Calcium supplement: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Dietary mineral supplement}}

{{Infobox drug

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The medical use of calcium supplements began in the 19th century. It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]]. It is available as a [[generic medication]]. In 2020, it was the 204th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions. Versions are also sold together with [[vitamin D]]. In 2020, the combination, [[calcium/vitamin D]] was the 215th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.

===Bone health===

In healthy people, calcium [[dietary supplement|supplementation]] is not necessary for maintaining [[bone mineral density]], and carries risks that outweigh any benefits. Calcium intake is not significantly associated with hip fracture risk in either men or women. [[United States Preventive Services Task Force|The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force]] recommends against a daily supplement of calcium or vitamin D. Although a slight increase in bone mineral density occurred in healthy children from calcium supplementation, using additional dietary calcium is not justified, according to a 2006 review.

There is good evidence that 1,000&thinsp;mg to 1,500&thinsp;mg of daily calcium supplementation can effect a modest reduction in blood pressure in adults who do not have a blood pressure condition, suggesting that achieving adequate calcium levels may have role in preventing [[high blood pressure]].

The US [[National Cancer Institute]] does not recommend the use of calcium supplements for lowering the risk of cancer. There is weak evidence calcium supplementation might have a preventative effect against developing [[colorectal]] adenomatous [[polyp (medicine)|polyp]]s, but the evidence is not sufficient to recommend such supplementation.

Excessive consumption of calcium carbonate antacids/dietary supplements (such as Tums) over a period of weeks or months can cause [[milk-alkali syndrome]], with symptoms ranging from [[hypercalcemia]] to potentially fatal kidney failure. What constitutes "excessive" consumption is not well known and, it is presumed, varies a great deal from person to person. Persons consuming more than 10&nbsp;grams/day of CaCO₃ (=4 g Ca) are at risk of developing milk-alkali syndrome, but the condition has been reported in at least one person consuming only 2.5&nbsp;grams/day of CaCO₃ (=1 g Ca), an amount usually considered moderate and safe.

A 2023 systematic review found that calcium supplementation is not associated with myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure admission, and cardiovascular/all-cause mortality.

Calcium supplements may contribute to the development of [[kidney stones]].

Acute calcium poisoning is rare, and difficult to achieve without administering calcium intravenously. For example, the oral [[median lethal dose]] (LD⁵⁰) for rats for [[calcium carbonate]] and [[calcium chloride]] are 6.45 and 1.4&nbsp;g/kg, respectively.

Calcium supplements by mouth diminish the absorption of [[thyroxine]] when taken within four to six hours of each other. Thus, people taking both calcium and thyroxine run the risk of inadequate thyroid hormone replacement and thence [[hypothyroidism]] if they take them simultaneously or near-simultaneously.

* The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly used dietary supplements is very similar. This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.

* Different kinds of juices boosted with calcium are widely available.

* [[Calcium lactate]] has similar absorption as calcium carbonate, but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are less concentrated forms of calcium and are not practical oral supplements.

[[Vitamin D]] is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone in the body, which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption.

For U.S. dietary supplement and food labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed in milligrams and as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). The weight is for the calcium part of the compound – for example, calcium citrate – in the supplement. For calcium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000&nbsp;mg, but in May 2016 it was revised to 1000–1300&nbsp;mg. A table of the pre-change adult Daily Values and references for the revision are provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]]. Food and supplement companies had until July 2018 to comply with the labeling change.

* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Calcium }}

* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium%20carbonate | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Calcium carbonate}}

* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/814-80-2 | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Calcium lactate}}

{{Dietary supplement}}

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{{二次利用|date=2 January 2024}}

[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]

[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]

[[Category:Dietary supplements]]