| Nutrient |
Food additive |
Source/Comments
|
| water-insoluble dietary fibers
|
| β-glucans (a few of which are water-soluble)
|
| Cellulose |
E 460 |
cereals, fruit, vegetables (in all plants in general)
|
| Chitin |
— |
in fungi, exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
|
| Hemicellulose |
|
cereals, bran, timber, legumes
|
| Hexoses |
— |
wheat, barley
|
| Pentose |
— |
rye, oat
|
| Lignin |
— |
stones of fruits, vegetables (filaments of the garden bean), cereals
|
| Xanthan gum |
E 415 |
production with Xanthomonas-bacteria from sugar substrates
|
| Resistant starch |
|
Can be starch protected by seed or shell (type RS1), granular starch (type RS2) or retrograded starch (type RS3)
|
| Resistant starch |
— |
high amylose corn, barley, high amylose wheat, legumes, raw bananas, cooked and cooled pasta and potatoes
|
| water-soluble dietary fibers
|
| Arabinoxylan (a hemicellulose) |
— |
psyllium
|
| Fructans |
|
replace or complement in some plant taxa the starch as storage carbohydrate
|
| Inulin |
— |
in diverse plants, e.g. topinambour, chicory, etc.
|
| Polyuronide
|
| Pectin |
E 440 |
in the fruit skin (mainly apples, quinces), vegetables
|
| Alginic acids (Alginates) |
E 400–E 407 |
in Algae
|
| Sodium alginate |
E 401
|
| Potassium alginate |
E 402
|
| Ammonium alginate |
E 403
|
| Calcium alginate |
E 404
|
| Propylene glycol alginate (PGA) |
E 405
|
| agar |
E 406
|
| carrageen |
E 407 |
red algae
|
| Raffinose |
— |
legumes
|
| Polydextrose |
E 1200 |
synthetic polymer, c. 1 kcal/g
|