Medical diagnosis/ja: Difference between revisions

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=== Clinical decision support system ===

[[Clinical decision support system]]s are interactive computer programs designed to assist health professionals with decision-making tasks. The clinician interacts with the software utilizing both the clinician's knowledge and the software to make a better analysis of the patients data than either human or software could make on their own.  Typically the system makes suggestions for the clinician to look through and the clinician picks useful information and removes erroneous suggestions. Some programs attempt to do this by replacing the clinician, such as reading the output of a heart monitor.  Such automated processes are usually deemed a "device" by the FDA and require regulatory approval.  In contrast, clinical decision support systems that "support" but do not replace the clinician are deemed to be "Augmented Intelligence" if it meets the FDA criteria that (1) it reveals the underlying data, (2) reveals the underlying logic, and (3) leaves the clinician in charge to shape and make the decision.

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=== Other diagnostic procedure methods ===

[[File:Assessment and treatment algorithm for overweight and obesity.png|thumb|350px|An example of a medical algorithm for assessment and treatment of [[overweight]] and [[obesity]].]]

* Usage of [[medical algorithm]]s

* An "exhaustive method", in which every possible question is asked and all possible data is collected.

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== Adverse effects ==

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=== Overdiagnosis ===

{{Main|Overdiagnosis}}

Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime. It is a problem because it turns people into patients unnecessarily and because it can lead to economic waste ([[overutilization]]) and treatments that may cause harm. Overdiagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly, but the diagnosis is irrelevant. A correct diagnosis may be irrelevant because treatment for the disease is not available, not needed, or not wanted.

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=== Errors ===

{{Further|Medical error}}

Most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, according to a 2015 report by the [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]].

* the manifestation of disease are not sufficiently noticeable

* a disease is omitted from consideration

* too much significance is given to some aspect of the diagnosis

* the condition is a [[rare disease]] with symptoms suggestive of many other conditions

* the condition has a rare [[wikt:presentation|presentation]]

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=== Lag time ===

When making a medical diagnosis, a lag time is a delay in time until a step towards [[diagnosis]] of a disease or condition is made. Types of lag times are mainly:

* ''Onset-to-medical encounter lag time'', the time from onset of [[symptom]]s until visiting a [[health care provider]]

* ''Encounter-to-diagnosis lag time'', the time from first medical encounter to diagnosis

** Lag time due to delays in reading x-rays have been cited as a major challenge in care delivery. The Department of Health and Human Services has reportedly found that interpretation of x-rays is rarely available to emergency room physicians prior to patient discharge.