View source for Herb/ja

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{{short description|plant part used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume}}
{{about/ja|[[:ja:料理|料理用]]・薬用・スピリチュアルハーブ|植物学的用途|:ja:草本植物|その他の用途}}
[[File:Garden of herbs.jpg|thumb|[[Mentha/ja|ミント]]を含むいろんなハーブが見られる[[:ja:庭|ガーデン]]]]

一般に'''ハーブ'''とは、[[vegetable/ja|野菜]]やその他の[[macronutrients/ja|主要栄養素]]を摂取する植物を除いた、広く分布し広範な植物群のことで、香気や芳香を持ち、食品の風味付けや[[:ja:付け合せ|付け合せ]] 、薬効、香りに使用されるものである。料理への利用は一般的にハーブを[[Spice/ja|スパイス]]と区別する。
''ハーブ''は一般に植物の[[leaf/ja|葉]]の緑色または[[flower/ja|花]]の部分（生または乾燥）を指し、''スパイス''は通常乾燥し、植物の他の部分[[seed/ja|種子]]、[[Bark (botany)/ja|樹皮]]、[[root/ja|根]]、[[fruit/ja|実]]から作られたものである。 

ハーブは、料理用、薬用、芳香用、場合によっては精神用など、さまざまな用途がある。
''ハーブ''という言葉の一般的な用法は、料理用ハーブ(culinary herbs)と[[medicinal herb/ja|薬用ハーブ]]で異なる。
薬用や精神的な用途では、葉、根、花、種子、根皮、内皮（および[[Vascular cambium/ja|靭皮]]）、[[resin/ja|樹脂]]、[[pericarp/ja|果皮]]など、植物のあらゆる部分が''ハーブ''と見なされる可能性がある。

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The word "herb" is pronounced {{IPAc-en|h|ɜːr|b}} in [[Wikipedia:Commonwealth English|Commonwealth English]], but {{IPAc-en|ɜːr|b}} is common among [[Wikipedia:North American English|North American English]] speakers and those from other regions where [[Wikipedia:h-dropping|h-dropping]] occurs. In botany, the noun "herb" refers to a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" means "herb-like", referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture".
{{Quote box
 |quote="What is a herb?" "The friend of physicians and the praise of cooks."
 |author = --[[Wikipedia:Alcuin|Alcuin]] and his student [[Wikipedia:Charlemagne|Charlemagne]]
 |width  = 25%
 |align  = right
}}
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==Definition==
[[File:The Herb Garden - geograph.org.uk - 1629279.jpg|thumb|Herb garden at [[:en:Hardwick Hall|Hardwick Hall]], [[:en:Derbyshire|Derbyshire]], [[:en:England|England]], originally planted in the 1870s by Lady Louisa Egerton, recreated by the [[:en:National Trust|National Trust]], largely following the original design.]]
In [[botany]], the term herb refers to a [[herbaceous plant]], defined as a small, [[Spermatophyte|seed-bearing plant]] without a woody stem in which all aerial parts (i.e. above ground) die back to the ground at the end of each [[:en:growing season|growing season]]. Usually the term refers to [[Perennial plant|perennials]], although herbaceous plants can also be [[Annual plant|annuals]] (plants that die at the end of the growing season and grow back from seed next year), or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s. This term is in contrast to [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s which possess a woody stem. Shrubs and trees are also defined in terms of size, where shrubs are less than ten meters tall, and trees may grow over ten meters. The word herbaceous is derived from Latin ''herbāceus'' meaning "grassy", from ''herba'' "grass, herb".
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Another sense of the term herb can refer to a much larger range of plants, with culinary, therapeutic or other uses. For example, some of the most commonly described herbs such as [[Salvia|sage]], [[rosemary]] and [[Lavandula|lavender]] would be excluded from the botanical definition of a herb as they do not die down each year, and they possess woody stems. In the wider sense, herbs may be herbaceous perennials but also trees, subshrubs, shrubs, annuals, [[liana]]s, [[fern]]s, [[moss]]es, [[algae]], [[lichen]]s, and [[fungi]]. [[Herbalism]] can utilize not just stems and leaves but also fruit, roots, bark and gums. Therefore, one suggested definition of a herb is a plant which is of use to humans, although this definition is problematic since it could cover a great many plants that are not commonly described as herbs.
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== History ==
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Ancient Greek philosopher [[:en:Theophrastus|Theophrastus]] divided the plant world into trees, shrubs, and herbs. Herbs came to be considered in three groups, namely [[Leaf vegetable|pot herb]]s (e.g. onions), sweet herbs (e.g. thyme), and salad herbs (e.g. wild celery). During the seventeenth century as [[:en:selective breeding|selective breeding]] changed the plants size and flavor away from the wild plant, pot herbs began to be referred to as [[vegetable]]s as they were no longer considered only suitable for the pot.
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Botany and the study of herbs was, in its infancy, primarily a study of the pharmacological uses of plants. During the Middle Ages, when [[Humorism|humoral theory]] guided medicine, it was posited that foodstuffs, possessing their own humoral qualities, could alter the humoral temperaments of people. Parsley and sage were often used together in medieval cookery, for example in [[:en:broth|chicken broth]], which had developed a reputation as a therapeutic food by the 14th century. One of the most common sauces of the age, [[:en:green sauce|green sauce]], was made with parsley and often sage as well. In a 14th-century recipe recorded in [[:en:Latin|Latin]] "for lords, for settling their temperament and whetting their appetite"  green sauce is served with a dish of cheese and whole egg yolks boiled in watered down wine with herbs and spices.
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== Reproduction ==
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[[Perennial herbs]] are usually reproduced by stem cuttings, either softwood cuttings of immature growth, or hardwood cuttings where the bark has been scraped to expose the [[cambium]] layer. A cutting will usually be approximately 3 to 4 inches in length. Plant roots can grow from the stems. Leaves are stripped from the lower portion up to one half before the cutting is placed in growth medium or rooted in a glass of water. This process requires high humidity in the environment, sufficient light, and root zone heat.
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== Uses ==
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=== Culinary ===
[[File:Thyme-Bundle.jpg|thumb|A bundle of [[Thymus (plant)|thyme (''Thymus'')]]]]
{{See also|List of culinary herbs and spices}}
Culinary herbs are distinguished from [[vegetable]]s in that, like spices, they are used in small amounts and provide [[:en:Taste|flavor]] rather than substance to [[:en:food|food]].
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Herbs can be perennials such as [[thyme]], sage or lavender, biennials such as [[parsley]], or annuals like [[basil]]. Perennial herbs can be shrubs such as rosemary (''Rosmarinus officinalis''), or trees such as [[bay laurel]] (''Laurus nobilis'') – this contrasts with [[Herbaceous plant|botanical herbs]], which by definition cannot be woody plants. Some plants are used as both herbs and spices, such as [[dill]] weed and dill seed or [[coriander]] leaves and seeds. There are also some herbs, such as those in the [[Lamiaceae|mint family]], that are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.
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Emperor [[Wikipedia:Charlemagne|Charlemagne]] (742–814) compiled a list of 74 different herbs that were to be planted in his gardens. The connection between herbs and health is important already in the European Middle Ages--''[[Wikipedia:The Forme of Cury|The Forme of Cury]]'' (that is, "cookery") promotes extensive use of herbs, including in salads, and claims in its preface "the assent and advisement of the masters of physic and philosophy in the King's Court".
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=== Teas ===
{{main|Herbal tea}}
Some herbs can be infused in boiling water to make [[herbal tea]]s (also termed tisanes). Typically the dried leaves, flowers or seeds are used, or fresh herbs are used. Herbal teas tend to be made from aromatic herbs, may not contain [[tannin]]s or [[caffeine]], and are not typically mixed with milk. Common examples include [[chamomile tea]], or [[mint tea]]. Herbal teas are often used as a source of relaxation or can be associated with rituals.
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=== Medicine  ===
{{Main|Medicinal plants|Herbalism}}
{{see also|List of plants used in herbalism|}}
[[File:In Effigiam Nicholai Culpeper Equitis by Richard Gaywood.jpg|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Nicholas Culpeper|Nicholas Culpeper]] was an English [[botany|botanist]], [[Herbalism|herbalist]], [[Wikipedia:physician|physician]], and [[:en:astrology|astrologer]]. (etching by Richard Gaywood between 1644 and 1662)]]
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Herbs were used in [[prehistoric medicine]]. As far back as 5000 BCE, evidence that [[Wikipedia:Sumer|Sumer]]ians used herbs in medicine was inscribed on cuneiform. In 162 CE, the physician [[Wikipedia:Galen|Galen]] was known for concocting complicated herbal remedies that contained up to 100 ingredients.
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Some plants contain [[phytochemical]]s that have effects on the body.  There may be some effects when consumed in the small levels that typify culinary "spicing", and some herbs are toxic in larger quantities. For instance, some types of herbal extract, such as the extract of St. John's-wort (''[[Hypericum perforatum]]'') or of kava (''[[Piper methysticum]]'') can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and stress. However, large amounts of these herbs may lead to toxic overload that may involve complications, some of a serious nature, and should be used with caution. Complications can also arise when being taken with some prescription medicines.
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Herbs have long been used as the basis of traditional [[Chinese herbal medicine]], with usage dating as far back as the first century [[Common Era|CE]] and far before. In India, the [[Ayurveda]] medicinal system is based on herbs.  Medicinal use of herbs in Western cultures has its roots in the [[Hippocratic]] (Greek) elemental healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor. Famous herbalist of the Western tradition include [[Wikipedia:Avicenna|Avicenna]] (Persian), [[Wikipedia:Galen|Galen]] (Roman), [[Wikipedia:Paracelsus|Paracelsus]] (German Swiss), [[:en:Nicholas Culpeper|Culpepper]] (English) and the botanically inclined Eclectic physicians of 19th century/early 20th century America ([[Wikipedia:John Milton Scudder|John Milton Scudder]], [[Wikipedia:Harvey Wickes Felter|Harvey Wickes Felter]], [[Wikipedia:John Uri Lloyd|John Uri Lloyd]]). Modern pharmaceuticals had their origins in crude herbal medicines, and to this day, some drugs are still extracted as fractionate/isolate compounds from raw herbs and then purified to meet pharmaceutical standards.
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There is a record dated 1226 for '12d for Roses for Baron's Chamber and in 1516 for flowers and rushes for chambers for henry the 9th
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Certain herbs contain psychoactive properties that have been used for both religious and recreational purposes by humans since the early [[Wikipedia:Holocene|Holocene]] era, notably the leaves and extracts of the [[cannabis]] and [[coca]] plants. The leaves of the coca plant have been chewed by people in northern [[Wikipedia:Peru|Peru]]vian societies for over 8,000 years, while the use of cannabis as a psychoactive substance dates back to the first century CE in [[Wikipedia:China|China]] and northern [[Wikipedia:Africa|Africa]].
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[[Wikipedia:Indigenous Australian|Indigenous Australian]] peoples developed "[[bush medicine]]" based on plants that were readily available to them. The isolation of these groups meant the remedies developed were for far less serious diseases than the western illnesses they contracted during colonisation. Herbs such as [[Mentha australis|river mint]], [[Acacia pycnantha|wattle]] and [[eucalyptus]] were used for coughs, diarrhea, fever and headaches.
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=== Ritual ===
{{Main|Sacred herb}}
[[File:Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum00.jpg|thumb|''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' (Gilead myrrh)]]
Herbs are used in many [[Wikipedia:religion|religion]]s.  During the monastic era, monks would cultivate herbs alongside vegetables, while others would be set aside in a [[Wikipedia:physic garden|physic garden]] for specific purposes. For example, [[myrrh]] (''Commiphora myrrha'') and [[frankincense]] (''Boswellia'' species) in [[Wikipedia:Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic religion]], the [[:en:Nine Herbs Charm|nine herbs charm]] in [[Wikipedia:Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon paganism]], [[neem]] (''Azadirachta indica'') leaves, [[Aegle marmelos|bael]] (''Aegele marmelos'') leaves, holy basil or ''tulsi'' (''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]''), [[turmeric]] or "haldi" (''Curcuma longa''), [[cannabis]] in [[Wikipedia:Hinduism|Hinduism]], and [[white sage]] in [[:en:Wicca|Wicca]]. [[:en:Rastafari movement|Rastafari]] also consider [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] to be a holy plant.
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[[Wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]]n [[Wikipedia:shaman|shaman]]s also used herbs for spiritual purposes. Plants may be used to induce spiritual experiences for rites of passage, such as [[Wikipedia:vision quest|vision quest]]s in some [[:en:Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] cultures. The [[Wikipedia:Cherokee|Cherokee]] Native Americans use both [[Salvia apiana|white sage]] and [[:en:Cedar wood|cedar]] for spiritual cleansing and [[:en:Smudging|smudging]].
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=== Cosmetics ===
Originally there was always doubt in ancient societies, especially in the sceptical medium of western traditions, as to the efficacity of herbal medicines.  The use of [[Wikipedia:herbal cosmetics|herbal cosmetics]] dates back to around six centuries ago in the European and Western countries. Mixtures and pastes were often concocted to whiten the face. During the 1940s, herbal cosmetics took a turn with the emerging red lipstick color, with every year gaining a more intense red. Herbal cosmetics come in many forms, such as face creams, scrubs, lipstick, natural fragrances, powders, body oils, deodorants and sunscreens.  They activate through the epithelium of sebaceous glands to make the skin more supple.  Ayurvedic oils are widely used in India, prized for their natural health-giving properties.
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One method and perhaps the best, used to extract natural oils from herbs to make lipstick is [[Wikipedia:partition chromatography|partition chromatography]].  The process involves separation in watery solution, and then the injection of colour under pressure.
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=== Other  ===
{{main|Strewing herb}}
Strewing herbs are scattered (strewn) over the floors of dwelling places and other buildings. Such plants usually have fragrant or astringent smells, and many also serve as insecticides (e.g. to repel fleas) or disinfectants. For example, [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]] (''Filipendula ulmaria'') was sometimes strewn across floors in the middle ages because of its sweet smell.
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== See also ==
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* [[Apothecary]]
* [[Herb chopper]]
* [[Herb farm]]
* [[Outline of herbs and spices]]
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== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Herbs}}
* [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 §&nbsp;182.10 Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209193325/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 |date=2018-02-09 }}, US Code of Federal Regulations
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{{Herbs & spices}}
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{{二次利用}}
[[Category:Herbs| ]]
[[Category:Food and drink decorations]]
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