Javanese cuisine/ja: Difference between revisions

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==Definition==

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There are several native ethnic groups who live on the island of Java ([[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Madurese people|Madurese]], [[Betawi people|Betawi]], etc.) as well as other peoples of foreign descents. In Indonesian language, Javanese refers to people of Javanese ethnic background.

[[File:Nasi Kuning Ibu Sulastri.jpg|thumb|''[[Nasi kuning]]'' with ''[[urap]]'', fried beef, anchovy and peanuts, potato and shrimp in ''sambal''.]]

== History ==

[[File:Eat toghter in Kembul Bujono.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Selamatan]]'' traditional Javanese ceremony usually involved a communal feast of eating together.]]

Ancient dishes and recipes were mentioned in numbers of Javanese ''prasasti'' (inscription) and modern historians have succeeded in deciphering some of them. The inscriptions from [[Medang Kingdom|Medang Mataram]] era circa 8th to 10th century mentioned several ancient dishes, among others are ''Hadangan Harang'' (water buffalo minced meat satay, similar with today Balinese ''sate lilit''), ''Hadangan Madura'' (water buffalo meat with sweet palm sugar), and ''Dundu Puyengan'' (eel seasoned with lemon basil). Ancient beverages include ''Nalaka Rasa'' ([[sugarcane juice]]), ''Jati Wangi'' (jasmine beverage), and ''Kinca'' (fermented [[tamarind juice]]). Also various ''Kuluban'' (boiled vegetables served in spices, similar with today ''[[urab]]'') and ''Phalamula'' (boiled yams and tubers served with liquid palm sugar).

In [[Javanese culture]], food is an integral part of traditional ceremonies. For example, ''[[selamatan]]'' ceremony, often performed as a symbol of gratitude, is usually involving a communal feast where participants, guests, and attendees are invited to eat together. Food is usually prepared, cooked and served together. It also symbolizes ''gotong-royong'' (working together), ''guyub'' (harmonious communal spirit), abundance, and gratitude.

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Most of Javanese cuisine is natively developed. Many of the foods have been absorbed to modern Indonesian culture as "national dishes". Some of them have inspired many other regional dishes, such as, lontong (Jav. Lonthong), tumpeng, krupuk, jajan pasar, and many more.

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Foreign influences on Javanese food can be seen in some food, such as [[bakmi]] and [[nasi goreng]] (Chinese), [[satay]] (Arab) and kari (Indian).

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== Ingredients ==

[[File:Pasar Keputran Surabaya.JPG|thumb|left|Fresh produce including vegetables on sale in ''[[pasar pagi]]'' (morning wet market) in [[Surabaya]].]]

[[Rice]] is an important food crop in Java, dating back to ancient times. The Javanese are known to revere [[Dewi Sri]] as the Rice Goddess. [[Steamed rice]] is the common staple food, and is served at every meal. ''[[Tumpeng]]'', a cone-shaped yellow rice is essential in [[slametan]], Javanese traditional ceremonies. Rice can be processed into ''[[lontong]]'' or ''[[ketupat]]'', or cooked in coconut milk as ''[[nasi liwet]]'' or colored with [[turmeric]] as ''[[nasi kuning]]'' (yellow rice). Other sources of [[carbohydrate]] such as ''[[gaplek]]'' (dried [[cassava]]) is sometimes mixed into rice or replaces rice. ''[[Gaplek]]'' is usually consumed by poor commoners during hard times when rice is scarce. [[Tubers]] such as [[yam (vegetable)|yam]], [[taro]], and [[sweet potato]] are consumed as snacks in between meals. [[Bread]] and [[grain]]s other than rice are uncommon, although [[noodle]]s and [[potato]]es are often served as accompaniments to rice. Potatoes are often boiled then mashed, shaped into discs, spiced, coated in beaten [[Eggs as food|eggs]] and fried into ''[[perkedel]]''.  Wheat noodles, ''bihun'' ([[rice vermicelli]]), and ''[[kwetiau]]'' are influences of [[Chinese cuisine]]. The Javanese adopted these ingredients and made them their own by adding ''[[kecap manis]]'' (sweet soy sauce) and local spices to create ''[[bakmi Jawa]]'', [[Mie rebus|''bakmi rebus'']], and ''[[bihun]] goreng''. Vegetables feature heavily in Javanese cuisine, notably in vegetable-heavy dishes such as ''[[pecel]]'', [[Gado-gado|''lotek'']], and ''[[urap]]''.

[[File:Nasi Gudeg.jpg|thumb|200px|Javanese complete [[Gudeg|''nasi gudeg'']], which consist of (from top clockwise): ''[[krechek]]'' (spiced buffalo skin cracker), ''[[ayam goreng]]'' (fried chicken), ''opor [[telur pindang]]'' (spiced egg in coconut milk), and ''gudeg'' (unripe [[jackfruit]] cooked in [[coconut milk]]).]]

[[Coconut milk]], [[peanut sauce]], ''gula jawa'' ([[palm sugar]]), ''asem jawa'' ([[tamarind]]), ''[[petis]]'', ''[[terasi]]'' (shrimp paste), [[shallot]], [[garlic]], [[turmeric]], [[galangal]], [[ginger]], and chili ''[[sambal]]'' are common ingredients and spices that can be found in Javanese cuisine. Freshwater fishes such as [[carp]], [[tilapia]], [[gourami]] and [[catfish]] are popular, while seafood such as [[tuna]], [[red snapper (fish)|red snapper]], [[wahoo]], [[Ray (fish)|ray]], [[Anchovies as food|anchovy]], [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]], [[Squid as food|squid]], and various [[salted fish]] are popular in coastal Javanese cities. [[Chicken (food)|Chicken]], [[goat meat]], [[beef]], [[lamb and mutton]] are popular meats in Javanese cuisine. Next to common farmed chicken, the ''ayam kampung'' or [[Free range|free-range]] chicken, is popular and valued for its leaner, more natural flavors. Almost 90% of Javanese are [[Muslim]], and consequently, much of Javanese cuisine omits [[pork]]. However, in small enclaves of [[Catholic]] Javanese population around [[Muntilan]], [[Magelang]], [[Yogyakarta]], and [[Klaten]], pork might be consumed. Few ethnic groups in Indonesia use pork and other sources of protein considered ''[[haram]]'' under Muslim dietary laws in their cuisine, most prominently [[Balinese cuisine]], [[Indonesian Chinese cuisine]], [[Batak cuisine]], and [[Manado cuisine]].

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== Outlets ==

Javanese households usually purchase fresh ingredients from the local market every morning, cook and serve them in the late morning to be mainly consumed for lunch. The leftovers are stored to be heated again for family dinner. Other than homemade family dishes, Javanese cuisine are served from humble street-side carts and ''[[warung]]''s, to fancy restaurants in five-star hotels. Small family-run ''[[warung]]''s are the budget options for street food, serving everything from family dishes for full meals, or snack foods. The popular simple Javanese cuisine establishments are the budget food of ''Warung Tegal,'' which are mainly established by Javanese from [[Tegal (city)|Tegal]] city, and the ''Angkringan'' street-side carts in Yogyakarta and Solo that sold cheap [[Nasi kucing|''sego kucing'']] and various ''wedang'' (hot beverages).

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File:Food at Warung Tegal.jpg|Food display in ''warung Tegal''.

File:Satay Seller Java.jpg|Street-side Javanese chicken satay vendor near [[Borobudur]].

File:Lesehan Malioboro Yogyakarta.jpg|''Lesehan'' sit on the mat dining at Malioboro street, Yogyakarta.

File:ANGKRINGAN PAK BAGONG.jpg|''Angkringan'' food stall.

== Central Javanese cuisine ==

The food in [[Central Java]] is influenced by the two ancient kingdoms of [[Yogyakarta Sultanate|Yogyakarta]] and [[Surakarta Sunanate|Surakarta]] (also commonly known as Solo). Most of Central Javanese dishes are indigenously developed, however in coastal cities such as [[Semarang]] and [[Pekalongan]], notable [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] influences can be seen, such as ''[[lumpia]]'' (spring roll) and ''[[bakmi Jawa]]''. While in the royal court of Surakarta, the European influences can be seen, such as ''bistik Jawa'' and ''selat Solo''. Many of Central Java-specific dishes contain the names of the area where the food first became popular, for example:

=== Semarang ===

[[File:Soto Bangkong.JPG|thumb|''Soto'' Semarang, a variant of ''[[Soto (food)|soto]]'' from Semarang. It is a [[Chicken as food|chicken]] soup with rice [[vermicelli]] and [[tomato]], served with potato ''[[perkedel]]'', fried [[tempeh]], and [[satay]] of [[cockle (bivalve)|cockles]] and chicken intestines, with [[lime (fruit)|lime]] and ''[[krupuk]]'' (crackers).]]

* '''''Bandeng'' Juwana''': processed tender boned [[milkfish]] originated from the fishing town of [[Juwana]], east of Semarang. Although originated, produced and processed in Juwana, it is largely sold in Semarang.

* '''''[[Lumpia]]'' [[Semarang]]''': fried or steamed spring rolls. The filling varies, but consists mainly of meat and [[bamboo]] shoots. It is served with sweet fermented soybean sauce (''[[tauco]]'') or sweet [[garlic]] sauce. Another accompaniment is ''acar'' (Indonesian-style sweet and sour [[cucumber]] pickle) and chili.

* '''''Nasi ayam''''': a dish composed of rice, chicken, egg, [[tofu]], and served with a sweet-salty [[coconut milk]] gravy.

* '''''[[Roti gambang|Roti ganjel rel]]''''', rectangular shaped brown bread with sesame seeds, flavored with cinnamon and palm sugar. Usually served during Dugderan and [[Ramadan]].

* '''[[Soto (food)|''Soto'' Semarang]]''': a chicken soup in a small personal serving; mixed with rice, ''perkedel'', and satay of cockles, chicken intestines, and [[quail]] eggs. One of the famous ''Soto Semarang'' is ''Soto Bangkong''. Named after Bangkong crossroad in Semarang.

* '''''Wingko'' Babat''': a cake made largely of [[glutinous rice]] and desiccated coconut, toasted and sold warm. Although it originated from Babat, East Java, it is popular in Semarang. Care should be taken to differentiate between Babat and ''babat''. Babat is a city in East Java, part of the North Coast Road and where ''wingko'' Babat came from, while ''babat'' is [[tripe]], an ingredient often used for Indonesian cuisine in general.

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=== Jepara ===

[[File:Sate sapi Jepara.JPG|thumb|right|''Sate sapi Jepara'', Jepara beef satay.]]

* '''[[Soto (food)|''Soto'']] [[Jepara]]''': ''soto'' is a common Indonesian soup, usually infused with [[turmeric]], and can be made with chicken, beef, or mutton. The version from Jepara, a Central Javanese town, is made of chicken.

* '''[[Opor Panggang|''Opor panggang'']]''': a typical ''[[opor]]'' from Jepara. It is a kind of ''[[opor ayam]]'' but with distinctive flavor, since the chicken used in this dish is first roasted in a clay cauldron.

* '''''[[Kuluban]]''''': traditional salad from [[Jepara Regency]].

* '''''[[Kelan Antep|Kelap antep]]''''': dish made from lean meat, ginger, bay leaves, red onion, garlic, red chili, tamarind, sugar, and others.

* '''''Horok-horok''''': steamed corn starch. After being cooked, corn starch is then poured into jars and stirred with a comb. So although chewy and tough, it is shaped in small granules resembling [[Styrofoam]]. To add flavor, a pinch of salt can be added. This dish can be served as an accompaniment to meatballs, ''gado-gado'', ''pecel'', or satay ''kikil'' (beef tendon).

* '''''Hoyok-hoyok''''': also called ''oyol-oyol'', is a dish made from tapioca flour mixed with water and oil, then served with extra grated coconut. ''Hoyok-hoyok'' is a sweet version of ''horok-horok''.

* '''Jepara shrimp soup''': similar to shrimp soup in general. This version of soup use shrimp broth and fried shrimp, also raw crushed chili. This soup is delicious eaten while still hot or warm.

* '''Jepara ''pangsit'' soup''': considered as a fusion cuisine, this dish is a blend of local and foreign cuisines, i.e. Javanese, Dutch, and Chinese. The ''pangsit'' (dumpling) in this soup is not like the dumpling we know, but rather in the form of a clear soup with shrimp egg rolls. This is one of the favorite dishes of [[Kartini|R.A. Kartini]].

* '''''Bongko mento''''': originated in Jepara palace, it is a snack wrapped in a banana leaf. Consists of omelet filled with sauteed shredded chicken breast mixed with oyster mushrooms, glass noodles, and coconut milk.

* '''''Lontong krubyuk''''': similar to ''[[lontong]]'' dishes in general, this dish consists of rice cake served with shredded chicken meat stews doused in ''bakso'' soup and garnished with a mixture of half-cooked bean sprouts and sliced celery. What distinguishes this from other ''lontong'' dishes, this dish is served with a lot of soup.

* '''''Singit''''': beef shank cooked in coconut milk, soy sauce, salt, red chili, garlic, onion, and brown sugar, over low heat until the sauce thickens.

* '''''Semur'' Jepara''': made of meat, salt, pepper, nutmeg powder, soy sauce, cooking oil, and others.

* '''''Sayur pepaya'' Jepara''': a vegetable stew usually served in the afternoon. The main ingredients are young papaya, coconut milk, beef stew, and others.

* '''''Sayur asem'' Jepara''': similar to [[sayur asem]] Jakarta.

* '''''Sayur betik''''': a vegetable stew, using young unripe papaya and beef trimming as the main ingredients.

* '''''Gule petih'' Jepara''': made of tender goat meat and spice mixture. Usually served during [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]].

* '''''Laksa'' Jepara''': made of chicken fillet, banana shrimp, chicken stock, coconut milk, lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, salt, sugar, oil, and other ingredients.

* '''''Sayur keluak ayam''''': made of vegetables, [[keluak]] and chicken.

* '''''Kagape kambing''''': a dish made of goat meat. Easily found during [[Eid al-Adha]].

* '''''[[Bakso]]'' Karimunjawa''': meatballs soup made from fish, instead of beef or chicken.

* '''''[[Tongseng]] cumi''''': ''tongseng'' made of calamari or squid, instead of goat or chicken.

* '''''Rempah'' Jepara''': a dish made from grated coconut, fish, and others.

* '''''Bontosan''''': a dish of mashed grouper or mackerel mixed with rice powder and shaped into spindles, wrapped in banana leaves or plastic, steamed, then thickly sliced, and served with sauce or gravy. ''Bontosan'' is actually the pre-dried form of fish crackers. It can also be served after being shallow-fried until the outside is crisp and golden brown. Similar in taste to ''[[pempek]]''.

* '''''Sate sapi'' Jepara''': satay made of cow meat mixed with spices typical of Jepara.

* '''''Sate kikil''''': a satay dish made of ''kikil'' (beef tendon), also called satay ''cecek.'' Usually served with ''horok-horok''.

* '''''Pecel ikan laut panggang''''': roasted saltwater fish served with coconut milk sauce.

* '''''Tempong''''': uncooked dried anchovy, shaped like fritter.

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=== Kudus ===

[[File:Stamps of Indonesia, 031-07.jpg|thumb|right|Indonesian stamp displaying ''soto Kudus''.]]

* '''''Jenang'' Kudus''': A sweetmeat made from rice flour, palm sugar, and coconut milk.

* '''[[Opor Bakar|''Opor bakar'']]'''

* '''[[Soto (food)|''Soto'']] [[Kudus Regency|Kudus]]''': ''soto'' is a common Indonesian soup usually infused with [[turmeric]], and can be made with chicken, beef, or mutton. The version from Kudus, a Central Javanese town, is made of chicken.

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=== Pati ===

[[File:Nasi Gandul 1.jpg|thumb|Nasi Gandul]]

* '''''Bandeng presto''''': is a [[Pressure cooking|pressure cooked]] milkfish that soften the finer fish bones. The pressure cooking also help the spices to seep into the flesh of milkfish perfectly.

* '''''[[Nasi gandul]]''''': is beef served on white steamed rice poured with spicy savoury soup, served on banana leaf.

* '''''Petis runting''''': is a kind of gulai typical culinary of Pati. Soupy but somewhat viscous, made from a rather coarse rice flour roasted with goat meat and ''balungan'' or goat bones, including bone marrows, and usually enjoyed while it hot to avoid the fatty bone marrow coagulating.

* '''''Sayur mangut''''': is a hot and spicy Ariid catfish head cooked in coconut milk.

* '''''Sayur tempe bosok''''': is a kind of curry-soup made from stinky over-ripe (almost rotten) tempeh. Popularly consumed during the rainy season against the cold.

* '''''Soto kemiri''''': is a common Javanese chicken soup spiced with candlenut.

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=== Yogyakarta ===

[[File:Ayam goreng kalasan.JPG|thumb|''Ayam goreng'' Kalasan with ''kremes'', seasoned fried chicken with crispy fried flour granules.]]

[[File:Nasi Brongkos 1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Brongkos|Nasi brongkos]]'', spicy meat and beans stew.]]

* '''''[[Ayam geprek]]''''': crispy [[Batter (cooking)|battered]] [[ayam goreng|fried chicken]] crushed and mixed with hot and spicy ''[[sambal]]''.

* '''''[[Ayam goreng]] [[Kalasan]]''''': chicken stewed in [[coriander]], [[garlic]], [[candlenut]], and coconut water, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with ''[[sambal]]'' and raw vegetables.

* '''''[[Bakpia]]''''' and '''''[[bakpia Pathok|bakpia pathok]]''''': a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste, derived from the Chinese pastry. A well-known bakpia-producing area is Pathok near [[Jalan Malioboro]], where ''[[bakpia Pathok]]'' is sold.

* '''''Belalang goreng''''': fried [[grasshopper]] dish.

* '''''[[Brongkos]]''''': spicy meat and ''tolo'' beans (black-eyed peas) stew in coconut milk and ''kluwek'' soup with other spices.

* '''''[[Gudeg]]''''': a traditional food from Yogyakarta and [[Central Java]] made from young unripe ''nangka'' ([[jack fruit]]) boiled for several hours with [[palm sugar]] and [[coconut milk]]. This is usually accompanied by ''[[opor ayam]]'' (chicken in coconut milk), ''[[telur pindang]]'' (hard boiled egg stew), and ''[[krechek]]'' (spicy beef skin and tofu stew). ''Gudeg'' from Yogyakarta has a unique sweet and savory taste, and is drier and more reddish than other regional variants because of the addition of Javanese [[teak]] leaf.

* '''''Kipo''''': derived from the [[Javanese language|Javanese]] question ''Iki opo?'' ("What is this?"), a small sweet snack from [[Kotagede]] made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar.

* '''''[[Krechek]]''''' (also known as '''''krecek''''' or '''''sambal goreng krechek'''''): a traditional spicy beef skin dish made from seasoned ''[[krupuk kulit]]'' (beef skin crackers). ''Krechek'' is usually served as a side dish together with ''gudeg''.

* '''''[[Nasi kucing]]''''': rice with small side dishes.

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=== Solo ===

[[File:Nasi Liwet A.JPG|thumb|''Nasi liwet warung'' in Solo.]]

* '''''[[Bakso]]'' Solo''': bakso literally means meatballs, made of [[beef]], and served in boiling hot soup with [[mung bean]]-thread noodles, green vegetables, shredded [[cabbage]], and various sauces (chili, tomato). This version from Solo has super-sized meatballs, the size of tennis balls. Also known as ''Bakso Tenis''. ''[[Bakso]]'' is a Chinese-influenced dish, but has become a popular snack throughout Indonesia.

* '''[[Bistik Jawa|''Bistik'' Jawa]]''': Javanese [[beef]] [[steak]], a European-influenced dish from [[Surakarta|Solo.]]

* '''''[[Nasi liwet]]''''': a rice dish cooked in [[coconut milk]] and [[chicken]] broth, served with meat and vegetable side dishes.

* '''[[Satay#Indonesia|''Sate buntel'']]''' (lit: wrapped satay): Minced fatty beef or goat meat, encased in [[caul fat]] and wrapped around a bamboo skewer then grilled. The size of this satay is quite large, very similar to a Middle Eastern [[kebab]]. After being grilled on [[charcoal]], the meat is separated from the skewer, cut into bite-size chunks, then served in sweet soy sauce and ''merica'' ([[Black pepper|pepper]]).

* '''[[Selat solo|''Selat'' Solo]]''': a [[salad]] consisting of stewed [[beef]], [[lettuce]], [[carrot]], green bean, and potato chips or [[French fries]] in sweet spiced dressing.

* '''''Sosis'' solo''', Javanese sausages made from beef or chicken and coated by egg.

* '''''[[Srabi]]'' Solo''': a pancake made of coconut milk, mixed with a little rice flour as thickener. ''Srabi'' can be served plain or with toppings, such as sliced [[banana]], chopped [[jackfruit]], chocolate sprinkle ([[muisjes]]), or [[cheese]].

* '''''[[Tongseng]]''''': a strongly spiced curry of bone-in mutton, which is quickly stir-fried at the point of sale with vegetables added.

* '''''Tengkleng''''': [[goat]] ribs and [[offal]] in a curry-like soup, similar to [[gulai|''gule kambing'']], but with a lighter and thinner soup.

* '''''[[Timlo]]'' Solo''': a beef and vegetable soup. Some versions also have noodles.

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=== Banyumas ===

[[File:Menggoreng di dapur.jpg|thumb|Frying tempeh ''mendoan''.]]

Refers to Javanese cultural region of Western Central Java bordering West Java, including [[Banyumas]], [[Tegal Regency|Tegal]], [[Brebes]], [[Cilacap]], [[Kebumen Regency|Kebumen]], [[Purbalingga]], and [[Banjarnegara]].

* '''''[[Nasi Bogana|Nasi bogana]]'' [[Tegal Regency|Tegal]]''': a steamed rice dish wrapped in banana leaves and served with a variety of side dishes.

* '''''Sate'' Tegal''' or '''''Sate Balibul''''': juvenile (five-month-old) goat [[satay]] from Tegal, noted for its tender meat.

* '''''Sate'' Ambal''': a satay variant from Ambal, Kebumen, Central Java. This satay uses ''ayam kampung (''free-range chicken). The sauce is not made from peanuts, but rather ground tempeh, chili, and spices. The chicken is marinated for about two hours to make the meat tastier. This satay is served with ''[[ketupat]]''.

* '''''Sroto'' Sokaraja''': a variant of [[soto (food)|''soto'']] from Sokaraja, Banyumas.

* '''[[Tempeh#Tempe mendoan|Tempeh ''mendoan'']]''': fried battered [[tempeh]] from Banyumas.

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=== Other Central Javanese cuisine ===

* '''''Bakmoy''''': small cubes of fried tofu, chicken, and boiled egg served with chicken broth and relish made from sweet soy sauce.

* '''''[[Kamir]]''''': round-shaped bread that almost similar to [[appam|apem]], consisting of flour, butter, and egg mixture.

* '''''Krechek''''': spicy stew made from [[Krupuk kulit|skin cracker]], potato and soy beans.

* '''''[[Mie kopyok]]''''' (lit. shaked noodles): a noodle soup made of garlic broth, rice cake, fried tofu, and rice cracker.

* '''''Mie ongklok''''': boiled noodles were made using cabbage, chunks of chopped leaves, and starchy thick soup called ''loh''. Usually served with [[satay]] and [[tempeh]].

* '''''Nasi megono''''', rice dish with chopped young [[jackfruit]] mixed with coconut and other spices.

* '''''[[Sate]]'' [[Blora]]''': chicken satay from Blora area.

* '''''Sop senerek''''', traditional soup from Magelang with beef, red bean, carrot, tomato, celery, and [[bawang goreng|fried shallot]]s.

* '''''[[Swikee]]'' [[Purwodadi Grobogan|Purwodadi]]''': frogs' legs cooked in fermented soybean (''[[tauco]]'') soup.

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== East Javanese cuisine ==

The East Javanese cuisine is largely influenced by [[Madurese people|Madurese]] cuisine - Madura being a major producer of [[salt]], hence the omission of [[sugar]] in many dishes. Many of the East Javanese dishes are also typically Madurese, such as [[Soto (food)|''soto'']] Madura and ''[[sate]]'' Madura, usually sold by Madurese settlers. Notable Arabic and Indian cuisine influence also can be found such in the coastal cities of [[Tuban]], [[Gresik]], [[Surabaya]], [[Lamongan]], and [[Sidoarjo]], due to the large number of [[Arab]]ic descendants in these cities. Although there are many dishes with town names attached to them, local versions of these are available in every town. The most popular town-associated dishes are:

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=== Madiun ===

[[File:Pecel Solo.JPG|thumb|''Pecel'', boiled vegetables served with peanut sauce.]]

* '''''[[Brem]]'' Madiun''': fermented sugar and [[cassava]] cakes.

* '''''[[Pecel]]'' [[Madiun]]''': a salad of boiled vegetables, dressed in a [[peanut]]-based spicy sauce. It is usually served as an accompaniment to rice. A peanut or dried fish/[[shrimp]] cracker (''rempeyek'') is served on the side. Not to be confused with ''[[pecel lele]]'', which is deep-fried local [[catfish]] served with ''[[sambal]]''.

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=== Lamongan ===

* '''''[[Ayam penyet]]''''': fried chicken (see ''[[ayam goreng]]''), lightly smashed using a pestle in a mortar laced with ''[[sambal]]''.

* '''''Bebek goreng''''': deep fried [[duck]], similar to [[duck confit]].

* '''''Pecel lele''''': deep fried [[catfish]] with ''[[sambal]]'', vegetables, and [[rice]].

* '''[[Soto (food)|''Soto'']] [[Lamongan]]''': chicken soup originated from the town of Lamongan.

* '''''[[Tahu campur]]''''': fried [[tofu]], served in ''[[petis]]''-based beef stew.

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=== Surabaya ===

[[File:Rujak Cingur.jpg|thumb|''Rujak cingur'', specialty of Surabaya.]]

* '''''[[Ayam penyet]]''''': "smashed chicken", fried chicken that is smashed with the pestle against mortar to make it softer, served with sambal, slices of cucumbers, fried tofu and tempeh.

* '''''Lontong kupang''''': [[lontong]] with small cockles in [[Shrimp paste|petis sauce]].

* '''''[[Rawon]]'' Surabaya''': a dark beef soup, served with [[mung bean]] sprouts and the ubiquitous ''[[sambal]]''. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (''Pangium edule'') nuts.

* '''[[Rujak#Rujak Cingur|''Rujak cingur'']]''': a marinated [[cow]] snout or lips and noses (''cingur''), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelized fermented shrimp paste (''[[petis]]''), peanuts, [[Sambal|chili]], and spices. It is usually served with ''[[lontong]]'', a boiled rice cake. ''Rujak cingur'' is considered traditional food of [[Surabaya]] in [[East Java]].

* '''''Semanggi''''': a salad made of boiled ''semanggi'' (''M. crenata'') leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce.

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=== Madura ===

* '''''[[Sate]]'' [[Madura]]''': originating on the island of Madura, near Java, is a famous variant among Indonesians. Most often made from [[mutton]] or chicken, the recipe's main characteristic is the black sauce made from Indonesian sweet soy sauce (''kecap manis'') mixed with [[palm sugar]] (called ''gula jawa'' or "Javanese sugar" in Indonesia), [[garlic]], deep fried [[shallot]]s, peanut paste, ''petis'' (a kind of shrimp paste), [[candlenut]], and salt. Chicken Madura satay is usually served in peanut sauce, while the mutton Madura satay is usually served in sweet soy sauce. Sate Madura uses smaller chunks of meat than other variants. It is eaten with rice or rice cakes wrapped in [[banana]]/coconut leaves (''lontong/ketupat''). Raw thinly sliced shallots and plain ''sambal'' are often served as condiments.

* '''[[Soto (food)|''Soto'']] [[Madura]]''': a [[turmeric]]-based beef and [[offal]] soup, served with boiled egg slices, and ''[[sambal]]''.

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=== Malang ===

[[File:Baso Malang Karapitan.JPG|thumb|''Bakso'' Malang, meatball and fried wonton soup from Malang, East Java. Sometimes also called ''bakwan'' Malang.]]

* '''''[[Bakso]]'' Malang''': ''bakso'' literally means meatball. ''Bakso'' Malang has more accompaniments, beside the meatball (mostly beef) itself. For example, offal, ''[[siomay]]'' dumplings (fried or steamed), ''tahu'' (tofu, fried or steamed, filled with meat), ''sound'' (mung bean threads), and yellow egg noodles. All of these are served in hot beef stock.

* '''''Cwie mi''''': a Chinese-influenced noodle dish, containing boiled and seasoned noodles, topped with pre-cooked minced meat (usually [[pork]] or chicken) and boiled [[wonton]]. Similar to the Chinese [[zhajiang mian]].

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=== Banyuwangi ===

* '''''Bolu klemben''''': cake with tortoise-like shape, made of mixture of flour, eggs, and sugar.

* '''''[[Botok|Botok tawon]]''''': a type of [[botok]] that made from [[bee]] larvae.

* '''''[[Pepes|Pelasan]]''''', Osing-style of [[pepes]] food. The popular Osing pepes are ''pelasan teri'', ''pelasan tahu'' and ''pelasan ayam''.

* '''''[[Pindang]] koyong''''': a fish cooked in yellow gravy-like [[Soto (food)|soto]] with various spices.

* '''''[[Rawon]]'' [[Banyuwangi]]''': Banyuwangi-style of beef soup in dark gravy, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the [[keluak]] nuts.

* '''''Rujak soto''''': a unique blend of vegetable salad with [[Soto (food)|soto]], it can be ''soto daging'' (beef) or ''soto babat''.

* '''''Sale pisang''''': [[Keripik|chips]]-like snack that made of [[bananas]] which are combed thin and then dried in the sun. After dried in the sun, it can be directly eaten or fried first.

=== Other East Javanese cuisine ===

[[File:Sate Ponorogo.jpg|thumb|right|Sate Ponorogo]]

* '''''Kare rajungan''''': [[curry]] dish cooked using [[portunidae]].

* '''''Lontong balap''''': literally means "racing rice cake", which is a dish of rice cakes, fried tofu, and beansprouts, doused in ''[[kecap manis]]'' and ''[[sambal]]'' sauce. In the past, ''lontong balap'' hawkers carried their wares in a large, heavy metal urn. The heaviness caused them to have to walk really quickly while carrying it, so they looked like they were "racing".

* '''''[[Madumongso]]''''': a sweetmeat made from fermented black glutinous rice, cooked in coconut milk and sugar. It is sticky and very sweet, and comes wrapped in panties.

* '''''[[Roti canai#Indonesia|Roti konde]]''''': a type of roti canai. Their recipes are stolen from [[Indian Indonesian cuisine|Indian]] [[paratha]].

* '''''Sate'' Ponorogo''': a variant of [[satay]] originating in [[Ponorogo]], a town in East Java. It is made from sliced marinated chicken, served with a sauce made of peanuts and chili, and garnished with shredded shallots, ''[[sambal]]'', and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] juice. This variant is unique for the fact that each skewer contains one large piece of chicken, rather than several small cubes. The meat is marinated in spices and sweet soy sauce, in a process called "''bacem''" and is served with rice or ''lontong'' (rice cake). The grill is made from [[terracotta]] earthenware with a hole on one side to allow ventilation for the coals. After three months of use, the earthenware grill disintegrates and must be replaced.

* '''''[[Tahu campur]]''''': a beef and offal soup, mixed with fresh vegetables, [[potato]]es, rice cake, and tofu. The secret ingredient is the caramelized fermented shrimp paste (''[[petis]]'') which is mixed in just before serving.

* '''''Tahu tek-tek''''': a dish containing cut-up fried [[tofu]], boiled vegetables (mostly beansprouts), potatoes, drenched in a peanut-based sauce. The sauce has caramelized fermented shrimp paste (''[[petis]]''), chili, and [[garlic]].

== Common Javanese dishes ==

| caption1  =[[Ayam kecap]]

| caption2  = [[Botok]]

| caption3  = [[Javanese doughnut|Donat jawa]]

| caption4  = [[Gorengan]]

| caption5  = [[Iga penyet]]

| caption6  = [[Kripik|Keripik]] [[tempeh|tempe]]

| caption7  = [[Lumpia]]

| caption8  = [[Mie rebus]]

| caption9  = [[Nasi ambeng]]

| caption10  = [[Nasi kari]]

| caption11  = [[Sayur bening]]

| caption12  =[[Sayur lodeh]]

| caption13  = [[Telur pindang]]

| caption14  = [[Tempeh|Tempeh bacem]]

| caption15  = Tiwul

| caption16  = [[Urap|Urap sayur]]

| header            = Common Javanese dishes

| footer_align      = <!-- left/right/center -->

| footer_background =

* '''''[[Appam|Apem]]''''', traditional cake of steamed dough made of [[rice flour]], coconut milk, yeast and palm sugar, usually served with grated coconut.

* '''''[[Ayam bumbu rujak]]''''', chicken dish made from chicken meat which is still young and uses a red basic spice then grilled. A red base is a spice made from salt, garlic, onion, and red chili.

* '''''[[Ayam goreng]]''''', [[fried chicken]] dish consisting of chicken deep fried in oil with various spices.

* '''''[[Ayam kecap]]''''', chicken simmered or braised in [[sweet soy sauce]].

* '''''[[Bakmi jawa]]''''', wheat based noodle, generally prepared and topped with minced chicken seasoned in soy sauce, green vegetables and a bowl of [[broth]].

* '''''[[Bakso]]''''', ''bakso'' literally means [[meatball]]. Beef or chicken meatballs, usually served in a bowl of [[broth]] with yellow noodles, [[rice vermicelli]], vegetables, tofu, green cabbage, bean sprout, sprinkled with [[Bawang goreng|fried shallot]]s and celery.

* '''''[[Bakwan]]''''', fried meal consisting of vegetables and batter. Bakwan usually refers to a vegetable fritter snack, commonly sold with [[gorengan]].

* '''''[[Perkedel|Bergedel]]''''', fried patties, made of ground potatoes, minced meat, peeled and ground corn or [[tofu]], or minced fish.

* '''''[[Corn fritter|Bergedel jagung]]''''', corn fritters.

* '''''[[Botok]]''''', a dish made from shredded coconut flesh which has been squeezed of its coconut milk, often mixed with other ingredients such as vegetable or fish, and wrapped in banana leaf and steamed.

* '''''[[Pepes|Brengkesan]]''''', fish, meat, tofu, anchovy or mushroom ingredients cooked inside a banana-leaf package.

* '''''[[Bubur ayam]]''''', rice [[congee]] with shredded chicken meat served with some [[List of Indonesian condiments|condiment]]s and cake.

* '''''[[Bubur kacang hijau]]''''', sweet dessert made from [[mung bean]]s [[porridge]] with coconut milk and palm sugar or cane sugar. The beans are boiled till soft, and sugar and coconut milk are added.

* '''''[[Bubur ketan hitam]]''''', sweet dessert made from black [[glutinous rice]] porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar or cane sugar. The black glutinous rice are boiled until soft, and sugar and coconut milk are added.

* '''''Bubur sumsum''''', white [[congee]] made from rice flour and eaten with brown sugar sauce.

* '''''[[Buntil]]''''', a traditional Javanese dish of scraped coconut meat mixed with [[Anchovy|anchovi]]es and spices, wrapped in a papaya leaf, then boiled in coconut milk.

* '''''[[Stir fried water spinach|Cah kangkung]]''''', stir fried [[water spinach]].

* '''''[[Cendol|Dawet]]''''', an iced sweet [[dessert]] that contains droplets of green rice flour jelly, [[coconut milk]] and palm sugar syrup.

* '''''[[Javanese doughnut|Donat jawa]]''''', Javanese-style of ring-shaped fritter made from cassava with savoury taste.

* '''''Garang asem''''', chicken dish cooked using banana leaves and dominated by sour and spicy flavor.

* '''''[[Gorengan]]''''', assorted fritters such as tempeh, tofu, yam, sweet potato, cassava, and chopped vegetables.

* '''''[[Gulai|Gule]]''''', a type of soupy curry-like dishes that could be made from various ingredients; meats, fish or vegetables. The gule that popular in Javanese cuisine both are ''gule kambing'' (made of goat or mutton) and ''gule ayam'' (made of chicken).

** '''''[[Gulai ayam|Gule ayam]]''''', chicken cooked in a curry-like coconut milk soup.

** '''[[Gulai|''Gule kambing'']]''', mutton cooked in a curry-like coconut milk soup.

* '''''[[Iga penyet]]''''' (lit. squeeze ribs), fried beef spare ribs served with spicy sambal terasi. The fried beef ribs is squeezed against a mortar filled with sambal, and usually served with lalab vegetables and steamed rice.

* '''''[[Dried fish|Ikan asin]]''''', salted and sun-dried fishes of various species.

* '''''[[Jenang]]''''', sweet toffee-like sugar palm-based confection, made from coconut milk, jaggery, and rice flour, and is sticky, thick, and sweet.

* '''''[[Curry|Kare]]''''', the Javanese adaptation of [[curry]] dishes. Just like gulai, it could be made from various ingredients; meats or vegetables.

* '''''[[Klepon]]''''', glutinous rice balls stuffed with palm sugar, colored green using [[pandanus]] leaf, and rolled in fresh grated coconut.

* '''''[[Kripik|Keripik]] [[tempeh|tempe]]''''', [[tempeh]] chips, made from thinly sliced, lightly battered, then deep fried tempeh (soybean cake).

* '''''[[Ketupat|Kupat]]''''', rice [[dumpling]] made from rice packed inside a diamond-shaped container of woven palm leaf pouch.

* '''''[[Kwetiau ayam]]''''', boiled [[Shahe fen|flat noodle]] with diced chicken.

* '''''[[Kwetiau goreng]]''''', stir fried flat noodle dish.

* '''''[[Lepet]]''''', sticky rice [[dumpling]] mixed with peanuts cooked with coconut milk and packed inside a ''janur'' (young coconut leaf) or [[palm leaf]].

* '''''[[Lontong]]''''', pressed [[rice cake]] inside banana wrapping.

* '''''[[Lumpia]]''''', [[spring roll]] made of thin paper-like or crepe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings.

* '''[[Gado-gado|''Lotek'']]''', almost identical to ''[[gado-gado]]'', but sweeter. It is similar to ''pecel'', but includes different vegetables as well as boiled egg slices and a garnish of fish or shrimp crackers and ''emping'' (''Gnetum gnemon L.'' nut, flattened, dried, and fried into small thin crackers).

* '''''[[Murtabak|Martabak]]''''', stuffed pancake or pan-fried bread, sometimes filled with beef and scallions. Usually served with [[sambal]]s and [[acar]].

* '''''[[Mie ayam]]''''', chicken [[bakmi]] dish of seasoned yellow wheat noodles topped with diced chicken meat.

* '''''[[Mie bakso]]''''', [[bakso]] served with yellow noodles and rice vermicelli

* '''''[[Mie goreng]]''''', spicy fried noodle dish seasoned in [[sweet soy sauce]]. The popular one is ''mie goreng jawa''.

* '''''Mie pangsit''''', noodle soup dish served with soft-boiled [[wonton]].

* '''''[[Mie rebus]]''''', famous noodle dish which consists of noodles, salt and egg, served with a tangy, spicy and sweet potato-based sauce.

* '''''[[Nasi ambeng]]''''', fragrant Javanese rice dish that consists of [[Steamed rice|steamed white rice]], chicken [[curry]] or chicken stewed in soy sauce, beef or chicken [[rendang]], fried [[sambal]], [[urap]], [[Perkedel|bergedel]], and [[serundeng]].

* '''''[[Nasi goreng]]''''' (lit. fried rice), Javanese-style of Indonesian fried rice.

** '''''[[Nasi goreng jawa]]''''', fried rice dish uses [[sambal]] ulek as seasoning and has a spicy taste.

* '''''[[Nasi kare]]''''' (lit. curry rice), curry rice dish consists of steamed white rice, [[lontong]] or [[ketupat]], curry, acar, fried shallots and sambals.

* '''''[[Nasi kuning]]''''', similar to ''[[nasi rames]]'' or ''[[nasi campur]]'', but the rice is cooked in coconut milk and colored bright yellow using [[turmeric]] and scented with lemongrass and kaffir lime leaves.

* '''''[[Nasi rames]]''''', rice with accompaniments, usually some curried vegetable stew (''[[sayur lodeh]]''), a selection of cooked fish or chicken or meat and offal pieces, and a dollop of spicy ''[[sambal]]''.

* '''''Pangsit''''', wonton filled with vegetables, chicken or shrimp. It can be dry or wet.

* '''''[[Pecel]]''''', a type of peanut sauce with chili

* '''''[[Petis]]''''', black-colored shrimp paste.

* '''''[[Kue putu|Putu]]''''', traditional cylindrical-shaped and green-colored steamed cake, made of rice flour called suji and colored green with extract acquired from [[pandan leaf]], filled with [[palm sugar]], and steamed in [[Bamboo|bamboo tubes]], hence its name, and served with grated coconut.

* '''''[[Egg foo young|Puyonghai]]''''', [[omelette]] dish made from the mixture of vegetables such as carrots, bean sprouts, and cabbages, mixed with meats such as crab meat, shrimp, or minced chicken.

* '''''[[Rempeyek]]''''', deep-fried savoury Javanese cracker made from [[flour]] (usually [[rice flour]]) with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter. The most common type of rempeyek is peanut ''peyek''.

* '''''[[Rengginang]]''''', thick rice cracker, made from cooked [[Glutinous rice|glutinous sticky rice]] and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.

* '''''[[Roti bakar]]''''' (lit. grilled bread), Javanese-style of toast sandwich consisting of two slice of breads and the filling, usually [[hagelslag]] or [[jam]].

* '''''[[Rujak]]''''', traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish. There are many kinds of rujak.

* '''''[[Sambal]]''''', chili sauce or paste typically made from a mixture of a variety of chili peppers with secondary ingredients such as shrimp paste, garlic, ginger, shallot, scallion, palm sugar, and lime juice. Sambal has many various types.

* '''[[Satay]]''', skewered grilled meat is a common dish in Java. The Javanese variants are ''sate'' Tegal, ''sate'' Ambal, ''sate'' Solo, ''sate buntel'', ''sate'' Madura, ''sate'' Ponorogo, etc.

* '''''[[Sayur bening]]''''', [[spinach]] and [[corn]] in clear soup flavoured with [[Fingerroot|temu kunci]].

* '''[[Sayur Lodeh|''Sayur lodeh'']]''', assorted vegetables, stewed in coconut milk.

* '''''[[Semur (Indonesian stew)|Semur jawa]]''''', meat (mainly beef or chicken) or vegetable (mainly potato or eggplant) stew, that is braised in thick brown gravy. The main ingredient used in ''semur'' gravy is [[sweet soy sauce]], [[shallot]]s, [[onion]]s, [[garlic]], [[ginger]], [[candlenut]], [[nutmeg]] and [[cloves]], sometimes [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]] and [[cinnamon]] might be added.

* '''''[[Serabi]]''''', rice pancake that is made from rice flour with coconut milk or shredded coconut as an emulsifier.

* '''[[Sop Buntut|''Sop buntut'']]''', oxtail soup.

* '''[[Soto (food)|''Soto'']]''', this Indonesian soup dish is also a common dish in Java. The Javanese variants are common ''soto ayam'' and ''soto babat'' ([[tripe]]), ''soto'' Kudus, ''soto'' Madura, ''soto'' Lamongan, etc.

* '''''[[Tofu|Tahu]]''''', fermented soy food basically a soy milk cheese. It can be fried, stir fried, stewed, as soup ingredient, even also for sweets.

* '''''[[Tahu goreng]]''''', deep fried [[tofu]] prepared with some condiments, such as [[shrimp paste]], [[sambal]], [[Bawang goreng|fried shallot]]s, [[mayonnaise]] or [[soy sauce]].

* '''''[[Tapai]]''''', traditional fermented preparation of rice or other starchy foods.

* '''''[[Telur pindang]]''''', marbled eggs boiled with herbs and spices.

* '''[[Tempeh]]''', a [[meat substitute]] made from [[soy bean]] fermented with [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]. It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular in the world as an excellent meat substitute for [[vegetarian]]s.

** '''''Tempe bacem''''', [[tempeh]] that [[stewed]] in coconut sugar and spices, then deep-fried. It has sweet and savoury flavour.

** '''[[Tempeh burger]]''', [[hamburger]] with [[tempeh]] as main ingredient, a Javanese fusion dish.

** '''''Tempe penyet''''', fried tempeh mixed with [[sambal]] chili paste in a mortar and pestle. Usually served in addition to other ''penyet'' dishes, such as ''[[ayam penyet]]'' (chicken) or ''[[iga penyet]]'' (ribs).

* '''''[[Apam balik|Terang bulan]]''''', bread like puff with sugar, corn, and coarse nut in the middle.

* '''''Tiwul''''', boiled rice substitution made from dried [[cassava]].

* '''''Tumis sayuran''''', stir-fried vegetables, usually mixed with chili and a spice paste.

* '''''[[Tumpeng]]''''', a rice served in the shape of a [[stratovolcano|conical volcano]], usually with rice colored yellow using [[turmeric]]. It is an important part of ceremony in Java. ''Tumpeng'' served in important events such as birthday, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, ''tumpeng'' is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from [[bamboo]] called ''besek''.

* '''''[[Untir-untir]]''''', dough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look with crispy taste.

* '''''[[Urap|Urap sayur]]''''', vegetables in spiced grated coconut dressing.

* '''[[Kue|''Jajan pasar'']]''', several types of shaped and colored flour, rice flour, and glutinous rice flour cakes, sprinkled with desiccated coconut and drizzled with melted palm sugar. ''Jajan'' literally means snack, and ''pasar'' means market, as this snack is usually found in traditional markets.

== Javanese beverages ==

[[File:Es Asem Jawa (Javanese Tamarind Juice).jpg|thumb|upright|''Es asem jawa'', Javanese [[tamarind juice]]]]

* '''[[Cendol|''Dawet'']]''', green rice flour jellies served with ''gula jawa'' (palm sugar), ''santen'' (coconut milk) and ice.

* '''[[Tamarind juice|''Es asem'']]''' or '''''gula asem''''', tamarind juice with ''gula jawa'' (palm sugar) and ice.

* '''''Teh poci'' [[Tegal Regency|Tegal]]''': tea brewed in a clay teapot, served with [[rock candy|rock sugar]]. Tegal, a Central Java town, is a major producer of high-quality tea.

* '''''Wedhang ronde''''' (''ronde''): a hot Javanese dessert of glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea.

* '''''Wedhang angsle''''' (''angsle''): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans, ''putu mayang'' (brightly colored, noodle-shaped flour cakes), and fried peanuts, covered in hot and sweet coconut milk.

* '''''Wedhang uwuh''''' (''uwuh'') ([[:id:Wedang uwuh|id]]): a hot Javanese [[clove]] drink.

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==See also==

[[File:Gorengan.JPG|thumb|''Gorengan'' ('fried snacks') in a market at [[Dieng Plateau]], [[Central Java]].]]

* [[Indonesian cuisine]]

* [[Sundanese cuisine]]

* [[Madurese cuisine]]

* [[List of Indonesian dishes]]

{{Indonesian cuisine}}

{{Cuisines}}

{{二次利用|date=11 June 2025, at 11:07}}