Spice: Difference between revisions
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[[Clove]]s were used in [[Wikipedia:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] by 1700 BCE. The ancient Indian [[Wikipedia: | [[Clove]]s were used in [[Wikipedia:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] by 1700 BCE. The ancient Indian [[Wikipedia:Indian epic poetry|epic]] [[Wikipedia:Ramayana|Ramayana]] mentions cloves. The [[:en:Ancient Rome|Romans]] had cloves in the 1st century CE, as [[Wikipedia:Pliny the Elder|Pliny the Elder]] wrote about them. The earliest written records of spices come from ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures. The [[Wikipedia:Ebers Papyrus|Ebers Papyrus]] from early Egypt dating from 1550 BCE describes some eight hundred different medicinal remedies and numerous medicinal procedures. Historians believe that [[nutmeg]], which originates from the [[Wikipedia:Banda Islands|Banda Islands]] in [[Wikipedia:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BCE. | ||
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Spices were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa, which made them expensive. From the 8th until the 15th century, the [[Wikipedia:Republic of Venice|Republic of Venice]] held a monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, using this position to dominate the neighboring Italian [[Wikipedia:maritime republics|maritime republics]] and city-states. The trade made the region rich. It has been estimated that around 1,000 tons of pepper and 1,000 tons of the other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the [[Wikipedia:Late Middle Ages|Late Middle Ages]]. The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1.5 million people. The most exclusive was [[saffron]], used as much for its vivid yellow-red color as for its flavor. Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include [[ | Spices were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa, which made them expensive. From the 8th until the 15th century, the [[Wikipedia:Republic of Venice|Republic of Venice]] held a monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, using this position to dominate the neighboring Italian [[Wikipedia:maritime republics|maritime republics]] and city-states. The trade made the region rich. It has been estimated that around 1,000 tons of pepper and 1,000 tons of the other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the [[Wikipedia:Late Middle Ages|Late Middle Ages]]. The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1.5 million people. The most exclusive was [[saffron]], used as much for its vivid yellow-red color as for its flavor. Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include [[Aframomum melegueta|grains of paradise]], a relative of [[cardamom]] which mostly replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking, [[long pepper]], [[nutmeg|mace]], [[spikenard]], [[galangal]] and [[cubeb]]. | ||
===Early modern period=== <!--T:14--> | ===Early modern period=== <!--T:14--> | ||
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==Production== <!--T:31--> | ==Production== <!--T:31--> | ||
[[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|right|Spices and herbs at a shop in [[Goa]], India]] | [[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|right|Spices and herbs at a shop in [[Wikipedia:Goa|Goa]], India]] | ||
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="float:left; | {| class="sortable wikitable" style="float:left; | ||
|+ Top Spice Producing Countries <br />(in metric tonnes) | |+ Top Spice Producing Countries <br />(in metric tonnes) | ||
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| 10 || Sri Lanka || 8,293 || 8,438 | | 10 || Sri Lanka || 8,293 || 8,438 | ||
|- bgcolor="#cccccc" | |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | ||
| — || ''[[World]]'' || 1,995,523 || 2,063,472 | | — || ''[[Wikipedia:World|World]]'' || 1,995,523 || 2,063,472 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=4 | ''Source: [[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]]'' | |colspan=4 | ''Source: [[Wikipedia:FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]]'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||
==Standardization== <!--T:32--> | ==Standardization== <!--T:32--> | ||
The [[International Organization for Standardization]] addresses spices and [[condiment]]s, along with related food additives, as part of the [[International Classification for Standards]] 67.220 series. | The [[Wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization|International Organization for Standardization]] addresses spices and [[Wikipedia:condiment|condiment]]s, along with related food additives, as part of the [[Wikipedia:International Classification for Standards|International Classification for Standards]] 67.220 series. | ||
==Research== <!--T:33--> | ==Research== <!--T:33--> | ||
The [[Indian Institute of Spices Research]] in [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, is devoted exclusively to conducting research for ten spice crops: black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, [[garcinia]], ginger, nutmeg, paprika, turmeric, and vanilla. | The [[Indian Institute of Spices Research]] in [[Wikipedia:Kozhikode|Kozhikode]], Kerala, is devoted exclusively to conducting research for ten spice crops: black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, [[garcinia]], ginger, nutmeg, paprika, turmeric, and vanilla. | ||
==Gallery== <!--T:34--> | ==Gallery== <!--T:34--> | ||
<gallery mode="packed"> | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
File:Gato negro.jpg|The ''Gato Negro'' café and spice shop ([[Buenos Aires]], Argentina) | File:Gato negro.jpg|The ''Gato Negro'' café and spice shop ([[Wikipedia:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], Argentina) | ||
File:Spice shop, Mashad, Iran.jpg|A spice shop selling a variety of spices in Iran | File:Spice shop, Mashad, Iran.jpg|A spice shop selling a variety of spices in Iran | ||
File:Night Spice market in Casablanca.JPG|Night spice shop in Casablanca, Morocco | File:Night Spice market in Casablanca.JPG|Night spice shop in Casablanca, Morocco | ||
File:Taliparamba Market.jpg|A spice shop in [[Taliparamba]], India | File:Taliparamba Market.jpg|A spice shop in [[Wikipedia:Taliparamba|Taliparamba]], India | ||
File:Taliparamba grocery.jpg|Spices sold in [[Taliparamba]], India | File:Taliparamba grocery.jpg|Spices sold in [[Wikipedia:Taliparamba|Taliparamba]], India | ||
File:Spice seller, Kashgar market.jpg|Spice seller, [[Kashgar]] market | File:Spice seller, Kashgar market.jpg|Spice seller, [[Wikipedia:Kashgar|Kashgar]] market | ||
File:Spice Market, Marakech (2242330035).jpg|Spice market, [[Marrakesh]], Morocco | File:Spice Market, Marakech (2242330035).jpg|Spice market, [[Wikipedia:Marrakesh]|Marrakesh]], Morocco | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==See also== <!--T:35--> | ==See also== <!--T:35--> | ||
{{portal| | {{portal|Herbs and Spices|Medicine}} | ||
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] --> | <!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] --> | ||
* {{annotated link|List of Indian spices}} | * {{annotated link|List of Indian spices}} | ||
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{{ | {{二次利用|date=10 December 2022, at 15:10}} | ||
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[[Category:Herbs and Spices]] | |||
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