Created page with "* ''Pacchin Dumpokhta''、オナガガモ。カシミールの冬の料理の王様と呼ばれ、普段鶏肉を食べないカシミール・パンディットに好まれる珍味である。この渡り鳥はアヒルのように見えるが、高速で飛ぶことができる。冬になるとカシミールの湿地にやってくる。油で揚げて辛いスパイスで調理される。輝く青みがかった金色の羽の下の肉は硬いが美味しく、..."
Created page with "==持続可能な消費{{Anchor|Sustainable consumption}}== カシミール人女性は以前、余ったマトン料理を古い新聞紙やビニール袋に詰めて持ち帰っていた。やがてこの習慣は広まり、男性もすぐに自分の「トラエム」(ワズワンの銅製の皿)に残りのマトンを乗せて持ち帰るようになった。カシミールでは、余った食べ物を持ち帰り用の袋に入れることが運動となり..."
* ''Razmah Dal'', a red kidney bean stew with classic Kashmiri spice flavours of powdered ginger and fennel.
* ''Razmah Gogjee''、キドニービーンズをカブと一緒に調理したもの。
* ''Razmah Gogjee'', Kidney beans cooked with turnips.
* ''Gogji aare ta Razmah''、カブの輪切りを、すりおろしショウガとフェンネルシードで風味付けしたクリーミーな''rajma'' ダルと共に、弱火でゆっくりと煮込んだもの。
* ''Gogji aare ta Razmah'', turnip circles are slow simmered with creamy ''rajma'' dal flavoured with ground ginger and fennel seeds over a gentle flame.
* ''Razmah Hemb''、様々なインゲンを柔らかい莢と一緒に調理したもの。
* ''Razmah Hemb'', Various green beans cooked with tender pods.
* ''Dal Dabbi''、牛乳とスパイスで調理された伝統的なレンズ豆料理。
* ''Dal Dabbi'', Traditional lentil preparation cooked in milk with spices.
* ''Buzith Gaer'', roasted water chestnuts. Excursionists sit around a hot roasted small heap of nuts and with the help of two stones, one big and the other small, pound these one by one and extract the kernels.
* ''Monje Guel'', fritters of water chestnut kernels. Also called ''mesa'' or ''gaer guel'' in Kashmiri.
* [[File:Puris (Kashmiri Fried Bread) with Vendor - Old City - Srinagar - Jammu & Kashmir - India (26564862530).jpg|thumb|''Puer (pooris)'', 巨大なパン。]]''Nadur Maunj''、レンコンのスライスをスパイシーなペーストにマリネして揚げたもの。
* [[File:Puris (Kashmiri Fried Bread) with Vendor - Old City - Srinagar - Jammu & Kashmir - India (26564862530).jpg|thumb|''Puer (pooris''), giant breads.]]''Nadur Maunj'', sliced lotus stems marinated in spicy paste and deep fried.
* ''Kruhun Masale/Dub Maha'', a poor man's shawarma, a thin ''lavas'' is made of refined flour in which boiled chickpeas are rolled and then dipped in tomato chutney.
* ''Masale Tschot'', chickpea masala spread over a ''lavas'' (kashmiri naan). The preparation for making ''masaal'' begins during the night or early hours of the morning. Then different kinds of chutneys or sauces are prepared. Radish chutney mixed with fresh curd, green chilli, coriander, pepper and salt is served with it and lastly the soft bread is used for wrapping.
* ''Egg Roll''
* ''Egg Roll''
* ''Dastar Katlam''、有名な''Halwai''の食べ物。
* ''Dastar Katlam'', famous ''halwai'' food.
* ''Tobruk Halweh Parothe''、ハルワを添えた揚げた''poori''。
* ''Tobruk Halweh Parothe'', deep fried poori with halwa.
The nomadic shepherds of the Kashmir valley, ''Gujjars'' and ''Bakerwals'' move their herd of dairy cattle and their own settlements up and down the mountains based on changing seasons:
* ''Maesh Crari''., described as ''the mozzarella of Kashmir''. The discs are first coated with chilli, turmeric and salt, and then fried in mustard oil until they form a crisp, golden outer layer and the inside stays soft and creamy.
* ''Kudan'', a rare Gujjar goat cheese that looks like paneer but is more crumbly and akin to feta. Kudan is prepared in Bakerwal tents by heating some mustard oil in a pot on fire and then mixing some salt, turmeric and chilli along with the ''kudan'' cheese curds. Everything melts together into a golden liquid flecked with red chilli and small nuggets of ''kudan''.
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===デザート===
===Desserts===
カシミール人は[[Sugar/ja|砂糖]]を好む。一般的な砂糖菓子は以下の通りである:
Kashmiris are fond of sugar. Common sweetmeats are:
* ''Halwa'', sweetmeat originally made of honey, camel's milk, cashew nuts, and many other ingredients and brought from the Persian Gulf, ''via'' Bombay, in saucers to United India in the nineteenth century. ''Halwa'' tradition reached Kashmir towards the end of the nineteenth century.
* ''Chounth Halwa''
* ''Chounth Halwa''.
* ''Barfi''、牛乳ベースの甘い料理。
* ''Barfi'', a milk-based sweet dish.
* ''Khatai''、一口ごとに崩れるカシミールの甘いビスケット。
* ''Khatai'', a Kashmiri sweet biscuit that crumbles on each bite.
* ''Phirin'', a sweet pudding of condensed milk with ''soji'' mixed with dry fruit like raisins, almonds, cashews, and pistachios, sprinkled with rose-water.
* ''Kong Phirin''、サフラン風味のライスプディングで、ナッツが添えられている。
* ''Kong Phirin'', saffron flavoured rice pudding garnished with nuts.
* ''Shufta'', a traditional dessert made with chopped dry fruits, spices like pepper powder, cardamom and more, in sugar syrup, garnished with rose petals.
* [[File:Roath.JPG|thumb|Kashmiri ''Roth''.]]''Roth'', something between a cake and a bread, these sweet ''rotis'' made with flour, ghee, yoghurt, poppy seeds, eggs (on special occasions) and sugar are a domestic favourite. The art of baking a perfect ''roth'' is as much an acquired skill as it is a relearned discipline passed down from generations.
* ''Basrakh''、小麦粉に少量のギーを加えて作られた甘い珍味。
* ''Basrakh'', A sweet delicacy made from flour with a touch of ghee.
* ''Tosha''、古くからのカシミールデザート。
* ''Tosha'', an age-old Kashmiri dessert.
* ''Lyde''、全粒粉で作られたカシミールデザート。
* ''Lyde'', kashmiri dessert made with whole wheat flour.
* ''Nabad'', sugar crystallised in an earthen pot or a copper container like ''Naat'' and then carved out as a solid sugar ball in a semi-round shape, bigger than a football.
* ''Gulkand'', indigenous rose (''koshur gulaab'') preserved in a sugar base. Non-Kashmiri roses are not used in this formulation. In place of sugar, honey can also be mixed with rose petals.
* ''Matka Kulfi''、冷たい麺をトッピングしたクルフィ。
* ''Matka Kulfi'', kulfi topped with cold noodles.
* ''Kesar Kulfi''
* ''Kesar Kulfi''.
* ''Dry Fruit Kulfi''
* ''Dry Fruit Kulfi''.
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<span id="English_pastry"></span>
===English pastry===
===イギリス風ペイストリー===
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1918年以前、AhdoosのAbdul Ahad Bhatは、オーストリア系スイス人のMichael Nedouがスリナガルで所有するホテルNedou'sでイギリス人パン職人の指導を受けていた。彼はすぐに製パン技術を習得し、当時カシミール人としては初めての小さなベーカリーを開業した。Ahdoosの得意分野はイギリス風の菓子であり、インドがイギリスの支配からの解放へと近づくにつれて、メニューにカシミール料理を追加した。Mughal Darbarは1984年にレジデンシーロードに設立され、それに並行する道には、1972年にGhulam Nabi Sofiによって設立されたJee Ennがある。これらの新しいベーカリーのオーナーやスタッフの多くはAhdoosで訓練を受けている。ペイストリーの種類には以下が含まれる。
Before 1918, Abdul Ahad Bhat, of Ahdoos, was under the tutelage of English bakers at Nedou's, a hotel in Srinagar owned by Austro-Swiss Michael Nedou. He quickly picked up the art of baking, and started a small bakery, the first by a Kashmiri at that time. Ahdoos's forte was English goodies, and as India inched towards freedom from British Rule he added Kashmiri items to the menu. Mughal Darbar was established on Residency Road in 1984 and on the road parallel is Jee Enn, founded by Ghulam Nabi Sofi in 1972. Many of the owners and staff of these new bakeries have trained in Ahdoos. The variety of pastries include:
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* ''Chicken or Mutton Patty''、塩、コショウ、ニンニクで味付けした肉を層状のパフペイストリーで包んだもの。
* ''Chicken or Mutton Patty'', meat seasoned with salt, pepper and garlic, encased in layered puff pastry.
* ''Puffs''。
* ''Puffs''.
* ''Cream Rolls''
* ''Cream Rolls''.
* ''Cream Buns''
* ''Cream Buns''.
* ''Coconut Macaroons''
* ''Coconut Macaroons''.
* ''Walnut Macaroons''
* ''Walnut Macaroons''.
* ''Walnut Tart''、カシミールでのクルミの実の入手が容易なため可能となった。
* ''Walnut Tart'', made possible by the easy availability of walnut kernels in Kashmir.
* ''Walnut Fudge'', an exclusivity of Kashmir's Moonlight Bakery, the recipe contains 'snow-white walnuts' from Uri and honey and dates from local market.
The Kashmir Valley is noted for its bakery tradition, that of the ''qandarwan''. Nowhere else in the Indian subcontinent can be found such a huge variety of leavened breads, another pointer to the Central Asian influence on Kashmiris' food habits. On the [[Dal Lake]] in Kashmir or in downtown Srinagar, bakery shops are elaborately laid out. Bakers sell various kinds of breads with golden brown crusts topped with sesame and poppy seeds.
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様々な種類の伝統的なカシミールパンには以下が含まれる:
Different kinds of traditional Kashmiri breads include:
* ''Tsoet'' and ''Tsoechvor/Tilvor'' are crisp and flaky small round breads topped with ''khaskhash'' (poppy) and ''til'' (sesame) seeds. A local bagel of about three inches diameter and six inches circumference, the upper half is soft and the lower crust is crispy. It is the evening/afternoon bread.
* ''Sheermal'', a saffron flavoured traditional flatbread said to have originated in Iran. It is offered in both sweet and flavourful versions. The ''sheermal'' bread is usually dented with multiple patterns bordering on corresponding lines.
* ''Baqerkhayn'' (puff pastry), Kashmiri [[Bakarkhani|bakerkhani]] has a special place in Kashmiri cuisine. It is similar to a round naan in appearance, but crisp and layered, and sprinkled with sesame seeds. It is typically consumed hot during breakfast.
* ''Lavasa'', thin unleavened flat bread, white in colour, made of ''maida'' (finely-milled wheat flour). It is a paper-thin blistered naan. Some lavasas are soft while others are crispy.
* ''Girda'', made with dough that has been fermented overnight, rolls of dough are flattened out by hand and finger impressions are pressed into it to give you lines that run down its length. ''Girda'' and ''lavas'' are served with butter.
* ''Kulcha'', baked exclusively with ghee, this small, hard, dry, crumbly bread, is usually round in shape. It is decorated by placing a peanut in the centre of the upper face.
* ''Roth khabar'', a cake-like sweet bread made in traditional tandoor and covered with dry fruits.
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===ワズワーン===
===Wazwan===
{{excerpt|Wazwan/ja|paragraph=2-3}}
{{excerpt|Wazwan|paragraph=2-3}}
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<span id="Beverages"></span>
==Beverages==
==飲料{{Anchor|Beverages}}==
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===Noon Chai または Sheer Chai===
=== Noon Chai or Sheer Chai ===
カシミール人はかなりの量の茶を飲む。カシミール人は「カシミール・チャイ」という言葉を使用しない。「''Noon''」という言葉はカシミール語で[[Salt/ja|塩]]を意味する。最も人気のある飲み物は、「[[Noon Chai/ja|ヌーン・チャイ]]」と呼ばれるピンクがかった色の塩味の茶である。これは紅茶、牛乳、塩、そして[[bicarbonate of soda/ja|重曹]]で作られる。この茶の独特な色は、その独特な調製方法とソーダの添加によるものである。カシミール・ヒンドゥー教徒は一般的にこの[[Chai/ja|チャイ]]を「[[Sheer Chai|シアー・チャイ]]」と呼ぶ。[[:en:Kashmiri Muslims|カシミール・イスラム教徒]]はこれを「ヌーン・チャイ」または「ナムキーン・チャイ」と呼び、どちらも塩味の茶を意味する。
Kashmiris are heavy tea drinkers. Kashmiris don't use the word "Kashmiri Chai". The word "''Noon''" in Kashmiri means salt. The most popular drink is a pinkish coloured salted tea called "[[Noon Chai|noon chai]]." It is made with black tea, milk, salt and [[bicarbonate of soda]]. The particular color of the tea is a result of its unique method of preparation and the addition of soda. The Kashmiri Hindus more commonly refer to this chai as "Sheer Chai." The [[Kashmiri Muslims]] refer to it as "Noon Chai" or "Namkeen Chai", both meaning salty tea.
Noon Chai or Sheer Chai is a common breakfast tea in Kashmiri households and is taken with breads like [[baqerkhani]] brought fresh from ''Qandur (Kashmiri : کاندر )'' or bakers. It is one of the most basic and essential food items in a Kashmiri household. Tea was as served in large [[samovar|samavar]]s. Now, the use of Samavars is limited to special occasions and normally kettles are used.
Nuts like almonds and pistachios and edible rose petals can also be added before serving and sometimes ''malai'' or fresh cream is added to give the tea viscosity and richness.
According to a 2022 study by the University of Kashmir, 87% of springs in Kashmir valley have excellent to good water quality. A large part of the society, particularly those living in rural and backward areas, depends on spring water. Most villagers believe spring water is the purest form of water due to a spiritual connection with the shrines.
From one of the oldest and purest spring waters of Kashmir, the Kokernag Spring, Bringi Spring Water has high alkalinity and is well balanced with minerals.
Made from yoghurt or kefir, Kashmiri lassi (''lyaess'') is a liquid, salty way to drink up yoghurt. The process of churning the buttermilk with a wooden ''choomph'' or churner is rhythmic and there is an art involved. The yoghurt has to be churned the right way, the buttery fats have to float to the top in a nice froth, the spices and dried mint leaves have to be just right.
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<span id="Sadr-e-kaenz"></span>
===Sadr-e-kaenz===
===サドル・カエンズ===
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この発酵させた米水飲料は、肝臓の働きが鈍い場合に非常に良いとされている。
This fermented rice water drink is supposed to be very good for a sluggish liver.
Made by extracting the juice of different berries, it is prepared at home during Ramadan. It features in 1977 Kashmiri film ''Arnimaal'' where guests are sipping on the beverage during wedding festivities.
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<span id="Food_and_beverage_pairings"></span>
==Food and beverage pairings==
==食べ物と飲み物のペアリング{{Anchor|Food and beverage pairings}}==
The traditional Kashmiri wazwan, which comprises slow-cooked meat dishes is a wonderful pairing that enhances the spicy notes of whisky. The Loire Valley wine [[Sancerre]] goes well with Kashmiri ''goshtabeh''. A ripe fruity red works well with the full bodied ''roghan josh''. A recommended wine to try with is Montepulciano.
While on fast, Muslims avoid consuming food during the day, while at dusk, they indulge in extra-special, bountiful meals prepared during the day. The menu for Ramadan month includes ''khajur ka laddoo'' (date balls), ''babribyol'' (basil seeds), ''kulfi'', ''phirin'', ''seemni'', fruit chaat, fruit custard, ''kateer'' (a drink loaded with health benefits) and ''noon chai''. The smell of slow-cooked mutton hovers, fragrant and sultry in the air, and despite the familiar air of unpredictability in Srinagar, spirits are high and streets are filled with happy greetings of ''Eid Mubarak''.
Eid-ul-Fitr marks the end of 30 days of Ramadan. After attending Eid prayers at a mosque or [[Eidgah]], families return home to welcome guests. A common tradition on Eid morning is serving [[Kahwah|Kehwa]] (saffron tea) and chai (milk tea), accompanied by an assortment of bakery items such as cakes, cookies, ghee tchot (a tandoor-baked flatbread), pastries, and savoury snacks like chicken and mutton patties.
Well-to-do families often prepare select [[Wazwan]] dishes, including kebabs, rista (meatballs in gravy), shami kebabs, and chicken pieces. Other delicacies like kanti (stir-fried meat), mutton or chicken tikki are served with sauces and green chutney (dhaniya chutney), especially when entertaining special guests like sons-in-law.
For lunch, rice is the staple, served with a variety of homemade dishes, almost all featuring meat. A notable preparation is yakhni, a traditional dish made with fresh curd and mild spices, offering a rich yet subtle flavor.
The day begins with the ''Fajr'' (dawn) prayer and a breakfast of bakery goods with ''dodh kehwa'' (milky green tea). As the festival draws to a close, most well-to-do families start placing orders with the ''wazas'' for the feast, which is cooked by chefs at their own places and then sold to the customers for serving at their homes. Sacrificial animals include Delhi Walla, Merino Cross, Bakerwal and Kashmiri varieties of sheep.
Only vegetarian food is supplied to devotees. Majority of people in Batmaloo and adjoining areas turn vegetarian and do not eat meat or chicken. They widely consume dried turnips (''gogji aare'') because it is believed, during Dawood's time, sundried turnips helped Kashmir survive a famine.
The people of Pampore cook dried vegetables, eggs, cheese and other food stuff except meat and invite their relatives, friends on lunch or dinner to keep the tradition of the saint alive.
In Khanyar and Sarai Bala areas of Srinagar, the devotees are seen outside the shrines where local and non-local business establishments install their carts and are seen selling the Kashmiri traditional food stuff. Pious men sing hearty hymns over offerings of dates and sweets.
People in Anantnag district in southern Kashmir quit eating meat as a mark of respect for the 16th century mystic. Rarely is a butcher shop open during these seven days. For three-and-a-half days each before and after the saint's Urs, people eat radish braised in tamarind.
For Kashmiri Pandits, the ''prasad'' offering at Shivratri puja is a charger piled high with rice, cooked lamb and fish, and a luscious raw fish in its entirety atop the pile.
On the 9th day of the month of ''ashad'', Pandits in Kashmir offer the deity Sharika yellow rice cooked with turmeric, a little oil and salt along with ''tsarvan'' (goat's liver).
The festival of [[Navreh]], the Kashmiri [[New Year]], is incomplete without ''nadur''. A celebration often confused with the [[Nowruz]] of the [[Persians]] and [[Persianate culture]]s, Navreh is the welcoming of spring in the Northern hemisphere, and its date fluctuate, but always around to the [[March equinox]].
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<span id="Diaspora_and_fusion_cuisines"></span>
==Diaspora and fusion cuisines==
==ディアスポラとフュージョン料理{{Anchor|Diaspora and fusion cuisines}}==
Tibetan exiles in Kashmir, including members of Tibet's small Muslim population live in Srinagar, mainly in a small area near the 18th-century Hari Parbat fort. Popular ''momo'' (beef dumplings) shops and Tibetan restaurants are run by their children. Tibetan options include Cantonese chicken and ''kumloo'' wonton, fried pasta stuffed with minced mushrooms.
Kashmiri Sikh cuisine has a bit of influence from Punjab with onions and tomatoes, but the flavouring goes the Kashmiri way with elements such as ''badyaan'' (''saunf''). A large number of Indian tourists depend entirely on ''Vaishno Dhabas'', the Valley's generic non-A/C restaurants that serve all-vegetarian North Indian fare.
The leaves of Kashmiri ''haakh'' are braised in lots of water. It is very important to ensure that the ''haakh'' stays submerged underwater during the initial cooking process using a wooden spatula or large spoon to continuously push the greens down. Mustard oil, which is used extensively in Kashmiri cuisine, imparts an extra flavour to the dish.
Much of Kashmiri cooking relies on a fragrant meat stock. The main skill of a ''wazwan'' lies in the preparation of this stock made of onions and shallots. Freshly shaped meatballs (''rista'' and ''goshtabeh'') are poached in this lamb stock flavoured with cinnamon and black cardamom, and simmered.
Whole spices must be fried in oil – clove, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves. Fried too little, and the dish will be lifeless, without fragrance. A second too much, and one will be left with nothing but bitterness. Hot ghee or mustard oil is poured on top and garnished with fried ''praan'' (shallots) paste & saffron extract.
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===キャラメル化===
===Caramelisation===
スライスしたタマネギを黄金色になるまで炒め、少量の水でピューレにする。
Sliced onions are fried until golden brown and pureed with minimal water.
Relevant dishes are further enhanced in colour by saffron extract (''rogan josh'' and ''rista'') or ''mawal'' (dried cockscomb flower). Kashmiri chilli is also added in excess sometimes to produce a red colour. Tomato is incorrectly used as a substitute when ''mawal'' and ''rattanjot'' are not available. No authentic version cooked in Kashmir has tomatoes.
The food gets its flavours and textures from the spices being slow cooked with ingredients until they let out their inherent juices and fats and melt together.
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===発煙点===
===Smoke point===
マスタードオイルを燻製にするのは「ドゥルスト」と呼ばれる処理で、冷ましてから使えるようになる。
Smoking mustard oil is a treatment known as ''durust'', and gets it ready to use after cooling off.
The cooking vessel in the ''shab deg'' is sealed with dough before being cooked over a simmering fire through the long winter night. Dum cooking was made popular by the Mughal courts around the 16th century.
''Goshtabeh'' and ''rista'', the two meatball dishes are rarely found outside the valley because their unique texture is enormously challenging. The sheep has to be freshly slaughtered and the meat pounded before rigor mortis sets. To incorporate air to make them light and fluffy, the meat undergoes a process of being folded while beaten.
The quality of pots is important, according to ''wosta'' (ustad) or chef Nazir Ahmed Aram. He says they must have the right content of copper. Using wood (walnut and apple are the best) is important too. Cooking on gas is not the same.
Much like Kashmir, its people, and its narrative traditions, Kashmiri cuisine too is an amalgam of influences from Central Asia, Persia, China, and the Indian subcontinent. Food recipes passed down from one culture to another are:
* ''Aab Gosh'' (Kashmiri). ''Abgoosht'' or ''Abgusht'' is more so a one-pot Persian comfort food that is a rustic dish with wholesome ingredients. It has been enjoyed by Persians for centuries. There is a similar dish in Armenia, called Abgoosht stew, using beef instead of lamb.
* ''Batte'' (カシミール)。アフガニスタンでは短粒米、もち米を''bata''と呼ぶ。
* ''Batte'' (Kashmiri). Short-grain, sticky rice is called ''bata'' in Afghanistan.
* ''Harise'' (Kashmiri). ''Al Harees'' is a traditional Emirati dish consisting of wheat, meat(chicken) and salt. A simple, traditional Saudi dish using crushed wheat is called ''jareesh''. ''Harissa'', also known as ''herisseh'', ''harisa'' or ''keshkeg'' in Armenia is a wheat berry and meat porridge. The wheat, usually known as ''korkot'', is shelled making them quicker to cook. ''Boko Boko Harees'' in Burundian cuisine is a delicacy prepared with chicken, turmeric and bulgur wheat. ''Amritsari Hareesa'' is a famous dish of the winter season in Lahore, Pakistan and made with wheat and meat. It is seasoned with desi ghee and served with hot naan.
* ''Kabab'' (Kashmiri). The Turkish word ''kebap'' derives from Arabic ''kabaab'' meaning roasted meat. A likely East Semitic root means ''to burn'', ''to char'' or ''to roast''. The Babylonian Talmud even teaches that offerings in the temple should not be ''kabbaba'' (''burnt''). Ibn Battuta, the famous Moroccan traveller mentioned that ''kebab'' was an integral part of the daily diet of Indian royalty as early as 1200 AD. Some of the world's best and most flavourful ''kebabs'' such as Adana Kebab, Urfa kebab, Iskender kebab come from Turkey's southeastern provinces. The Döner kebab was invented by İskender Efendi, who lived in Bursa and hung meats vertically to grill. One of the most popular ''kabobs'' you can find on the streets of Iran is ''kabob koobideh'', ground lamb or beef or a combination of the two. The traditional method of cooking Afghan ''chapli kebab'' is frying.
* ''Katlam'' (Kashmiri). Qatlama in traditional Turkish means ''folded'' which comes from the verb ''qatlamaq'' (to fold). Plain ''katmer'' is eaten with Turkish white cheese and Turkish tea. In Turkmenistan, a type of bread in baked from flour which is mixed with milk and egg. This is called ''katlama''. It is also cooked in Azerbaijan, and various herbs are added to it. The fried Kazakh bread ''Kattama'' is very popular in Central Asia. ''Katama'' is an onion-filled swirled flatbread from Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan, ''katlama'' is a traditional bread of Sunday mornings served with homemade butter. ''Qatlama'' is an Afghan fried sweet pastry topped with sugar or sugar syrups. ''Qator Gambir'' or ''Gambir'' are Mongolian pancakes which may often be a byproduct, when there is leftover dough from making some other dish. ''Kutluma'' is a layered Pakistani flatbread with a crispy, buttery texture.
* ''Kulche'' (Kashmiri). In Afghanistan and Northeast Iran, these dried bread biscuits are called ''kulcha-e-khataye''. ''Koloocheh'' in Iranian cuisine is a cookie stuffed with cinnamon, sugar and crushed walnuts.
* ''Lavas'' (Kashmiri). The word ''lavash'' is repeatedly found in early Turkic written sources. ''Lavash'' is a Turkish bread made with flour, water and salt. It can be eaten hot or cold. This paper-thin, blanket-sized bread is one of Armenia's most ancient breads and is still being made today. In Azerbaijan, ''lavash'' is baked not only in traditional ovens (''tandir'') but also in ''saj'', a large convex pan under which fire is made. In Azerbaijan and Iran, it is put on the bride's shoulders or crumbled over her head to wish the couple prosperity.
* ''Nabad'' (Kashmiri). ''Nabat'' in Persian is a type of confectionary mineral composed of relatively large sugar crystals, with bits of saffron in it.
* ''Nadur'' (カシミール)。アフガン料理では、''Qormah e Nadroo''はラム肉または仔牛肉、ヨーグルト、レンコン、コリアンダーを使ったタマネギとトマトベースのシチューである。
* ''Nadur'' (Kashmiri). In Afghan cuisine, ''Qormah e Nadroo'' is an onion-and-tomato-based stew using lamb meat or veal, yogurt, lotus roots and coriander.
* ''Polav'' (Kashmiri). It looks as if ''pilaf'' was invented in Iran some time after the 10th century.The Turks call plain rice ''sade pilav''. Turkey sees ''pilav'' primarily as a side dish rather than a main course. Iran is famous for its ''polos'' made with aromatic ''domsiyah'' rice. The most characteristic ones are based on fruits such as cherries, quinces, or apricots. In Central Asia, the simplest recipe uses onions, meat and carrots. The extravagant court traditions of the Moghul school of cookery makes India home to some very elaborate ''pulaos''. Laborers from western India brought pilaf to the Caribbean, where it is garnished with butter, almonds and pimiento-stuffed green olives.
* ''Roth''(Kashmiri). The Afghan version of the universal West Asian and European sweet egg bread is called ''rot''. In Afghanistan, it is traditionally served when a newborn child is forty days old.
* ''Yakhein'' (Kashmiri). ''Patates Yahni'' or Greek potato stew is a traditional Greek recipe which falls under the category of ''ladera'', meaning dishes prepared only with olive oil with no addition of other fat. Turkish ''Yahni'' is a beef stew that is great in cold weather. A 19th century cookbook by Mehmet Kamil listed a total of 14 classic ''yakhnis''. ''Yakhni nokhod'' is a traditional Shirazi dish that uses meat, peas, potatoes, onions, salt and turmeric.
Kashmiris are gregarious and like to share. Language and Food are the two vital parts of the region's identity. 'One who eats properly shall rule the country' it is said. An interesting wedding tradition from Kashmir involves newlyweds making ''roti'' together. While the bride flattens the dough and puts it on the griddle, the groom is responsible for flipping it and making sure it is cooked.Kashmiris are very particular about the taste of dishes. Food connoisseurs can easily taste a single morsel and name the ''waza'' (chef) who cooked it. They can smell an aubergine from four other kinds, and tell you which one is from Kashmir. When filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri wrote a presumptuous tweet proposing the idea of vegetarian wazwan, social media erupted in spontaneous protest. Also, Gordon Ramsay, multi-Michelin-starred chef and television personality, found himself at the receiving end of criticism for his ''Rogan Josh'' by Kashmiris who commented that the cut of the meat and the gravy were wrong.
[[File:Kashmiri family food.jpg|thumb|カシミールの家族]]
[[File:Kashmiri family food.jpg|thumb|A Kashmiri family.]]
In Kashmir, it is said that food should both taste and look good. Its aroma must be appetising. Success of a meal lies in its appeal to the eyes, nose and then the tongue. Any event, from a minor one such as receiving a guest in one's home, to a major one such as a circumcision or a wedding, becomes a celebration of preparing, laying out, serving and consuming together the most delicious victuals. Delicacies are passed on to neighbours to be relished and there is no shame in asking for something when the nostrils are tickled and tempted by the mouth-watering smells from a neighbour's kitchen.
Giant ''dastarkhaans'' (white sheets) are spread on the floor on which the meal is served. However humble or lofty the fare on it, the ''dastarkhaan'' has always been the center of warm hospitality and conviviality. In big Kashmiri dinners, a hundred to five hundred people are usually invited. Since insurgency and the resultant violence and bloodshed, food has come to hold even greater meaning as each meal signifies a celebration of life itself. It is worth mentioning that ''wazas'' (the descendants of Samarkandi cooks), whose shops are located in particular areas of the city of Srinagar, form a significant political group in Kashmir.
All dishes are eaten by hand as Kashmiris believe in an intimate relationship with food. Even spiritual and religious old biddies feel no qualms in chomping on ear cartilage or marrow bones long after the meal is done, pulverising everything into a heap on the thali. No one bats an eyelid. Kashmiris consider it disrespectful if one refuses food varieties or an extra helping. They can go great lengths to persuade, swearing to die if you refuse an extra serving!
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==食べ物に関することわざ{{Anchor|Food-related proverbs}}==
==Food-related proverbs==
カシミール語にはことわざや慣用句が豊富である。食べ物に関する慣用句には以下が含まれる:
Kashmiri language is rich in proverbs and idioms. Food-related idioms include:
* ''Akh chhiwyov masah byak hakah rasah'' — one man is intoxicated with the juice of the grape, another with juice of vegetables. Pride dwells in everyone, whether he be rich or poor.
* ''Akh duda biyi maji kyut toak'' — 招かれざる客が、自分だけでなく母親のためにも(toak)一皿分を要求する。''Toak''はかつてカシミールで一般的に使われていた土の皿である。貧困や珍味を味わいたいという欲求から、物乞いや招かれざる人々が客の中に押し入ることがあった。これは、快く提供されたものに満足せず、さらに多くを要求する人に適用される。
* ''Akh duda biyi maji kyut toak'' — an uninvited guest wants a (''toak'') plateful for his mother, in addition to himself. ''Toak'' was an earthen plate, in general use in Kashmir in the past. Beggars and some uninvited people pushed themselves in among the guests because of their poverty, or their desire for tasting the delicacies. It is applied where a person is not content with what is willingly offered to him, and demands more.
* ''Batah gajih ruhun'' — as garlic upon the hearth of a Pandit, so your presence is to me. The ancestors of the Hindus would not eat garlic because of their aphrodisiac effects, having devoted themselves to religion.
* ''Chaanis haakhas chha paakuk haajat'' — does your ''haakh'' require hard cooking? A sort of ironic flattery with the sense that your ''haakh'' is so delicate, it takes hardly any time to cook.
* ''Hardas gurus metras, sontah gurus shetras'' — autumn butter-milk for the friend, and spring butter-milk for the enemy. Consequently, the milk is better in the autumn.
* ''Hari tang tah zulahnai, muhuri tsont tah zulit'' — if the pear cost only a cowrie it should not be peeled, but if the apple cost a sovereign it should be peeled. Natives of Kashmir seldom skin a pear, but always skin an apple. Apple-skin, they say, is not easily digested.
* ''Haruch gugaj tah Laruch gunas chhih barabar'' — a June turnip and a Lar serpent are equal. A native would not eat June turnip on any account, while ''Gunas'' is a round-headed serpent met with principally in Lar parganah, whose bite is generally fatal.
* ''Majji bhatee'' — 母親が作った食べ物が最高の食べ物だ。
* ''Majji bhatee'' — food served by mother is the best food.
* ''Phata Wangun'' — a burst eggplant, literally, a sly young man often too clever for his own good.
* ''Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur'' — ギーとサフランはパンポール、野菜はラタプール、米はヌプール、ラムはナンダプール、''pattu''と魚はソポール、ダルはクララプール、小麦粉はカンプール、牛乳はシャディプール、ブドウはレプール。
* ''Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur'' — Pampore (the place) for ghee and saffron, Letapur for vegetables. Nipur for rice. Nandapur for lamb. Sopore for ''pattu'' and fish. Kralapur for dal. Khampur for flour. Shadipur for milk. And grapes from Repur.
* ''Talwe peyi na tangah'' — 天井からナシが落ちてくることを願うのは無駄な希望だ。
* ''Talwe peyi na tangah'' — wishing a pear falls from ceiling is a vain hope.
Kashmiri women would previously take extra mutton dishes by packing them in old newspapers or plastic bags that they would carry. With time, this tradition became popular, and men soon began travelling with the remaining mutton on their ''traem'' (''wazwan'' copper dish). In Kashmir, taking leftover food into carrying bags evolved into a movement, and people also granted it social legitimacy. Even the elites have joined the cause and begun providing specially made carry bags of leftover food. Even the leftover rice is not wasted in marriage functions and is served to animals (dogs, cattle etc.).
カシミール産サフランは、その香気、色、薬効で知られている。パンポール町のサフランは、イラン産がクロシン含有量6.82%であるのに対し、8.72%と superior な品質であるとされている。2020年5月、カシミール産サフランは地理的表示タグを与えられた。スパイスのshahi zeera(帝国クミン、またはブラッククミン)はセリ科に属し、当初はグレズ渓谷のジャングルで見られた。これらの通常の brown zeeraとは異なるダークな種子は、その香り、比較的珍しいこと、形状のため優れたな品質である。
Nader ti Gaad、イード、ナウルーズ、ガーディー・バッティ(カシミール・パンディットの祭り)などの祝日に調理される珍味で、レンコンと共に調理された魚(ビロース、ゾブ、インディアン・メジャー・カープ、カトラ、ロフ、マルガリータ、マフシール、スノートラウト、ナイジャー、チュシュ、クロント、チュルなど)。
Mujh Gaad、大根と好みの魚を使った料理。
Haak Gaad、カシミールほうれん草で調理された魚のカレー。
Gada Ta Gogjee/Monjje/Band Gupi、カブ、コールラビ、またはキャベツと共に調理された魚。
Gaad Ta Chounth、青リンゴと共に調理された魚。
Gaad Qaliya、黄色いグレービーの魚。
Ruwangan/Tamatar Gaad、トマトグレービーで繊細に調理された白い川魚。
Kong Gaad、サフランの花と魚。
Gaad Leij、伝統的なカシミール様式で調理され、nadurなどの野菜と共に提供されるマス。
Gaad Ta Obuj、魚と野生のobuj(ギシギシ)。
Hogada Ta Haakh/Bum、乾燥魚(ボリナオなど)と'karam'菜または乾燥スイレンの茎。
Kanz Ta Gaad/Guran、魚または小魚、または非常に小さな乾燥魚を、わずかに発酵させたが非アルコール性の飲み物sadre kaenzと共に調理したもの。昔は、近所の家族がkaenzを作ると、必要なときにいつでも残りの家族も同様に使えるものと理解されていた。この人気料理の唐辛子やショウガ粉のような惜しみなく使われるスパイスの辛さは、このライスビールのような醸造物の冷却効果によって和らげられることになっている。
Hari tang tah zulahnai, muhuri tsont tah zulit — ナシがたった1カウリー硬貨の価値しかなければ皮を剥くべきではないが、リンゴが1ソブリン硬貨の価値があれば皮を剥くべきだ。カシミールの原住民はめったにナシの皮を剥かないが、リンゴの皮は常に剥く。リンゴの皮は消化しにくいと彼らは言う。
Haruch gugaj tah Laruch gunas chhih barabar — 6月のカブとラル地方のヘビは等しい。原住民はどんな理由があっても6月のカブは食べないが、Gunasは主にラル・パルガナで見られる丸頭のヘビで、その噛みつきは一般的に致命的である。
Majji bhatee — 母親が作った食べ物が最高の食べ物だ。
Phata Wangun — 破裂したナス、文字通り、自分のためにならないほど賢すぎるずる賢い若者。
Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur — ギーとサフランはパンポール、野菜はラタプール、米はヌプール、ラムはナンダプール、pattuと魚はソポール、ダルはクララプール、小麦粉はカンプール、牛乳はシャディプール、ブドウはレプール。
Talwe peyi na tangah — 天井からナシが落ちてくることを願うのは無駄な希望だ。
Chaki pechni ras, yath poshi tas — 誰かが通常持っていないものについて自慢し続けるとき。
Khar kya zani zaffran kya gow — ロバはサフランの味を理解できない。
badhshah saab khar ne khewan zab, yeli poras teli kheyi zab — 通常、食べ物を受け入れない感謝しない人に対して言われる。
In Kashmir, a now-abandoned practice would use green Chinar leaves in packaging delicate things like mulberry, butter, mutton and cheese. This would help these easily contaminable items to stay nontoxic till consumption.