Food and drink prohibitions/ja: Difference between revisions

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===Fungi===

Vedic [[Brahmins]], Gaudiya [[Vaishnavas]], [[tantriks]] and some [[Buddhist]] priests abstain from [[Fungus|fungi]], which are eschewed as they grow at night.

In [[Iceland]], rural parts of Sweden and Western Finland, although not taboo, [[edible mushroom|mushrooms]] were not widely eaten before the Second World War. They were viewed as food for [[cow]]s and were also associated with the stigma of being wartime and [[famine food|poverty food]]. This is in contrast to the days of the [[Roman Empire]], when mushrooms were viewed as a [[delicacy]] of the highest order and were held in high regard as food for [[emperor]]s.

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=== Guinea pig and related rodents ===

[[File:Peru Guinea Pig.jpg|thumb|Roast guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'') in Peru]]

[[Guinea pig]]s, or ''cuy'', are commonly eaten in Peru, in the southwestern cities and villages of [[Colombia]], and among some populations in the highlands of [[Ecuador]], mostly in the [[Andes]] highlands. Cuyes can be found on the menu of restaurants in [[Lima]] and other cities in Peru, as well as in [[Pasto (Colombia)|Pasto]], Colombia. Guinea pig meat is exported to the United States and European nations. In 2004, the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] took legal action to stop vendors serving ''cuy'' at an Ecuadorian festival in [[Flushing Meadows – Corona Park|Flushing Meadows Park]]. [[New York (state)|New York State]] allows the consumption of guinea pigs, but [[New York City]] prohibits it. Accusations of cultural persecution have since been leveled.

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=== Giraffe ===

Although [[giraffe|giraffes]] are technically considered kosher (since they chew their cuds and have split hooves), the more orthodox interpretation of Kashrut still forbids consumption of the meat, therefore marking the giraffe, despite with otherwise permissible characteristics, as non-kosher. The reason is the animal has no tradition of permissibility, meaning not allowed to be eaten, despite its signs of being a kosher animal. In addition, its large size and more aggressive behaviour puts a strain on logistics when performing ''shechita'' (ritual slaughtering). Their vulnerable status has also played a role in prohibition by many rabbis. The long neck of the giraffe being difficult to perform the slaughter is not the reason why giraffe is non-kosher, despite common knowledge.

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===Herbs===

Some adherents of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] avoid [[basil]] due to its association with the cross of Christ. It is believed that the cross was discovered in 325 AD by Saint Helen on a hill covered in beautiful, fragrant basil bushes, a hitherto unknown plant. The plant was named {{lang|grc|βασιλικόν φυτόν}} (''basilikón fytón'') "royal plant" and today is grown and admired rather than eaten. Fine basil plants are brought to church every year on 14 September to commemorate this legend in a celebration known as the [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]].

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===Horse meat===

{{Main|Horse meat}}

{{See also|Horse slaughter}}

[[File:Horsemeatsandwich.jpg|thumb|Smoked and salted horse meat on a sandwich.]]

Horse meat is part of the cuisine of many countries in Europe, but is taboo in some religions and many countries. It is forbidden by [[613 Mitzvot|Jewish law]], because the horse is not a ruminant, nor does it have cloven hooves. Similarly to dogs, eating horses was a taboo for the [[Castro culture]] in Northwestern [[Portugal]], and it is still a counter-cultural practice in the region.

Horse meat is forbidden by some sects of [[Christianity]]. In 732 CE, [[Pope Gregory III]] instructed Saint Boniface to suppress the [[pagan]] practice of eating horses, calling it a "filthy and abominable custom". The [[Christianisation of Iceland]] in 1000 CE was achieved only when the Church promised that [[Icelanders]] could continue to eat horsemeat; once the Church had consolidated its power, the allowance was discontinued. Horsemeat is still popular in Iceland and is sold and consumed in the same way as beef, [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] and pork.

In [[Islam]], opinions vary as to the permissibility of horse meat. Some cite a [[hadith]] forbidding it to Muslims, but others doubt its validity and authority. Wild horses and asses are generally seen as halal while domesticated donkeys are viewed as forbidden. Various Muslim cultures have differed in the attitude in eating the meat. Historically, Turks and Persians have eaten the meat, while in North Africa this is rare.

In Canada, horse meat is legal. Most Canadian horse meat is exported to [[Continental Europe]] or Japan. In the United States, sale and consumption of horse meat is illegal in [[California]] and [[Illinois]]. However, it was sold in the US during WW II, since beef was expensive, rationed and destined for the troops. The last horse meat slaughterhouse in USA was closed in 2007. Nevertheless, discarded leisure, sport and work horses are collected and sold at auctions. They are shipped across the country by transporters to the borders of Canada in the north and Mexico in the south to be sold to horse meat butchers. The issue of horse consumption in the UK and Ireland was raised in 2013 with regards to the [[2013 horse meat contamination scandal]].

Horse meat is generally avoided in the [[Balkans]], though not Slovenia, as horse is considered to be a noble animal or because eating horse meat is associated with war-time famine. However, it has a small [[niche market]] in Serbia.

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===Coffee and tea===

"[[Word of Wisdom (Latter Day Saints)#Tea and coffee|Hot drinks]]" are taboo for members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. The term is misleading as the ban is applied exclusively to [[coffee]] and [[tea]] (i.e. not [[Hot chocolate|hot cocoa]] or [[herbal tea]]s). The [[Word of Wisdom]], a code of health used by church members, outlines prohibited and allowed substances. While not banned, some [[Mormon]]s avoid [[caffeine]] in general, including [[cola]] drinks. Members of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] also generally avoid caffeinated drinks.

There is a widely reported story, possibly apocryphal, that around the year 1600, some Catholics urged [[Pope Clement VIII]] to ban coffee, calling it "devil's beverage". After tasting the beverage, the pope is said to have remarked that the drink was "so delicious that it would be a sin to let only misbelievers drink it." (See the [[History of coffee]].)