Carbohydrate: Difference between revisions
Created page with "{{short description|Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2015}} thumb|class=skin-invert|upright=1.25|[[Lactose is a disaccharide found in animal milk. It consists of a molecule of D-galactose and a molecule of D-glucose bonded by beta-1-4 glycosidic linkage.]] A '''carbohydrate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ɑːr|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|d|r|eɪ|t}}) is a biomolecule co..." |
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{{short description|Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen}} | {{short description|Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen}} | ||
[[File:Lactose.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert|upright=1.25|[[Lactose]] is a [[disaccharide]] found in animal milk. It consists of a molecule of [[galactose|D-galactose]] and a molecule of [[glucose|D-glucose]] bonded by beta-1-4 [[glycosidic linkage]].]] | [[File:Lactose.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert|upright=1.25|[[Lactose]] is a [[disaccharide]] found in animal milk. It consists of a molecule of [[galactose|D-galactose]] and a molecule of [[glucose|D-glucose]] bonded by beta-1-4 [[glycosidic linkage]].]] | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
The history of the discovery regarding carbohydrates dates back around 10,000 years ago in [[Papua New Guinea]] during the cultivation of [[sugarcane]] during the Neolithic agricultural revolution. The term "carbohydrate" was first proposed by German chemist [[Carl Schmidt (chemist)]] in 1844. In 1856, [[glycogen]], a form of carbohydrate storage in animal livers, was discovered by French physiologist [[Claude Bernard]]. | The history of the discovery regarding carbohydrates dates back around 10,000 years ago in [[Papua New Guinea]] during the cultivation of [[sugarcane]] during the Neolithic agricultural revolution. The term "carbohydrate" was first proposed by German chemist [[Carl Schmidt (chemist)]] in 1844. In 1856, [[glycogen]], a form of carbohydrate storage in animal livers, was discovered by French physiologist [[Claude Bernard]]. | ||
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The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a [[hemiacetal]] or [[hemiketal]], forming a [[heterocyclic]] ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. Rings with five and six atoms are called [[furanose]] and [[pyranose]] forms, respectively, and exist in equilibrium with the straight-chain form. | The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a [[hemiacetal]] or [[hemiketal]], forming a [[heterocyclic]] ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. Rings with five and six atoms are called [[furanose]] and [[pyranose]] forms, respectively, and exist in equilibrium with the straight-chain form. | ||
During the conversion from straight-chain form to the cyclic form, the carbon atom containing the carbonyl oxygen, called the [[anomeric carbon]], becomes a stereogenic center with two possible configurations: The oxygen atom may take a position either above or below the plane of the ring. The resulting possible pair of stereoisomers is called [[anomer]]s. In the ''α anomer'', the -OH substituent on the anomeric carbon rests on the opposite side ([[Cis-trans isomerism|trans]]) of the ring from the CH<sub>2</sub>OH side branch. The alternative form, in which the CH<sub>2</sub>OH substituent and the anomeric hydroxyl are on the same side (cis) of the plane of the ring, is called the ''β anomer''. | During the conversion from straight-chain form to the cyclic form, the carbon atom containing the carbonyl oxygen, called the [[anomeric carbon]], becomes a stereogenic center with two possible configurations: The oxygen atom may take a position either above or below the plane of the ring. The resulting possible pair of stereoisomers is called [[anomer]]s. In the ''α anomer'', the -OH substituent on the anomeric carbon rests on the opposite side ([[Cis-trans isomerism|trans]]) of the ring from the CH<sub>2</sub>OH side branch. The alternative form, in which the CH<sub>2</sub>OH substituent and the anomeric hydroxyl are on the same side (cis) of the plane of the ring, is called the ''β anomer''. | ||
===Use in living organisms=== | ===Use in living organisms=== | ||
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* [[Macromolecule]] | * [[Macromolecule]] | ||
* [[Saccharic acid]] | * [[Saccharic acid]] | ||
== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
