Burmese cuisine/ja: Difference between revisions

ミャンマーで最も一般的な主食は、''タミン''（{{lang|my|ထမင်း}}）と呼ばれる蒸しご飯である。ビルマの米の品種は、ジャスミン米やバスマティ米よりも一般的に粘り気が強い。''[[paw hsan hmwe/ja|ポーサン・ムエ]]''（{{lang|my|ပေါ်ဆန်းမွှေး}}）などの香りの良い芳香性の高い白米が人気である。''カウッ・フニン''（{{lang|my|ကောက်ညှင်း}}）と呼ばれる低アミロース品種の[[glutinous rice/ja|もち米]]もビルマ料理に登場し、''ンガチェイッ''（ငချိပ်）と呼ばれる紫色の品種もある。北部の高地（例：[[:en:Shan State|シャン州]]）の消費者は、{{transliteration|my|kauk hnyin}}や''カウッ・セイ''のような粘り気の強い低[[amylose/ja|アミロース]]品種を好み、一方、下流のデルタ地域の消費者は、{{transliteration|my|カウッ・チャウ}}や{{transliteration|my|kauk kyan}}のような高アミロース品種を好む。低アミロース品種の米は、''[[mont (food)/ja|モン]]''と呼ばれる伝統的なビルマの軽食によく使われる。米は伝統的に何も味付けせずに食べられるが、[[Pe htaw bhut htamin/ja|バターライス]]や[[coconut rice/ja|ココナッツライス]]のような味付けされたものは、一般的なお祝いの定番料理である。

=== Snacks ===

{{Main|Mont (food)|Burmese fritters}}

[[File:Ponnagyun (6212423604).jpg|thumb|A street hawker in [[Ponnagyun]] selling an assortment of fritters and ''mont'' to passersby.]]

Burmese cuisine has a wide variety of traditional snacks called ''[[Mont (food)|mont]]'', ranging from sweet desserts to savory food items that are steamed, baked, fried, deep-fried, or boiled. Traditional [[Burmese fritters]], consisting of vegetables or seafood that have been battered and deep-fried, are also eaten as snacks or as toppings.

Savory snacks include:

* ''[[Wonton|Hpet htok]]'' ({{lit|leaf wrap}}, {{lang|my|ဖက်ထုပ်}} {{IPA|my|pʰɛʔtʰoʊʔ|}}) – meat, pastry paper, ginger, garlic, pepper powder, and salt. Usually served with soup or noodles.

* ''[[Samosa|Samusa]]'' ({{lang|my|စမူဆာ}} {{IPA|my|səmùzà|}}) – Burmese-style [[samosa]] with mutton and onions served with fresh mint, green chilli, onions and lime

* [[Burmese pork offal skewers]] ({{lang|my|ဝက်သား တုတ်ထိုး}} {{IPA|my|wɛʔθá doʊʔtʰó|}}) – pork offal cooked in light soy sauce, and eaten with raw ginger and chili sauce.

*''[[Htamane]]'' ({{lang|my|ထမနဲ}} {{IPA|my|tʰəmənɛ́|}}) – dessert made from glutinous rice, shredded coconuts and peanuts

Sweet snacks include:

*''[[Cendol|Mont let hsaung]]'' ({{lang|my|မုန့်လက်ဆောင်း}} {{IPA|my|mo̰ʊɴlɛʔsʰáʊɴ|}}) – tapioca or rice noodles, glutinous rice, grated coconut and toasted sesame with [[jaggery]] syrup in coconut milk

* ''[[Sanwin makin]]'' ({{lang|my|ဆနွင်းမကင်း}} {{IPA|my|sʰà.nwɪ́ɴ məgɪ́ɴ|}}) – [[semolina]] cake with raisins, walnuts and [[poppy seed]]s

* ''[[Shwe yin aye]]'' ({{lang|my|ရွှေရင်အေး}} {{IPA|my|ʃwè jɪ̀ɴ ʔé|}}) – agar jelly, [[tapioca]] and [[sago]] in coconut milk

*[[Pathein halawa]] ({{lang|my|ပုသိမ်ဟာလဝါ}} {{IPA|my|pəθèɪɴ ha̰ləwà|}}) – a sticky sweetmeat made of glutinous rice, butter, coconut milk, inspired by Indian [[halwa]]

* ''[[Falooda|Hpaluda]]'' ({{lang|my|ဖာလူဒါ}} {{IPA|my|pʰàlùdà|}}) – rose water, milk, coconut jelly, coconut shavings, sometimes served with egg custard and ice cream, similar to Indian [[falooda]]

*''[[Ngapyaw baung]]'' ({{lang|my|ငှက်ပျောပေါင်း}}) – A Mon-style dessert of bananas stewed in milk and coconut, and garnished with black sesame

* ''Saw hlaing mont'' ({{lang|my|စောလှိုင်မုန့်}}) – a Rakhine-style baked sweet, made from millet, raisins, coconut and butter

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===Fruits and fruit preserves===

[[File:2016 Rangun, Ulica Old Yay Tar Shay, Stoiska z jedzeniem (04).jpg|thumb|A street-side fruit stall in Yangon.]]

Myanmar has a wide range of fruits, mostly of tropical origin. Fruit is commonly eaten as a snack or dessert. While most fruits are eaten fresh, a few, including [[Archidendron pauciflorum|jengkol]], are boiled, roasted or otherwise cooked. Popular fruits include [[banana]], [[mango]], [[water melon|watermelon]], [[papaya]], [[jujube]], avocado, [[pomelo]], and [[guava]]. Others include [[Bouea macrophylla|marian plum]], [[mangosteen]], [[sugar-apple]], [[rambutan]], [[durian]], [[jackfruit]], [[lychee]], and [[pomegranate]]. Some fruits, including green mangoes, plums, and guavas, are traditionally eaten before they ripen, often mixed with chili powder and salt.

Burmese fruit preserves, called ''yo'' ({{lang|my|ယို}}), are also commonly eaten as standalone snacks. Common ones include fruit preserves made from [[Common fig|fig]], [[jujube]], [[Bouea macrophylla|marian plum]], citrus, mango, pineapple, and [[durian]].

300 cultivars of mango are grown in Myanmar, including ''seintalon'' ({{lang|my|စိန်တစ်လုံး}}, {{Lit|one diamond}}), ''Ma Chit Su'' ({{lang|my|မချစ်စု}}), and ''mya kyauk'' ({{lang|my|မြကျောက်}}, {{Lit|emerald stone}}). 13 species of banana are locally cultivated in Myanmar, including the following cultivars:

* [[Red banana|red]] - locally called ''shweni'' ({{lang|my|ရွှေနီ}}, {{Lit|golden red}})

* [[Dwarf Cavendish banana|Dwarf Cavendish]] - locally called ''htawbat'' ({{lang|my|သီးမွှေး}}, {{Lit|fragrant fruit}})

* Mysore - locally called ''Rakhine'' ({{lang|my|ရခိုင်}}), sweet and rounder in shape

* [[Latundan banana|Latundan]] - locally called ''htawbat'' ({{lang|my|ထောပတ်}}, {{Lit|butter}})

== Beverages ==

[[File:Estado Shan, varios 10.jpg|thumb|Clay pots containing drinking water are commonly seen throughout Myanmar, left for travellers and passersby to rehydrate.]]

Tea is the national drink of Myanmar, reflecting the influence of Buddhism and its views on [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]]. Tea is central to Burmese dining culture; complimentary green tea is customarily served to diners at restaurants and teashops alike. Various liquid concoctions made from fruits and [[coconut milk]], including [[sugarcane juice]], and ''[[Cendol|mont let hsaung]]'' ({{lang|my|မုန့်လက်ဆောင်း}}) are also popular. Indigenous fermented drinks like [[palm wine]] are also found across the country. During a traditional Burmese meal, drinks are not often served; instead, the usual liquid refreshment is a light broth or [[consommé]] served from a [[communal bowl]].

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=== Burmese tea ===

[[File:Myanmar Tea House Food.jpg|thumb|Snacks served at a Burmese tea house alongside [[Burmese milk tea]].]]

{{Main|Laphet|Burmese milk tea}}

Plain [[green tea]], ''yay nway gyan'' ({{lang|my|ရေနွေးကြမ်း}}, {{Lit|crude tea water}}), is a popular form of tea drunk in Myanmar. Tea leaves are traditionally cultivated in [[Shan State]] and [[Kachin State]]. [[Milk tea]], called ''laphet yay cho'' (လက်ဖက်ရည်ချို), made with strongly brewed black tea leaves, and sweetened with a customized ratio of [[condensed milk]] and [[evaporated milk]], is also popular.

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=== Alcohol ===

{{See also|Beer in Myanmar}}

[[File:Shweyin-aye.JPG|thumb|''[[Shwe yin aye]]'' is a popular and refreshing dessert]]

[[Palm wine]], called ''htan yay'' ({{lang|my|ထန်းရည်}}), made from the fermented sap of the [[toddy palm]], is traditionally consumed in rural parts of [[Upper Myanmar]] Ethnic communities, including the [[Kachin people|Kachin]] and [[Shan people|Shan]], also brew local [[moonshine]]s. Several ethnic minorities traditionally brew alcoholic beverages using rice or glutinous rice called {{Interlanguage link|khaung|lt=|my|ခေါင်ရည်|WD=}} ({{lang|my|ခေါင်ရည်}}). The ''khaung'' of the [[Chin people]]s is brewed using millet seeds. Locally brewed beers include Irrawaddy, Mandalay, Myanmar, and Tiger.

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== Food establishments ==

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=== Restaurants ===

Dine-in restaurants that serve steamed rice with traditional Burmese curries and dishes are called ''htamin hsaing'' ({{lang|my|ထမင်းဆိုင်}}; {{Literal translation|rice shop}}). At traditional curry shops, soup is typically served complimentary, alongside pickled and raw vegetables, chutneys and various seasonings.

=== Tea shops ===

[[File:Outdoor café, Yangon, Myanmar.jpg|thumb|An outdoor café in Yangon]]During British rule in Burma, [[Burmese Indians]] introduced [[Teahouse|tea shops]] to the country, first known as ''kaka hsaing'', which later evolved into teashops called ''laphet yay hsaing'' ({{lang|my|လက်ဖက်ရည်ဆိုင်}}) or ''kaphi'' (ကဖီး), the latter word from French ''café.'' Burmese tea shop culture emerged from a combination of British, Indian, and Chinese influences throughout the colonial period. Teashops are prevalent across the country, forming an important part of communal life. Typically open throughout the day, some Burmese tea shops cater to locals, long distance drivers and travellers alike. The Burmese typically gather in tea shops to drink milk tea served with an extensive array of snacks and meals.

=== Street food ===

[[File:Street food (5089664128).jpg|thumb|A street hawker selling [[Burmese pork offal skewers]].]]Street food stalls and hawkers are a feature of the Burmese urban landscape, especially in major cities like [[Yangon]]. [[Burmese salads]], [[Mont (food)|snacks]], and [[Burmese fritters|fritters]] are especially popular street foods. In recent years, some major cities have clamped down on street food vendors. In 2016, Yangon banned the city's 6,000 street vendors from selling food on major thoroughfares, and relocated them to formal night markets set up by the city.

[[Night market]]s, called ''nya zay'' ({{lang|my|ညဈေး}}), are a feature of many Burmese towns and cities. Colonial observers as early as 1878 noted Burmese street hawkers selling delicacies, such as fruits, cakes, and laphet during "night bazaars." The streets surrounding major daytime markets, such as [[Zegyo Market]] in Mandalay, typically double as makeshift night markets during the evenings.