembling, and [[palpitations]], to more serious effects including [[Delirium|impaired cognition]], confusion, [[seizure]]s, [[coma]], and rarely death. Recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes may lower the glycaemic threshold at which symptoms occur, meaning mild symptoms may not appear before cognitive deterioration begins to occur.
The major long-term complications of diabetes relate to damage to [[blood vessel]]s at both [[Macrovascular disease|macrovascular]] and [[Microvascular disease|microvascular]] levels. Diabetes doubles the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]], and about 75% of deaths in people with diabetes are due to [[coronary artery disease]]. Other macrovascular morbidities include [[stroke]] and [[peripheral artery disease]].
Microvascular disease affects the [[eye]]s, [[kidney]]s, and [[nerve]]s. Damage to the retina, known as [[diabetic retinopathy]], is the most common cause of blindness in people of working age. The eyes can also be affected in other ways, including development of [[cataract]] and [[glaucoma]]. It is recommended that people with diabetes visit an [[optometrist]] or [[ophthalmologist]] once a year.
[[Diabetic nephropathy]] is a major cause of [[chronic kidney disease]], accounting for over 50% of patients on [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]] in the United States. [[Diabetic neuropathy]], damage to nerves, manifests in various ways, including [[sensory loss]], [[neuropathic pain]], and [[autonomic dysfunction]] (such as [[Orthostatic hypotension|postural hypotension]], [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]], and [[erectile dysfunction]]). Loss of pain sensation predisposes to trauma that can lead to [[Diabetic foot|diabetic foot problems]] (such as [[ulcer]]ation), the most common cause of non-traumatic lower-limb [[amputation]].
Based on extensive data and numerous cases of gallstone disease, it appears that a causal link might exist between type 2 diabetes and gallstones. People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing gallstones compared to those without diabetes.
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[[cognitive deficit/ja|認知障害]]と糖尿病には関連性があり、糖尿病患者は認知機能低下のリスクが高く、糖尿病でない人に比べて低下率が高いことが研究で示されている。この疾患はまた[[Falls in older adults/ja|高齢者の転倒]]、特に[[insulin/ja|インスリン]]治療を受けている人に起こりやすい。
There is a link between [[cognitive deficit]] and diabetes; studies have shown that diabetic individuals are at a greater risk of cognitive decline, and have a greater rate of decline compared to those without the disease. The condition also predisposes to [[Falls in older adults|falls in the elderly]], especially those treated with [[insulin]].
| Low or absent || Normal, decreased<br /> or increased
| 低いか、ない || 正常、減少<br /> または増加
|-
|-
! Heritability
! 遺伝率
| 0.69 to 0.88|| 0.47 to 0.77
| 0.69 to 0.88|| 0.47 to 0.77
|-
|-
! Prevalence
! 有病率
(age standardized)
(年齢基準)
| <2 per 1,000|| ~6% (men), ~5% (women)
| <2 per 1,000|| ~6% (男性), ~5% (女性)
|}
|}
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糖尿病は[[World Health Organization/ja|世界保健機関]]によって6つのカテゴリーに分類されている: 糖尿病は、[[type 1 diabetes/ja|1型糖尿病]]、[[type 2 diabetes/ja|2型糖尿病]]、ハイブリッド型糖尿病([[Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults/ja|緩徐に進行する成人の免疫介在性糖尿病]]、[[Ketosis-prone diabetes/ja|ケトーシス傾向2型糖尿病]]を含む)、妊娠中に初めて発見された高血糖、「その他の特定型」、および「分類不能糖尿病」の6つに分類されている。糖尿病は、かつて考えられていたよりも変化しやすい疾患であり、個人は複数の型を併せ持つ可能性がある。
Diabetes is classified by the [[World Health Organization]] into six categories: [[type 1 diabetes]], [[type 2 diabetes]], hybrid forms of diabetes (including include [[Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults|slowly evolving, immune-mediated diabetes of adults]] and [[Ketosis-prone diabetes|ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes]]), hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy, "other specific types", and "unclassified diabetes". Diabetes is a more variable disease than once thought, and individuals may have a combination of forms.
Type 1 accounts for 5 to 10% of diabetes cases and is the most common type diagnosed in patients under 20 years; however, the older term "juvenile-onset diabetes" is no longer used as the disease not uncommonly has onset in adulthood. The disease is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing [[beta cell]]s of the [[pancreatic islets]], leading to severe insulin deficiency, and can be further classified as [[immune-mediated]] or [[Idiopathic disease|idiopathic]] (without known cause). The majority of cases are immune-mediated, in which a [[T cell]]-mediated [[autoimmunity|autoimmune]] attack causes loss of beta cells and thus insulin deficiency. Patients often have irregular and unpredictable blood sugar levels due to very low insulin and an impaired counter-response to hypoglycaemia.
[[File:1型糖尿病.jpg|thumb|1型糖尿病における自己免疫攻撃]]。
[[File:Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|thumb|Autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes.]]
Type 1 diabetes is partly [[Genetic disorder|inherited]], with multiple genes, including certain [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA genotypes]], known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people, the onset of diabetes can be triggered by one or more [[environmental factor]]s, such as a [[viral infection]] or diet. Several viruses have been implicated, but to date there is no stringent evidence to support this hypothesis in humans.
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1型糖尿病はどの年齢でも発症する可能性があり、かなりの割合が成人期に診断される。[[Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults/ja|成人の潜在性自己免疫性糖尿病]](LADA)は、1型糖尿病が成人で発症した場合に適用される診断用語である。この違いから、この病態を「1.5型糖尿病」と非公式に呼ぶ人もいる。LADAを発症した成人は、当初、原因ではなく年齢から2型糖尿病と誤診されることが多い。LADAでは、成人のインスリン分泌量は1型糖尿病よりも多いが、健康的な血糖値を保つには十分ではない。
Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, and a significant proportion is diagnosed during adulthood. [[Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults]] (LADA) is the diagnostic term applied when type 1 diabetes develops in adults; it has a slower onset than the same condition in children. Given this difference, some use the unofficial term "type 1.5 diabetes" for this condition. Adults with LADA are frequently initially misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes, based on age rather than a cause. LADA leaves adults with higher levels of insulin production than type 1 diabetes, but not enough insulin production for healthy blood sugar levels.
[[File:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|thumb|Reduced insulin secretion or weaker effect of insulin on its receptor leads to high glucose content in the blood.]]
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by [[insulin resistance]], which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the [[insulin receptor]]. However, the specific defects are not known. Diabetes mellitus cases due to a known defect are classified separately. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes mellitus accounting for 95% of diabetes. Many people with type 2 diabetes have evidence of [[prediabetes]] (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) before meeting the criteria for type 2 diabetes. The progression of prediabetes to overt type 2 diabetes can be slowed or reversed by lifestyle changes or [[Anti-diabetic drug|medications]] that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce the [[Glycogenolysis|liver's glucose production]].
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2型糖尿病は主に生活習慣と遺伝に起因する。2型糖尿病の発症には、[[obesity/ja|肥満]]([[body mass index/ja|肥満度指数]]が30以上で定義される)、[[physical activity/ja|身体活動]]の不足、[[Diet (nutrition)/ja|ダイエット]]の不良、[[stress (biology)/ja|ストレス]]、[[:en:urbanization|都市化]]など、多くの生活習慣要因が重要であることが知られている。過剰な体脂肪は、中国系と日本系では30%、ヨーロッパ系とアフリカ系では60~80%、ピマ・インディアンと太平洋諸島系では100%の症例に関連している。肥満でない人でも[[:en:waist–hip ratio|ウエスト・ヒップ比]]が高いことがある。
Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including [[obesity]] (defined by a [[body mass index]] of greater than 30), lack of [[physical activity]], poor [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[stress (biology)|stress]], and [[urbanization]]. Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders. Even those who are not obese may have a high [[waist–hip ratio]].
Dietary factors such as [[sugar]]-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk. The type of [[fat]]s in the diet is also important, with [[saturated fat]] and [[trans fat]]s increasing the risk and [[polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] and [[monounsaturated fat]] decreasing the risk. Eating [[white rice]] excessively may increase the risk of diabetes, especially in Chinese and Japanese people. Lack of physical activity may increase the risk of diabetes in some people.
[[Adverse Childhood Experiences Study|Adverse childhood experiences]], including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with [[neglect]] having the strongest effect.
[[Antipsychotic|Antipsychotic medication]] side effects (specifically metabolic abnormalities, [[dyslipidemia]] and weight gain) and unhealthy lifestyles (including poor diet and decreased [[physical activity]]), are potential risk factors.
Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all [[pregnancy|pregnancies]] and may improve or disappear after delivery. It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation. It is most often diagnosed in the second or third trimester because of the increase in insulin-antagonist hormone levels that occurs at this time. However, after pregnancy approximately 5–10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have another form of diabetes, most commonly type 2. Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required.
Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include [[macrosomia]] (high birth weight), [[Congenital heart defect|congenital heart]] and [[central nervous system]] abnormalities, and [[skeletal muscle]] malformations. Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal [[surfactant]] production and cause [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]]. A [[Bilirubin#Hyperbilirubinemia|high blood bilirubin level]] may result from [[hemolysis|red blood cell destruction]]. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. [[Labor induction]] may be indicated with decreased placental function. A [[caesarean section]] may be performed if there is marked [[fetal distress]] or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as [[shoulder dystocia]].
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===その他の型===
===Other types===
[[Maturity onset diabetes of the young/ja|若年性成熟期発症糖尿病]](MODY)は、まれな[[Dominance (genetics)/ja|常染色体優性遺伝]]型の糖尿病であり、インスリン産生障害を引き起こすいくつかの単一遺伝子変異のうちの1つが原因である。主な3つの糖尿病型に比べ発症頻度はかなり低く、全症例の1~2%である。この病名は、その性質に関する初期の仮説に由来する。この疾患は遺伝子の欠陥によるものであるため、発症年齢や重症度は特定の遺伝子の欠陥によって異なり、そのためMODYには少なくとも13の亜型がある。MODY患者はインスリンを使わなくてもコントロールできることが多い。
[[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] (MODY) is a rare [[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]] inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production. It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1–2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus, there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin.
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糖尿病の一部の症例は、体の組織受容体がインスリンに反応しないために起こる(インスリンレベルが正常であっても、これが2型糖尿病との違いである);このような型は非常にまれである。遺伝子変異([[Dominance (genetics)/ja|常染色体]]または[[Mitochondrion/ja|ミトコンドリア]])によりβ細胞の機能に異常が生じることがある。インスリン作用の異常も遺伝的に決定されている場合がある。膵臓に広範な損傷を与える疾患は糖尿病につながる可能性がある(例えば、[[chronic pancreatitis/ja|慢性膵炎]]や[[cystic fibrosis/ja|嚢胞性線維症]])。[[insulin receptor/ja|インスリン拮抗性]][[hormone/jaホルモン]]の過剰分泌に関連する疾患は、糖尿病を引き起こす可能性がある。(ホルモンの過剰が取り除かれれば、一般的に解決する)。多くの薬物はインスリン分泌を障害し、いくつかの毒素は膵β細胞を損傷し、他のものは[[insulin resistance/ja|インスリン抵抗性]]を増加させる(特に[[steroid diabetes/ja|ステロイド糖尿病]]を誘発する可能性のある[[glucocorticoid/ja|グルココルチコイド]])。[[ICD-10/ja|ICD-10]](1992年)の診断名である''栄養失調関連糖尿病''(ICD-10コードE12)は、1999年に現在の分類法が導入された際に[[World Health Organization/ja|世界保健機関]](WHO)によって非推奨とされた。
Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal]] or [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]]) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, [[chronic pancreatitis]] and [[cystic fibrosis]]). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of [[insulin receptor|insulin-antagonistic]] [[hormone]]s can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells, whereas others increase [[insulin resistance]] (especially [[glucocorticoid]]s which can provoke "[[steroid diabetes]]"). The [[ICD-10]] (1992) diagnostic entity, ''malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus'' (ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.
Yet another form of diabetes that people may develop is [[double diabetes]]. This is when a type 1 diabetic becomes insulin resistant, the hallmark for type 2 diabetes or has a family history for type 2 diabetes. It was first discovered in 1990 or 1991.
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以下は、糖尿病のリスクを高める可能性のある疾患のリストである:
The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:
{{Col-float-begin}}
{{Col-float-begin}}
* Genetic defects of β-cell function
* β細胞機能の遺伝的欠陥
** [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]]
** [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young/ja|若年性成熟期発症糖尿病]]
** Mitochondrial DNA mutations
** ミトコンドリアDNA変異
* Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action
* インスリン処理またはインスリン作用における遺伝的欠陥
** Defects in [[proinsulin]] conversion
** [[proinsulin/ja|プロインスリン]]変換の欠陥
** Insulin gene mutations
** インスリン遺伝子変異
** Insulin receptor mutations
** インスリン受容体の突然変異
* Exocrine pancreatic defects (see [[Type 3c diabetes]], i.e. pancreatogenic diabetes)
[[File:Suckale08 fig3 glucose insulin day.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The fluctuation of [[Blood sugar level|blood sugar]] (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone [[insulin]] (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a [[sucrose|sugar]]-rich vs a [[starch]]-rich meal is highlighted.]]
[[File:Glucose-insulin-release.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic [[beta cell]]s. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells. Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.]]
[[Insulin]] is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of [[glucose]] from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the [[IGF-1]]. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.
The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of [[glycogen]] ([[glycogenolysis]]), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and [[gluconeogenesis]], the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body. Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.
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インスリンは、膵臓の[[islets of Langerhans/ja|ランゲルハンス島]]にあるβ細胞(ベータ細胞)によって、血中グルコースレベルの上昇に反応して血液中に放出される。インスリンは、燃料として使用するため、他の必要な分子に変換するため、または貯蔵するために血液からグルコースを吸収するために、身体の細胞の約3分の2によって使用される。グルコースレベルが低下すると、β細胞からのインスリン放出が減少し、グリコーゲンが分解されてグルコースになる。このプロセスは、主に[[glulcagon/ja|グルカゴン]]というホルモンによってコントロールされており、インスリンとは逆の働きをする。
Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the [[islets of Langerhans]] in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This process is mainly controlled by the hormone [[glucagon]], which acts in the opposite manner to insulin.
If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin ([[insulin resistance]]), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it, and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor [[Protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]], and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic [[acidosis]] in cases of complete insulin deficiency.
When there is too much glucose in the blood for a long time, the [[kidneys]] cannot absorb it all (reach a threshold of [[reabsorption]]) and the extra glucose gets passed out of the body through [[urine]] ([[glycosuria]]). This increases the [[osmotic pressure]] of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production ([[polyuria]]) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing [[dehydration]] and increased thirst ([[polydipsia]]). In addition, intracellular glucose deficiency stimulates appetite leading to excessive food intake (polyphagia).
* [[Fasting glucose|Fasting plasma glucose level]] ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had sufficient time to fast overnight or at least 8 hours before the test.
* [[Plasma glucose]] ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load as in a [[glucose tolerance test]] (OGTT)
* Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) either while fasting or not fasting
* [[Glycated hemoglobin/ja|糖化ヘモグロビン]](HbA<sub>1C</sub>)≧ 48 mmol/mol(≥ 6.5[[Diabetes control and complications trial/ja|DCCT]]%)である。
* [[Glycated hemoglobin]] (HbA<sub>1C</sub>) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 [[Diabetes control and complications trial|DCCT]] %).
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{{OGTT}}
{{OGTT}}
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test. According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements at or above 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.
Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110 to 125 mg/dL) are considered to have [[impaired fasting glycemia|impaired fasting glucose]]. People with plasma glucose at or above 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL), but not over 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load are considered to have [[impaired glucose tolerance]]. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease. The [[American Diabetes Association]] (ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L (100 to 125 mg/dL).
[[Glycated hemoglobin]] is better than [[fasting glucose]] for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause.
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==予防==
==Prevention==
{{Anchor|Prevention}}
{{See also|Prevention of type 2 diabetes}}
{{See also/ja|Prevention of type 2 diabetes/ja}}
There is no known [[Preventive healthcare|preventive]] measure for type 1 diabetes. However, islet autoimmunity and multiple antibodies can be a strong predictor of the onset of type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes—which accounts for 85–90% of all cases worldwide—can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a [[normal body weight]], engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet. Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in [[whole grain]]s and [[Dietary fiber|fiber]], and choosing good fats, such as the [[polyunsaturated fat]]s found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish. Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of [[saturated fat]] can also help prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so [[smoking cessation]] can be an important preventive measure as well.
1型糖尿病の[[Preventive healthcare/ja|予防]]法は知られていない。しかし、膵島自己免疫と複数の抗体は1型糖尿病発症の強力な予測因子となりうる。 2型糖尿病は、全世界の糖尿病患者の85~90%を占めるが、[[normal body weight/ja|正常体重]]を維持し、身体活動を行い、健康的な食事を摂ることで、しばしば予防または遅らせることができる。より高いレベルの身体活動(1日90分以上)は、糖尿病のリスクを28%減少させる。糖尿病の予防に効果的であることが知られている食生活の改善には、[[whole grain/ja|全粒穀物]]や[[Dietary fiber/ja|繊維]]を豊富に含む食事を維持すること、ナッツ類、植物油、魚に含まれる[[polyunsaturated fat/ja|多価不飽和脂肪]]などの良質な脂肪を選ぶことが含まれる。甘い飲み物を制限し、赤身肉などの[[saturated fat/ja|飽和脂肪]]の摂取を控えることも糖尿病の予防に役立つ。タバコの喫煙も糖尿病やその合併症のリスク上昇と関連しているため、[[smoking cessation/ja|禁煙]]も重要な予防策となる。
The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: [[globalization]], urbanization, population aging, and the general [[health policy]] environment.
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==管理==
==Management==
{{Anchor|Management}}
{{Main|Diabetes management}}
{{Main/ja|Diabetes management/ja}}
Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes, exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).
Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important, since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels. The goal of treatment is an A1C level below 7%. Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. These include [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[metabolic syndrome]] [[obesity]], and lack of regular [[exercise]]. [[Diabetic shoe|Specialized footwear]] is widely used to reduce the risk of [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s by relieving the pressure on the foot. Foot examination for patients living with diabetes should be done annually which includes sensation testing, foot [[biomechanics]], vascular integrity and foot structure.
Concerning those with severe [[Mental disorder|mental illness]], the efficacy of [[type 2 diabetes]] self-management interventions is still poorly explored, with insufficient scientific evidence to show whether these interventions have similar results to those observed in the general population.
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===ライフスタイル===
===Lifestyle===
{{Anchor|Lifestyle}}
{{See also|Diet in diabetes}}
{{See also/ja|Diet in diabetes/ja}}
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels [[Diabetes management#Glycemic control|within acceptable bounds]]. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.
[[Weight loss]] can prevent progression from prediabetes to [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes type 2]], decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes. No single dietary pattern is best for all people with diabetes. Healthy dietary patterns, such as the [[Mediterranean diet]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]], or [[DASH diet]], are often recommended, although evidence does not support one over the others. According to the ADA, "reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia", and for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti-glycemic medications is a priority, [[low-carbohydrate diet|low or very-low carbohydrate diet]]s are a viable approach. For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective.
A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener ([[tagatose]]), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1c, body weight and adverse events. The studies included were mainly of very low-certainty and did not report on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality or socioeconomic effects.
Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering [[glucose|blood sugar levels]] through different mechanisms. There is broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control – keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges – they experience fewer complications, such as [[diabetic nephropathy|kidney problems]] or [[diabetic retinopathy|eye problems]]. There is however debate as to whether this is appropriate and [[cost effective]] for people later in life in whom the risk of hypoglycemia may be more significant.
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抗糖尿病薬には多くの異なるクラスがある。
There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type 1 diabetes requires treatment with [[insulin]], ideally using a "basal bolus" regimen that most closely matches normal insulin release: long-acting insulin for the [[basal rate]] and short-acting insulin with meals. Type 2 diabetes is generally treated with medication that is taken by mouth (e.g. [[metformin]]) although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or [[GLP-1 agonist]]s.
[[Metformin]] is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality. It works by decreasing the liver's production of glucose, and increasing the amount of glucose stored in peripheral tissue. Several other groups of drugs, mainly oral medication, may also decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. These include agents that increase insulin release ([[sulfonylurea]]s), agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines ([[acarbose]]), agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP ([[sitagliptin]]), agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin ([[thiazolidinedione]]) and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine ([[SGLT2 inhibitor]]s). When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications.
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2型糖尿病の重症例では、グルコースの目標値に達するまでインスリンを徐々に増量する治療も行われる。
Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached.
[[Cardiovascular disease]] is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90 mmHg for people with diabetes. However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg, and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 – 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.
2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death. There is some evidence that [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors]] (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as [[angiotensin receptor blockers]] (ARBs), or [[aliskiren]] in preventing cardiovascular disease. Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes. There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.
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==== アスピリン ====
==== Aspirin ====
糖尿病における心血管疾患予防のための[[aspirin/ja|アスピリン]]の使用については議論がある。アスピリンは心血管疾患のリスクが高い人に推奨されることもあるが、アスピリンの日常的な使用は合併症のない糖尿病の転帰を改善することは認められていない。2015年米国糖尿病学会によるアスピリン使用に関する推奨(専門家のコンセンサスまたは臨床経験に基づく)は、心血管疾患リスクが中等度(10年心血管疾患リスク5〜10%)の成人糖尿病患者においては低用量アスピリン使用が妥当であるとしている。[[:en:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|国立医療技術評価機構]](NICE)によるイングランドとウェールズの全国ガイドラインでは、心血管疾患が確認されていない1型または2型糖尿病患者にはアスピリンを使用しないよう推奨している。
The use of [[aspirin]] to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial. Aspirin is recommended by some in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes. 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations for aspirin use (based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5–10%). National guidelines for England and Wales by the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) recommend against the use of aspirin in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who do not have confirmed cardiovascular disease.
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===手術===
===Surgery===
[[obesity/ja|肥満]]と2型糖尿病の患者に対する[[Bariatric surgery/ja|減量手術]]は、しばしば有効な手段である。多くの場合、術後はほとんど薬物を使用せずに正常な血糖値を維持することができ、長期的な死亡率は低下する。しかし、手術による短期的な死亡リスクは1%未満である。手術が適切である場合の[[body mass index/ja|肥満度指数]]のカットオフ値はまだ明らかではない。体重と血糖の両方をコントロールできない人にこの選択肢を考慮することが推奨される。
[[Bariatric surgery|Weight loss surgery]] in those with [[obesity]] and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. The [[body mass index]] cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear. It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.
A [[pancreas transplant]] is occasionally considered for people with type 1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including [[Chronic kidney disease|end stage kidney disease]] requiring [[kidney transplantation]].
In countries using a [[general practitioner]] system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Evidence has shown that social prescribing led to slight improvements in blood sugar control for people with type 2 diabetes. Home [[telehealth]] support can be an effective management technique.
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成人の2型糖尿病患者に対する教育プログラムを提供するための[[:en:technology|技術]]の使用には、自己管理を促進するためにテーラーメードの反応を収集するためのコンピュータベースの自己管理介入が含まれる。[[cholesterol/ja|コレステロール]]、[[blood pressure/ja|血圧]]、[[Behavior change (public health)/ja|行動変容]]([[physical activity/ja|身体活動]]レベルや食事など)、[[Depression (mood)/ja|抑うつ]]、体重、および[[Quality of life (healthcare)/ja|健康関連QOL]]に対する効果を支持する十分な証拠はなく、他の生物学的、認知的、または情動的転帰においても同様である。
The use of [[technology]] to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management. There is no adequate evidence to support effects on [[cholesterol]], [[blood pressure]], [[Behavior change (public health)|behavioral change]] (such as [[physical activity]] levels and dietary), [[Depression (mood)|depression]], weight and [[Quality of life (healthcare)|health-related quality of life]], nor in other biological, cognitive or emotional outcomes.
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==疫学==
==Epidemiology==
{{Anchor|Epidemiology}}
{{Main|Epidemiology of diabetes}}
{{Main/ja|Epidemiology of diabetes/ja}}
[[File:Prevalence of Diabetes by Percent of Country Population (2014) Gradient Map.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2014. The worldwide prevalence was 9.2%.]]
[[File:Prevalence of Diabetes by Percent of Country Population (2014) Gradient Map.png|thumb|upright=1.4|2014年の世界の糖尿病の割合。世界の有病率は9.2%であった。]]
[[File:Diabetes mellitus world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Mortality rate of diabetes worldwide in 2012 per million inhabitants {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|28–91}}{{legend|#ffe820|92–114}}{{legend|#ffd820|115–141}}{{legend|#ffc020|142–163}}{{legend|#ffa020|164–184}}{{legend|#ff9a20|185–209}}{{legend|#f08015|210–247}}{{legend|#e06815|248–309}}{{legend|#d85010|310–404}}{{legend|#d02010|405–1879}}{{div col end}}]]
[[File:Diabetes mellitus world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|2012年、人口100万人当たりの世界の糖尿病死亡率{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|28–91}}{{legend|#ffe820|92–114}}{{legend|#ffd820|115–141}}{{legend|#ffc020|142–163}}{{legend|#ffa020|164–184}}{{legend|#ff9a20|185–209}}{{legend|#f08015|210–247}}{{legend|#e06815|248–309}}{{legend|#d85010|310–404}}{{legend|#d02010|405–1879}}{{div col end}}]]
In 2017, 425 million people had diabetes worldwide, up from an estimated 382 million people in 2013 and from 108 million in 1980. Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980. Type 2 makes up about 90% of the cases. Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men, but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake.
The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications (e.g. kidney failure), which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes. For example, in 2017, the [[International Diabetes Federation]] (IDF) estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0 million deaths worldwide, using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes.
Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has however been seen in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur. The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030. The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the "Western-style" diet). The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045.
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2020年現在、米国成人の38%が糖尿病予備軍である。
As of 2020, 38% of all US adults had prediabetes.
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==歴史==
==History==
{{Anchor|History}}
{{Main|History of diabetes}}
{{Main/ja|History of diabetes/ja}}
Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] manuscript from {{Abbr|c.|circa}} 1500 [[Common Era|BCE]] mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The [[Ebers papyrus]] includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as ''madhumeha'' or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants.
The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek [[Apollonius (physician)|Apollonius of Memphis]]. The disease was considered rare during the time of the [[Roman empire]], with [[Galen]] commenting he had only seen two cases during his career. This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" (diarrhea urinosa).
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糖尿病について詳細に言及した現存する最古の著作は、[[:en:Aretaeus of Cappadocia|カッパドキアのアレタイオス]]のものである(紀元2世紀から3世紀初頭)。彼はこの病気の症状と経過を記述しており、その原因は湿気と寒さにあるとし、「[[:en:Pneumatic school|空気圧学校]]」の信念を反映していた。彼は糖尿病と他の病気との相関関係を仮定し、同じく過度の渇きを引き起こす蛇咬傷との鑑別診断について論じた。彼の著作は、最初のラテン語版がヴェネツィアで出版される1552年まで西洋では知られていなかった。
The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] (2nd or early 3rd{{nbsp}}century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the "[[Pneumatic school|Pneumatic School]]". He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.
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糖尿病の2つのタイプは、紀元400~500年にインドの医師[[:en:Sushruta|スシュルタ]]と[[:en:Charaka|チャラカ]]によって初めて別々の疾患として同定され、1つのタイプは若さと、もう1つのタイプは太りすぎと関連していた。効果的な治療は、カナダ人の[[:en:Frederick Banting|フレデリック・バンティング]]と[[:en:Charles Best (medical scientist)|チャールズ・ベスト]]が1921年と1922年にインスリンを分離・精製した20世紀初頭まで開発されなかった。その後、1940年代に長時間作用型インスリン[[NPH insulin/ja|NPH]]が開発された。
Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians [[Sushruta]] and [[Charaka]] in 400–500 CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight. Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians [[Frederick Banting]] and [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922. This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin [[NPH insulin|NPH]] in the 1940s.
The word ''diabetes'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|ᵻ|s}}) comes from [[Latin]] ''diabētēs'', which in turn comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:διαβήτης|διαβήτης]] (''diabētēs''), which literally means "a passer through; a [[siphon]]". [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[physician]] [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1st{{nbsp}}century [[Common Era|CE]]) used that word, with the intended meaning "excessive discharge of urine", as the name for the disease. Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (''diabainein''), meaning "to pass through", which is composed of δια- (''dia''-), meaning "through" and βαίνειν (''bainein''), meaning "to go". The word "diabetes" is first recorded in English, in the form ''diabete'', in a medical text written around 1425.
The word ''[[wikt:mellitus|mellitus]]'' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|t|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|ᵻ|t|ə|s}}) comes from the classical Latin word ''mellītus'', meaning "mellite" (i.e. sweetened with honey; honey-sweet). The Latin word comes from ''mell''-, which comes from ''mel'', meaning "honey"; sweetness; pleasant thing, and the suffix -''ītus'', whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix "-ite". It was [[Thomas Willis]] who in 1675 added "mellitus" to the word "diabetes" as a designation for the disease, when he noticed the urine of a person with diabetes had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and [[Persian people|Persians]].
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==社会と文化==
==Society and culture==
{{Anchor|Society and culture}}
{{Further|List of films featuring diabetes}}
{{Further/ja|List of films featuring diabetes/ja}}
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1989年の「[[:en:St. Vincent Declaration|セントビンセント宣言]]」は、糖尿病患者へのケアを改善するための国際的な努力の結果であった。そうすることは、生活の質や平均余命の点で重要であるだけでなく、経済的にも{{snd}}糖尿病による出費は、医療制度や政府にとって、健康{{snd}}や生産性関連の資源を大きく消耗することが示されている。
The 1989 "[[St. Vincent Declaration]]" was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically{{snd}}expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health{{snd}}and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments.
Diabetes stigma describes the negative attitudes, judgment, discrimination, or prejudice against people with diabetes. Often, the stigma stems from the idea that diabetes (particularly Type 2 diabetes) resulted from poor lifestyle and unhealthy food choices rather than other causal factors like genetics and social determinants of health. Manifestation of stigma can be seen throughout different cultures and contexts. Scenarios include diabetes statuses affecting marriage proposals, workplace-employment, and social standing in communities.
Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care.
Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals. While US adults overall have a 40% chance of developing type 2 diabetes, Hispanic/Latino adults chance is more than 50%. African Americans also are much more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes compared to White Americans. Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races. For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups. Additionally, diabetes is highly underreported in Asian American people, as 1 in 3 cases are diagnosed compared to the average 1 in 5 for the nation.
People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be [[unemployed]] as those without the symptoms.
In 2010, diabetes-related emergency room (ER) visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities (526 per 10,000 population) than from the highest income communities (236 per 10,000 population). Approximately 9.4% of diabetes-related ER visits were for the uninsured.
The term "type 1 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the term "type 2 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature.
In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as [[Poodle|Miniature Poodles]].
Feline diabetes is strikingly similar to human type 2 diabetes. The [[Burmese cat|Burmese]], [[Russian Blue]], [[Abyssinian cat|Abyssinian]], and [[Norwegian Forest cat|Norwegian Forest]] cat breeds are at higher risk than other breeds. Overweight cats are also at higher risk.
The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious. Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment (weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin) and management of emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis) are similar to those in humans.
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Polonsky KS | title = The past 200 years in diabetes | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 14 | pages = 1332–1340 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23034021 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110560 | s2cid = 9456681 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Polonsky KS | title = The past 200 years in diabetes | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 14 | pages = 1332–1340 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23034021 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110560 | s2cid = 9456681 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Diabetes }}
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Diabetes }}
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{{Medical condition classification and resources
{{Medical condition classification and resources
| ICD10={{ICD10|E|10||e|10}}–{{ICD10|E|14||e|10}}
| ICD10={{ICD10|E|10||e|10}}–{{ICD10|E|14||e|10}}
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| MeSH=D003920|
| MeSH=D003920|
}}
}}
{{Diabetes}}
{{Diabetes/ja}}
{{Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism}}
{{Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism/ja}}
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{二次利用|date=14 February 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Mellitus}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Mellitus}}
[[Category:Diabetes| ]]
[[Category:Diabetes| ]]
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[[Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]