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 h English (en)=====Muscular layer=====
The [[muscular layer]] consists of an inner circular layer and a [[Anatomical terms of location|longitudinal]] outer layer. The circular layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch. Whilst the muscularis externa is similar throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, an exception is the stomach which has an additional inner oblique muscular layer to aid with grinding and mixing of food. The muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of the inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, and outer longitudinal layer.
 h Japanese (ja)=====筋肉層=====
[[muscular layer/ja|筋層]]は内側の円形層と[[Anatomical terms of location/ja|縦方向]]の外側の層からなる。円形層は食物が後方に進むのを防ぎ、縦方向層は管を短くする。層は真に縦長でも円形でもなく、むしろ筋肉の層は異なるピッチでらせん状になっている。内側の円形筋層はピッチが急ならせん状で、外側の縦筋層はピッチがかなり浅いらせん状である。外側の筋層は消化管全体を通して類似しているが、例外は胃で、食物の粉砕と混合を助けるために、さらに内側の斜めの筋層がある。胃の外層筋層は、内側斜筋層、中間円筋層、外側縦筋層からなる。