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[[Amino acid/ja|アミノ酸]]は、タンパク質や他の生体分子を合成するために使われるか、エネルギーを生産するために[[urea/ja|尿素]]と二酸化炭素に酸化される。酸化経路は、[[transaminase/ja|トランスアミナーゼ]]によるアミノ基の除去から始まる。アミノ基は[[urea cycle/ja|尿素サイクル]]に供給され、脱アミノ化された炭素骨格が[[keto acid/ja|ケト酸]]の形で残る。これらのケト酸のいくつかはクエン酸サイクルの中間体であり、例えばα-[[alpha-Ketoglutaric acid/ja|ケトグルタル酸]]は[[glutamate/ja|グルタミン酸]]の脱アミノ化によって形成される。また、[[glucogenic amino acid/ja|糖原性アミノ酸]]は[[gluconeogenesis/ja|糖新生]]によってグルコースに変換されることもある（後述）。
[[Amino acid/ja|アミノ酸]]は、タンパク質や他の生体分子を合成するために使われるか、エネルギーを生産するために[[urea/ja|尿素]]と二酸化炭素に酸化される。酸化経路は、[[transaminase/ja|トランスアミナーゼ]]によるアミノ基の除去から始まる。アミノ基は[[urea cycle/ja|尿素サイクル]]に供給され、脱アミノ化された炭素骨格が[[keto acid/ja|ケト酸]]の形で残る。これらのケト酸のいくつかはクエン酸サイクルの中間体であり、例えばα-[[alpha-Ketoglutaric acid/ja|ケトグルタル酸]]は[[glutamate/ja|グルタミン酸]]の脱アミノ化によって形成される。また、[[glucogenic amino acid/ja|糖原性アミノ酸]]は[[gluconeogenesis/ja|糖新生]]によってグルコースに変換されることもある（後述）。


<span id="Energy_transformations"></span>
==エネルギー変換==
==エネルギー変換==
{{Anchor|Energy transformations}}
{{Anchor|Energy transformations}}
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{{further/ja|History of biochemistry/ja|History of molecular biology/ja}}
{{further/ja|History of biochemistry/ja|History of molecular biology/ja}}


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''メタボリズム''という言葉は、[[:ja:古代ギリシャ語|古代ギリシャ語]]のμεταβολή - "Metabole"に由来する。
The term ''metabolism'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word μεταβολή – "Metabole" for "a change" which derived from μεταβάλλ –"Metaballein" means "To change"
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[[File:Aristotle's metabolism.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[:en:Aristotle's metabolism|アリストテレスの代謝]]は、オープンフローモデルである。]]
[[File:Aristotle's metabolism.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[Aristotle's biology|Aristotle's metabolism]] as an open flow model]]
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===ギリシャ哲学===
===Greek philosophy===
[[:ja:アリストテレス|アリストテレス]]の''[[:en:The Parts of Animals|動物の部位]]''には、[[:en:Aristotle's biology|代謝に関する見解]]の詳細が、開放流モデルを作るのに十分な程度に記されている。彼は、プロセスの各段階で食物からの物質が変換され、熱が火の[[:en:classical element|古典的要素]]として放出され、残留物質が尿、胆汁、または糞便として排泄されると考えた。
[[Aristotle]]'s ''[[The Parts of Animals]]'' sets out enough details of [[Aristotle's biology|his views on metabolism]] for an open flow model to be made. He believed that at each stage of the process, materials from food were transformed, with heat being released as the [[classical element]] of fire, and residual materials being excreted as urine, bile, or faeces.
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[[:en:Ibn al-Nafis|イブン・アル＝ナフィス]]は、西暦1260年に発表した[[:en:Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah|Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah]]（預言者の伝記に関するカミルの論考）という著作の中で新陳代謝について述べており、その中に次のようなフレーズがある。"身体もその部分も、溶解と栄養補給の連続的な状態にあるため、必然的に永続的な変化を遂げている。"
[[Ibn al-Nafis]] described metabolism in his 1260 AD work titled [[Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah]] (The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography) which included the following phrase "Both the body and its parts are in a continuous state of dissolution and nourishment, so they are inevitably undergoing permanent change."
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===科学的手法の応用と現代の代謝理論===  
===Application of the scientific method and Modern metabolic theories===
代謝の科学的研究の歴史は数世紀にわたっており、初期の研究では動物全体を調べることから、現代の生化学では個々の代謝反応を調べるようになった。ヒトの代謝における最初の対照[[experiment/ja|実験]]は、1614年に[[:en:Santorio Santorio|Santorio Santorio]]が著書''Ars de statica medicina''の中で発表した。彼は食事、[[sleeping/ja|睡眠]]、仕事、セックス、絶食、飲酒、排泄の前後に体重を測定した方法を記述した。彼は、摂取した食物のほとんどが"[[insensible perspiration/ja|不感蒸泄性発汗]]"と呼ばれるもので失われることを発見した。
The history of the scientific study of metabolism spans several centuries and has moved from examining whole animals in early studies, to examining individual metabolic reactions in modern biochemistry. The first controlled [[experiment]]s in human metabolism were published by [[Santorio Santorio]] in 1614 in his book ''Ars de statica medicina''. He described how he weighed himself before and after eating, [[sleeping|sleep]], working, sex, fasting, drinking, and excreting. He found that most of the food he took in was lost through what he called "[[insensible perspiration]]".
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[[File:SantoriosMeal.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[:en:Santorio Santorio|サントリーオ・サントリーオ]]の天秤、''Ars de statica medicina''（1614年初版）より]]
[[File:SantoriosMeal.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[Santorio Santorio]] in his steelyard balance, from ''Ars de statica medicina'', first published 1614]]
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これらの初期の研究では、これらの代謝プロセスのメカニズムは特定されておらず、[[:en:vitalism|生命力]]が生体組織を動かしていると考えられていた。19世紀、[[yeast/ja|酵母]]による糖の[[ethanol/ja|アルコール]]への[[fermentation (food)/ja|発酵]]を研究していた[[:en:Louis Pasteur|ルイ・パスツール]]は、発酵は彼が「発酵物」と呼ぶ酵母細胞内の物質によって触媒されると結論づけた。
In these early studies, the mechanisms of these metabolic processes had not been identified and a [[vitalism|vital force]] was thought to animate living tissue. In the 19th century, when studying the [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]] of sugar to [[ethanol|alcohol]] by [[yeast]], [[Louis Pasteur]] concluded that fermentation was catalyzed by substances within the yeast cells he called "ferments". He wrote that "alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells." This discovery, along with the publication by [[Friedrich Woehler|Friedrich Wöhler]] in 1828 of a paper on the chemical synthesis of [[urea]], and is notable for being the first organic compound prepared from wholly inorganic precursors. This proved that the organic compounds and chemical reactions found in cells were no different in principle than any other part of chemistry.
彼は「アルコール発酵は酵母細胞の生命と組織に関連した行為であり、細胞の死や腐敗に関連した行為ではない」と書いた。
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この発見は、1828年に[[:en:Friedrich Woehler|フリードリッヒ・ヴェーラー]]が発表した[[urea/ja|尿素]]の化学合成に関する論文とともに、完全に無機前駆体から調製された最初の有機化合物として注目されている。これは、細胞内で見られる有機化合物や化学反応が、化学の他の部分と原理的に何ら変わらないことを証明した。


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20世紀初頭に[[:en:Eduard Buchner|エドゥアルド・ブフナー]]によって[[enzyme/ja|酵素]]が発見され、代謝の化学反応の研究が細胞の生物学的研究から切り離され、[[biochemistry/ja|生化学]]の始まりとなった。生化学の知識は20世紀初頭を通じて急速に増大した。これらの近代生化学者の中で最も多作だったのが、代謝の研究に多大な貢献をした[[:en:Hans Adolf Krebs|ハンス・クレブス]]である。彼は尿素サイクルを発見し、後に[[:en:Hans Kornberg|ハンス・コーンバーグ]]と共同でクエン酸サイクルとグリオキシル酸サイクルを発見した。
It was the discovery of [[enzyme]]s at the beginning of the 20th century by [[Eduard Buchner]] that separated the study of the chemical reactions of metabolism from the biological study of cells, and marked the beginnings of [[biochemistry]]. The mass of biochemical knowledge grew rapidly throughout the early 20th century. One of the most prolific of these modern biochemists was [[Hans Adolf Krebs|Hans Krebs]] who made huge contributions to the study of metabolism. He discovered the urea cycle and later, working with [[Hans Kornberg]], the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
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== こちらも参照 ==
== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Anthropogenic metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Anthropogenic metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Antimetabolite/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Antimetabolite}}
* {{annotated link|Calorimetry/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Calorimetry}}
* {{annotated link|Isothermal microcalorimetry/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Isothermal microcalorimetry}}
* {{annotated link|Inborn errors of metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Inborn errors of metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Iron–sulfur world hypothesis/ja}}, [[:en:origin of life|生命の起源]]についての「代謝第一」説である。
* {{annotated link|Iron–sulfur world hypothesis}}, a "metabolism first" theory of the [[origin of life]]
* {{annotated link|Metabolic disorder/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Metabolic disorder}}
* [[Microphysiometry/ja]]
* [[Microphysiometry]]
* {{annotated link|Primary nutritional groups/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Primary nutritional groups}}
* {{Annotated link|Proto-metabolism/ja}}
* {{Annotated link|Proto-metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Respirometry/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Respirometry}}
* {{annotated link|Stream metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Stream metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Sulfur metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Sulfur metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Specific dynamic action/ja|Thermic effect of food/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Specific dynamic action|Thermic effect of food}}
* {{annotated link|Urban metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Urban metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Fluid balance|Water metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Fluid balance|Water metabolism}}
* {{annotated link|Overflow metabolism/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Overflow metabolism}}
*[[Oncometabolism/ja]]
*[[Oncometabolism]]
* {{annotated link|Reactome/ja}}
* {{annotated link|Reactome}}
* {{annotated link|KEGG/ja}}
* {{annotated link|KEGG}}
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&nbsp;
== References ==
{{reflist}}
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== さらに読む ==
== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box
{{Library resources box
  |onlinebooks=yes
  |onlinebooks=yes
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  |label=Metabolism  
  |label=Metabolism  
  }}
  }}
'''Introductory'''
'''入門'''
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Rose S, Mileusnic R | title = The Chemistry of Life. | publisher = Penguin Press Science | date = 1999 | isbn =  0-14-027273-9 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Rose S, Mileusnic R | title = The Chemistry of Life. | publisher = Penguin Press Science | date = 1999 | isbn =  0-14-027273-9 }}
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* {{cite book | vauthors = Lane N | title = Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location= USA | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-860783-0 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Lane N | title = Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location= USA | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-860783-0 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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'''高度'''
'''Advanced'''
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Price N, Stevens L | title = Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins. | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1999 | isbn = 0-19-850229-X }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Price N, Stevens L | title = Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins. | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1999 | isbn = 0-19-850229-X }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L | title = Biochemistry | publisher = W. H. Freeman and Company | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-7167-4955-6 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L | title = Biochemistry | publisher = W. H. Freeman and Company | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-7167-4955-6 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Cox M, Nelson DL | title = Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-7167-4339-6 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Cox M, Nelson DL | title = Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-7167-4339-6 }}
* {{cite book | author-link1 = Thomas D. Brock | vauthors = Brock TD, Madigan MR, Martinko J, Parker J | title = Brock's Biology of Microorganisms. | publisher = Benjamin Cummings | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-13-066271-2 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Brock TD, Madigan MR, Martinko J, Parker J | title = Brock's Biology of Microorganisms. | publisher = Benjamin Cummings | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-13-066271-2 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Da Silva JJ, Williams RJ | title = The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. | publisher = Clarendon Press | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-19-855598-9 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Da Silva JJ, Williams RJ | title = The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. | publisher = Clarendon Press | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-19-855598-9 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Nicholls DG, Ferguson SJ | title = Bioenergetics | publisher = Academic Press Inc. | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-12-518121-3 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Nicholls DG, Ferguson SJ | title = Bioenergetics | publisher = Academic Press Inc. | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-12-518121-3 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wood HG | title = Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 156–63 | date = February 1991 | pmid = 1900793 | doi = 10.1096/fasebj.5.2.1900793 | doi-access = free | s2cid = 45967404 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wood HG | title = Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 156–63 | date = February 1991 | pmid = 1900793 | doi = 10.1096/fasebj.5.2.1900793 | doi-access = free | s2cid = 45967404 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
</div>


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== 外部リンク ==
== External links ==
{{Wikiversity|Topic:Biochemistry}}
{{Wikiversity|Topic:Biochemistry}}
{{wikibooks}}
{{wikibooks}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
'''General information'''
'''一般情報'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050308172226/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html The Biochemistry of Metabolism] (archived 8 March 2005)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050308172226/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html The Biochemistry of Metabolism] (archived 8 March 2005)
* [http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/ Sparknotes SAT biochemistry] Overview of biochemistry. School level.
* [http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/ Sparknotes SAT biochemistry] Overview of biochemistry. School level.
* [http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/index.html MIT Biology Hypertextbook] Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology.
* [http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/index.html MIT Biology Hypertextbook] Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology.
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'''人間の代謝'''
'''Human metabolism'''
* [http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/titles.htm Topics in Medical Biochemistry] Guide to human metabolic pathways. School level.
* [http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/titles.htm Topics in Medical Biochemistry] Guide to human metabolic pathways. School level.
* [http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/ THE Medical Biochemistry Page] Comprehensive resource on human metabolism.
* [http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/ THE Medical Biochemistry Page] Comprehensive resource on human metabolism.
</div>


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'''糖尿病'''
'''Databases'''
* [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways] at [[ExPASy]]
* [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways] at [[ExPASy]]
* [http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/pdf/MetabolicPathways_6_17_04_.pdf IUBMB-Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart]
* [http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/pdf/MetabolicPathways_6_17_04_.pdf IUBMB-Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart]
* [http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp/ SuperCYP: Database for Drug-Cytochrome-Metabolism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103123642/http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp/ |date=3 November 2011 }}
* [http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp/ SuperCYP: Database for Drug-Cytochrome-Metabolism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103123642/http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp/ |date=3 November 2011 }}
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'''代謝経路'''
'''Metabolic pathways'''
* [http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html Metabolism reference Pathway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223112439/http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html |date=23 February 2009 }}
* [http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html Metabolism reference Pathway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223112439/http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html |date=23 February 2009 }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm |date=* |title=The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm |date=* |title=The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation }}
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{{featured article}}
{{featured article}}
</div>


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{{Navboxes
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Metabolism
|title = 代謝に関連した記事
|list =
|list =
  {{MetabolismMap}}
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  {{Glycolysis enzymes}}  
  {{Glycolysis enzymes/ja}}  
  {{Fructose and galactose metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Fructose and galactose metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Glycosaminoglycan metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Glycosaminoglycan metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Glycoprotein metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Glycoprotein metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Glycolipid/sphingolipid metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Glycolipid/sphingolipid metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Lipid metabolism enzymes}}
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  {{Urea cycle enzymes}}
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  {{Neurotransmitter metabolism enzymes}}
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  {{Porphyrin metabolism enzymes}}
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  {{Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors}}
  {{Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors/ja}}
  {{Amino acid metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Amino acid metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Nucleotide metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Nucleotide metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Ketone and cholesterol metabolism enzymes}}
  {{Ketone and cholesterol metabolism enzymes/ja}}
  {{Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes}}
  {{Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes/ja}}
  {{Non-mevalonate pathway enzymes}}
  {{Non-mevalonate pathway enzymes/ja}}
  }}
  }}
{{Food science}}
{{Food science/ja}}
</div>


[[Category:Metabolism| ]]
[[Category:Metabolism| ]]
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[[Category:Underwater diving physiology]]
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