Food and drink prohibitions/ja: Difference between revisions

Monkeys are revered animals in India, largely because of the monkey god [[Hanuman]]. Many Hindus are vegetarian and do not eat any kind of meat, including monkeys. Meat eating Indians also do not kill or eat monkeys. Killing and eating monkeys (or other animals which are considered wild) is both taboo and illegal in India.

In Malagasy culture, lemurs are considered to have [[soul]]s (''ambiroa'') which can get revenge if mocked while alive or if killed in a cruel fashion. Because of this, lemurs, like many other elements of daily life, have been a source of [[taboo]]s, known locally as ''fady'', which can be based around stories with four basic principles. A village or region may believe that a certain type of lemur may be the [[ancestor]] of the clan. They may also believe that a lemur's spirit may get revenge. Alternatively, the animal may appear as a benefactor. Lemurs are also thought to impart their qualities, good or bad, onto human babies. In general, ''fady'' extend beyond a sense of the forbidden, but can include events that bring bad luck.

Primate species offered fresh and smoked in 2009 at a wildlife market by Liberia's [[Cavally River]] included [[chimpanzee]] (''Pan troglodytes''), [[Diana monkey]] (''Cercopithecus diana''), [[putty-nosed monkey]] (''C. nictitans''), [[lesser spot-nosed monkey]] (''C. petaurista''), [[Campbell's mona monkey]] (''C. campbelli''), [[sooty mangabey]] (''Cercocebus atys''), [[king colobus]] (''Colobus polykomos''), [[olive colobus]] (''Procolobus verus''), [[western red colobus]] (''P. badius'').

[[File:Gorilla gorilla09.jpg|thumb|A gorilla in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2008]]

Between 1983 and 2002, the [[Gabon]] populations of [[western gorilla]] (''Gorilla gorilla'') and [[common chimpanzee]] (''Pan troglodytes'') were estimated to have declined by 56%. This decline was primarily caused by the commercial hunting, which was facilitated by the extended infrastructure for [[logging]] purposes.

In the late 1990s, fresh and smoked [[bonobo]] (''Pan paniscus'') carcasses were observed in [[Basankusu]] in the [[Province of Équateur]] in the Congo Basin.

Some people consider consumption of primates to be close to [[human cannibalism]] due to monkeys and apes being close relatives of [[human being]]s.

===Kangaroo===

[[Kangaroo meat]] has long been a significant part of some [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous Australian]] diets. Kangaroo meat was legalised for human consumption in South Australia in 1980, though in other states it could only be sold as pet food until 1993. Kangaroos, along with most other native Australian animals, are protected under Australian law on a state and federal level, but licences to kill kangaroos can be acquired for hunting or culling purposes. Though kangaroo meat was once unpopular with modern Australians, it has become a lot more popular in recent years due to its reputation as a low-fat and low-emission meat, and can be found in most supermarkets.

[[Kangaroo meat]] is illegal in [[California]]. The ban was first imposed in 1971; a moratorium was put in place in 2007, allowing the importation of the meat, but the ban was re-implemented in 2015. Kangaroo meat is also not considered biblically [[kosher]] by [[Jews]] or [[Seventh-Day Adventism|Adventists]]. However, it is considered [[halal]] according to Muslim dietary standards, because kangaroos are herbivorous.

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===Blood===

{{See also|Blood as food}}

[[File:Dinuguan.jpg|thumb|A bowl of ''[[dinuguan]]'', a Filipino stew with pork blood]]

Some religions prohibit drinking or eating blood or food made from blood. In Islam the consumption of blood is prohibited (''[[Haram]]''). ''[[Halal]]'' animals should be properly slaughtered to drain out the blood. Unlike in other traditions, this is not because blood is revered or holy, but simply because blood is considered [[ritually unclean]] or ''[[Najis]]'', with certain narratives prescribing [[Ritual purification|ablutions]] (in the case of no availability of water) if contact is made with it. In Judaism all mammal and bird meat (not fish) is [[Salting (food)|salted]] to remove the blood. Jews follow the teaching in Leviticus, that since "the life of the animal is in the blood" or "blood was reserved for the forgiveness of sins and thus reserved for God", no person may eat (or drink) the blood. [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] and [[Jehovah's Witness]]es prohibit eating or drinking any blood.

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According to the Bible, blood is only to be used for special or sacred purposes in connection with worship ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] chapters 12, 24, 29, [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 26:29 and [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]]). In the [[Christianity in the 1st century|first century]], Christians, both former Jews (the [[Jewish Christians]]), and new [[Gentile]] converts, were in dispute as to which particular features of [[Mosaic law]] were to be retained and upheld by them. The [[Apostolic Decree]] suggested that, among other things, it was necessary to abstain from consuming blood:

{{quote|For it seemed good to the [[Holy Spirit|Holy Ghost]], and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things;

That ye abstain from meats offered to [[idolatry|idols]], and from blood, and from things strangled, and from [[fornication]]: from which if ye keep yourselves, ye shall do well, Fare ye well.|}}