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{{short description|Culinary traditions of Malaysia}}
{{See also|List of Malaysian dishes}}
{{Cuisine of Malaysia}}
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'''Malaysian cuisine''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Masakan Malaysia''; [[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|ماسقن مليسيا}}) consists of cooking traditions and practices found in [[Malaysia]], and reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population. The vast majority of [[Malaysia]]'s population can roughly be divided among three major ethnic groups: [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]], [[Chinese Malaysian|Chinese]] and [[Indian Malaysian|Indians]]. The remainder consists of the [[Dayak people|indigenous]] peoples of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] in [[East Malaysia]], the [[Orang Asli]] of [[Peninsular Malaysia]], the [[Peranakan]] and [[Eurasian]] creole communities, as well as a significant number of foreign workers and expatriates.
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As a result of historical migrations, colonisation by foreign powers, and its geographical position within its wider home region, Malaysia's culinary style in the present day is primarily a melange of traditions from its Malay, Chinese, Indian, [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]], Thai, [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] and indigenous Bornean and Orang Asli, with light to heavy influences from [[Arabian cuisine|Arab]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]], [[Dutch cuisine|Dutch]] and [[British cuisine]]s, to name a few. This resulted in a symphony of flavours, making Malaysian cuisine highly complex and diverse. The condiments, herbs and spices used in cooking vary.
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Because Peninsular Malaysia shares a common history with [[Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]], it is common to find versions of the same dish across both sides of the border regardless of the place of origin, such as [[laksa]] and [[Hainanese chicken rice|chicken rice]]. The same thing can be said with Malaysian Borneo and [[Bruneian cuisine|Brunei]], such as [[ambuyat]]. Also because of their proximity, historic [[Human migration|migration]] and close ethnic and cultural kinship, Malaysia shares culinary ties with [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]] and the [[Philippines]], as these nations share dishes such as [[satay]] and [[rendang]].
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Because the vast majority of Chinese Malaysians are descendants of immigrants from [[southern China]], Malaysian Chinese cuisine is predominantly based on an eclectic repertoire of dishes with roots from Fujian, Teochew, [[Cantonese]], Hakka and Hainanese cuisines. However, although the vast majority of Indian Malaysians are descendants of immigrants from southern India, Malaysian Indian cuisine has a mixture of north-south Indian and Sri Lankan diversity that can be differentiated by drier or wetter curry dish preparation.
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== History ==
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=== Origins ===
Malaysian cuisine has developed over the [[History of Malaysia|region's history]]. Although the modern state of Malaysia did not exist until 1963, the cuisine can claim traceable roots as far back as the 1400s, during the time of the [[Malacca Sultanate]]. Malaysian cuisine is a mixture of various food cultures from around the Malay archipelago, such as India, China, the Middle East, and several European countries. This diverse culinary culture stems from Malaysia's diverse culture and colonial past. The cuisine was developed as a melange between local and foreign. In the 15th century, the region now known as Malaysia became an important passageway for maritime trade. Passing through Malaysia were Arab traders who [[Spice trade|brought spices]] from the Middle East, as well as Portuguese, Dutch, and English colonists and traders who introduced food staples such as peanuts, pineapples, avocado, tomatoes, squash and pumpkin. During the 19th century in the period of British colonial rule, many Indian and Chinese laborers were brought to Malaysia, contributing to the diversity of tastes in Malaysian cuisine.
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===Cultural and regional influences===
Being a multicultural country, Malaysians have over the years adopted each other's dishes to suit the taste buds of their own culture. For instance, Malaysians of Chinese descent have adapted the Indian [[curry]], and made it more dilute and less spicy to suit their taste. Chinese [[noodle]]s have been crossed with Indian and Malay tastes and thus Malay fried noodles and Indian fried noodles were born. Malaysians have also adapted famous dishes from neighbouring countries, or those with strong cultural and religious ties, and in the absence of an established community from said countries have made it completely their own, a notable example being [[tom yam]], one of Thailand's most well-known dishes
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After migrating south of the border, Thai tom yam adopts the visual characteristics of a Malaysian Assam gravy, with a flavor profile that is sweet, sour, and spicy. It is thickened with pounded chili paste, which also gives it a vivid orange-red color. [[Tamarind]] is often used instead of lime juice as the souring agent, and dried chilies, rather than fresh ones, are used to provide a fiery kick. [[Malay cuisine|Malay-style]] tom yam soup tends to be heavily seafood-based, whereas in Chinese-style eateries, the broth's spiciness is toned down and it is usually served as a base for noodle soup.
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Across the sea from Peninsular Malaysia, on Borneo island, lie the states of Sabah and Sarawak. Traditional lifestyles and limited roads still predominate outside of the major cities, especially in Sarawak, where rivers are the only major highways for much of the inland population. The jungles of Borneo are teeming with wild plants, fungi, and fruits, and its sweeping coastlines and many large rivers provide an abundance of seafood and freshwater fish fit for the dinner table. A rich variety of traditional food has been developed by Borneo's many tribes and indigenous groups over the centuries; much of it is healthy food, consisting of foraged (now increasingly cultivated due to modernisation) and fermented foods. Because much of the region was once under the Brunei Sultanate's [[thalassocracy]], the [[Bruneian Malay people]] have left a lasting culinary influence, particularly on the cookery of the coastal Muslim communities of East Malaysia. According to the source paper written in 2006, the Malaysian food industrial sector accounted for about 14% of the total manufacturing energy consumption.
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Historically speaking, fresh produce is often scarce for hunter-gatherer nomadic tribes around the world, thus it is usually preserved out of necessity for important events and festivals. The tribal peoples of Sabah and Sarawak are no different; most of them have developed techniques for curing, fermenting or preserving their supplies of fresh meat, fruit and vegetables. For example, during festive occasions the [[Murut people]] of Sabah would serve ''tamba'' (''jeruk'' in the Malay language) made from fresh raw [[wild boar]] or river fish, which is stuffed in bamboo tubes along with rice and salt and left to ferment for a few weeks, a technique which is also practised by the [[Lun Bawang]] people across the border in Sarawak. Fermented products are also frequently used as a cooking ingredient besides eaten on their own. Dayak households in Sarawak may saute their version of [[fermented meat]] with garlic and tapioca leaves (either fresh or pickled), and fermented  ''tempoyak'' is a popular cooking seasoning.
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The production and consumption of traditional liquor play an important cultural role for the non-Muslim peoples of East Malaysia. Alcoholic drinks made from rice is the most common form, as well as the widely available. In Sabah, the Penampang Kadazan ''lihing'' is perhaps the most well known. Yet due to the historical lack of a standardised Kadazandusun language used and understood statewide, ethnic groups from other districts in Sabah have very different names for similar fermented rice-based drinks: hiing (certain Dusun languages), kinomol, segantang, kinarung, kinopi, linahas, and even [[tapai]]. To add to the confusion, tapai proper as understood by most Peninsular Malaysians is a fermented sweet and sour rice paste served as a snack or dessert, although further fermentation of the tapai to produce alcoholic drinks is possible. The preferred party drink of the Murut, made from the tuber of the cassava or tapioca plant, is also called tapai. The Iban of Sarawak call their rice wine tuak, which must not be confused with Sabahan talak, which is a hard liquor made from rice. To the native peoples of Sarawak, tuak may also refer to any alcoholic drink made from fermenting any carbohydrate-rich substance besides rice.
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==Staples==
===Rice===
[[File:Nasi lemak 01a.jpg|thumb|right|A Malaysian [[nasi lemak]] traditionally wrapped in [[banana leaves]] ]]
Rice ({{langx|ms|nasi}}) is the most important staple food in Malaysia. According to Indonesian-born food and cookery writer [[Sri Owen]], there is some evidence for rice cultivation found in the state of [[Sarawak]] in Malaysian [[Borneo]] dated 2300 BC, and about 900 years of history for the state of [[Kelantan]] in West Malaysia. Today [[Malaysia]] produces about seventy percent of the amount of rice it needs to support itself and the rest is imported. This is a matter of policy as the government believes that national resources can be used more profitably instead of attempting to achieve self-sufficiency with rice production; the prevalent attitude is that revenue generated from its industries enables the country to import up to half the rice it needs. Nevertheless, the government is fully committed and involved in planning, allocating resources and managing subsidies for the rice farming industry. The state of Kedah is considered the "rice bowl" ({{langx|ms|jelapang padi}}) of the country, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of [[rice]].
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[[Steamed rice|Plain steamed white rice]], to be served with side dishes of meat or vegetables, is typically prepared with an electric [[rice cooker]] at home. Some households and food establishments prefer to cook rice on a stove top with the absorption method or the rapid-boil method. Compressed rice, called [[lontong|''nasi himpit'']], is another method of preparing and cooking rice: the rice is wrapped with fronds or leaves and compressed into the form of a cylinder, which is then cooked by boiling. The rice would compress and merge during the cooking process. Compressed rice is usually eaten cold with some sort of gravy, although it may be served warm in a broth or soup. A notable variant of compressed rice prepared by the [[Bugis]] community is ''[[burasa]]k'': rice is precooked with coconut milk before it is wrapped in banana leaves and steamed until fully cooked.
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Besides the ubiquitous white rice, there are different types of locally grown and imported rice available in the market, and each type has a specific cooking method to bring out optimal results. Glutinous rice ({{langx|ms|pulut}}) is one example: because of its low [[amylose]] and high [[amylopectin]] content which results in a sticky texture after cooking, glutinous rice is prepared with different measurements and techniques and is not suitably interchangeable with regular rice. It is typically used for making snacks and desserts, but glutinous rice is also prepared as a savoury staple by indigenous peoples like the [[Orang Asli]] as well as the [[Dayak people]] of Borneo. ''[[Lemang]]'' is glutinous rice roasted in a hollowed bamboo tube, and is prepared for festive occasions like [[Gawai Dayak|Ari Gawai]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]], and [[Eid al-Adha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]].
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A popular dish based on rice in Malaysia is {{Lang|ms|nasi lemak}}, rice steamed with coconut milk and pandan leaves to give it a rich fragrance. Of Malay origin, {{Lang|ms|nasi lemak}} is very popular and frequently referred to as the [[national dish]]. It is customarily served with {{Lang|ms|ikan bilis}} or fried anchovies, peanuts, sliced [[cucumber]], hard-boiled eggs and ''[[sambal]]''. Although it is often considered a breakfast dish, it is served in a variety of ways and commonly eaten at any time of day due to its versatility. For a more substantial meal, {{Lang|ms|nasi lemak}} may be served with fried chicken, curries, or a spicy meat stew called ''[[rendang]]''.
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[[Congee]] is a type of rice [[porridge]] or gruel popular among Malaysia's ethnic communities. It is eaten primarily as a breakfast food or late supper. It is also considered particularly suitable for the sick as a mild, easily digestible food. Congee is called {{Lang|ms|bubur}} in [[Malay language|Malay]]; 粥 written in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], pronounced as ''zhou'' in [[Mandarin Chinese]] and ''juk'' in [[Cantonese]]; and ''kanji'' (கஞ்சி) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. It may be served plain with little embellishment, or cooked with ingredients like fish slices, seafood, chicken, beef, pork, vegetables, and spices. The importance and popularity of congee in the Malaysian diet is such that [[bubur ayam]] or chicken congee is a permanent fixture on the menu of Malaysian [[McDonald's]] restaurants.
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===Noodles===
[[Noodle]]s are another popular staple, particularly in Malaysian Chinese cuisine, but used by other groups as well. Noodles such as bi hoon (米粉, [[Hokkien]]: bí-hún, [[Malay language|Malay]]: {{Lang|ms|bihun}}; [[rice vermicelli]]), [[Kuy teav|kuay teow]] (粿條, Hokkien: kóe-tiâu) or ho fun (河粉, [[Cantonese]]: ho4 fan2; [[shahe fen|flat rice noodles]]), mee (麵 or 面, Hokkien: mī, Malay: {{Lang|ms|mi}}; yellow noodles), mee suah (麵線 or 面线, Hokkien: mī-sòaⁿ; [[misua|wheat vermicelli]]), yee meen (伊麵 or 伊面, Cantonese: ji1 min6; [[yi mein|golden wheat noodles]]), dongfen (冬粉, Hokkien: tang-hún, Cantonese: dung1 fan2; [[cellophane noodles]]), Lao Shu Fen (老鼠粉, Cantonese: lou5 syu2 fan2; [[silver needle noodles]]), and others provide an alternative source of carbohydrate to a serving of rice that accompanies every meal. Stir-fried noodle dishes ({{langx|ms|[[mee goreng]]}}) are ubiquitous throughout Malaysia's cities, towns and villages, with numerous localised variants prepared by various ethnic communities according to their culinary traditions and preferences.
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===Bread===
[[File:Canai.jpg|thumb|[[Roti canai]]]]
[[File:Roti Telur and Teh Tarik.jpg|thumb|Roti Telur and Teh Tarik]]
Malaysia does not produce wheat, and all supplies are imported from wheat-producing countries. Nevertheless, Western-style [[white bread]] and [[Indian bread]]s made with wheat flour like [[roti canai]] are fairly common foods or is sandwiched along with a layer of {{Lang|ms|kaya}} between slices of untoasted white bread.
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Traditional wheat-based pleated steamed [[Baozi|bao]] or pao (Chinese : 包子) is a Chinese staple which has become tightly woven into Malaysia's gastronomic fabric. Pao are found in restaurants doing brunch [[dim sum]] trade, as well as specialist Chinese [[Kopi tiam|kopitiam]] (coffee shops). Sweet fillings may include [[red bean paste|tausa]], [[lotus seed paste]], {{Lang|ms|kaya}}, pandan, ground peanuts, and custard; savoury fillings may consist of stewed [[char siu]] (Chinese : 叉燒), chicken or pork. Malay versions ({{Lang|ms|pau}}) may be found in night markets ({{Lang|ms|pasar malam}}) and they are always [[halal]], with fillings of curried potato, chicken or beef. Some variants have a [[Quail eggs|quail egg]] in the middle in addition to the curry.
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Oven-baked buns are also available in specialist bakeries, {{Lang|ms|kopitiam}}, and restaurants. One local speciality in particular - a bun with a buttery core and topped with a crispy and fragrant coffee pastry crust - has achieved iconic status in Malaysia, and franchises like [[Rotiboy]] and Pappa Roti which specialise in these coffee buns have successfully expanded abroad to multiple nations and spawned hundreds of outlets. However, the popular buns that remain a favourite among Malaysians are the buns that are filled with a sweet shredded coconut filling, {{Lang|ms|kaya}} (coconut jam), {{Lang|ms|pandan kaya}} (screwpine with coconut jam), sweet corn, chocolate, red bean paste and butter buns.
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''Roti golok'' is type of sweet and soft bread that  is commonly eaten in [[Kelantan]]. The bread consists of generous amounts of butter, sweetened condensed milk, and sometimes cheese, chocolate, or other toppings. The name "Golok" originated from the [[Golok River]], which is located between the [[Malaysia–Thailand border]].
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===Other staples===
Like Peninsular Malaysia, rice is the undisputed staple food for the majority of the people of Sabah and Sarawak. Rice is central to [[Kadazandusun]] culture, and its paramount importance is reflected in the annual [[Kaamatan]] festival, as well as traditional beliefs and customs since antiquity which revolve around the veneration of rice spirits. But for other ethnic communities throughout Sabah and Sarawak, cassava or tapioca tubers as well as sago starch are also popular staples. The tapioca tuber is just as important as rice to the [[Bajau people]] of Sabah, while the [[Dayak people]]s of Sarawak make extensive use of both the tuber and leaves of the tapioca plant in their cooking. Sago starch is derived from the pith extracted from the sago palm, and is the staple food for the [[Melanau people|Melanau]] and the [[Penan people|Penan]] peoples of Sarawak.
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Sago starch is prepared as a gooey and sticky paste by the [[Bisaya (Borneo)|Bisaya]] and [[Kedayan]] communities called [[ambuyat]], and is called ''{{lang|mel|linut}}'' by the Melanau. It is eaten by rolling the paste around the prongs of a bamboo fork, and dipping it into soup, ''sambal'', or other varieties of gravies and dipping sauces. Aside from being the source for sago pith, the sago palm is a source of another delicacy for the indigenous peoples of Borneo: the [[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus|sago grub]]. Called ''butod'' in Sabah and ''ulat mulong'' in Sarawak, sago grubs are typically eaten raw but also served deep fried, roasted or sauteed.
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== Protein==
===Meat===
[[File:Furumura Seafood Restaurant, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.JPG|thumb|260px|Tanks of fresh [[seafood]] at a seafood restaurant in [[Kota Kinabalu]], Malaysia]]
Malaysian [[poultry]] is handled according to halal standards to conform with the country's dominant and official religion, Islam. Imported poultry is available at major hypermarkets, supermarkets and speciality stores especially in affluent areas where a significant expatriate community can be found.
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[[Fish (food)|Fish]], both freshwater and saltwater, features prominently in the Malaysian diet. Most local fish is purchased soon after it is caught, while frozen fish is generally imported. Such fish, namely [[Salmon as food|salmon]] and [[Cod (food)|cod]], are well received on the Malaysian table but are not found in Malaysian waters.
Many types of seafood are consumed in Malaysia, including [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp or prawn]], [[Crab meat|crab]], [[Squid (food)|squid]], [[cuttlefish]], [[clam]]s, [[Cockle (bivalve)|cockles]], [[Snails as food|snails]], [[Sea cucumbers as food|sea cucumber]] and [[Octopus as food|octopus]]. In general, members of all ethnic communities enjoy seafood, which is considered [[halal]] by Malaysian Muslims (according to [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi’i fiqh]]), though some species of crabs are not considered halal as they can live on both land and sea. Sea cucumbers are considered halal.
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[[Beef]] is common in the Malaysian diet, though it is notable that the consumption of beef is proscribed by some followers of [[Hinduism]] and certain [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese folk religious sects]]. Beef can be commonly found cooked in curries, stews, roasted, or eaten with noodles. Malays generally eat beef that is halal. Australian beef prepared under the Government Supervised Muslim Slaughter System (AGSMS) is imported into Malaysia and is halal.
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[[Malaysian Malays]], who form about half of Malaysia's population, are [[Muslim]] and therefore do not consume pork since [[Islam and pork|Islam forbids it]]. This does not prohibit others from producing and consuming pork products, and thus pork can be found in [[wet market]]s, [[supermarket]]s and [[hypermarket]]s, usually displayed with a non-halal disclaimer. Pork is consumed by the Chinese communities, Indians, [[Iban people|the Iban]], [[Kadazan people|the Kadazan]], [[Murut people|Murut]], [[Lun Bawang|Lun Bawang/Lundayeh]], the [[Orang Asli]], and non-Muslim [[expatriate]]s.
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In Malaysia, the term "[[mutton]]" refers to goat meat; lamb, or the meat of a young sheep, is always imported from countries like Australia and New Zealand. In the past mutton was primarily associated with [[Malaysian Indian]] cuisine, and was not as widely eaten due to health concerns as well as its perceived gamey flavour. Today, dishes like whole spit roast of mutton, mutton [[biryani]] and mutton soup are now a common sight at banquets and events. Today, the demand for mutton during the fasting month and [[Eid al-Fitr|Hari Raya]] period has now far exceeded that for [[Diwali|Deepavali]] and [[Christmas]] combined.
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==Fruit and vegetables==
===Vegetables===
[[File:Kangkungblacan.jpg|thumb|Kangkung belacan]]
Locally-grown [[produce]] is available year-round as Malaysia is a tropical country and does not have four seasons. During rainy seasons, vegetable yields may decrease (which may result in an increase in market price), but rarely if ever stop altogether. Imported produce has made inroads into the market in recent years, either to supplement local demand for essential ingredients like [[garlic]] and [[potato]]es, or to supply produce which does not grow well in Malaysia's climate and soil conditions. A few regions in Malaysia, like [[Cameron Highlands]] and the foothills adjacent to [[Mount Kinabalu]] provide the appropriate mean temperatures and soil conditions for the cultivation of temperate produce like [[Camellia sinensis|tea]].
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Malaysian-grown greens, tubers and vegetables commonly found nationwide include but are not limited to [[amaranth]] ({{Lang|ms|bayam}}), [[bean sprout]]s ({{Lang|ms|taugeh}}), [[eggplant|brinjals]] ({{Lang|ms|terung}}), [[Momordica charantia|bitter gourd]] ({{Lang|ms|peria}}), [[Chinese cabbage|bok choi]] ({{Lang|ms|sawi}}), [[cabbage]] ({{Lang|ms|kobis}}), [[choy sum]]'','' cucumber ({{Lang|ms|timun}})'', [[Chinese celery]] (''{{Lang|ms|daun sup}})'', [[coriander]]'' ({{Lang|ms|daun ketumbar}}), ginger ({{Lang|ms|halia}}), [[green bean]]s, [[Ipomoea aquatica|water spinach]] (''kangkung)'', [[okra|ladies' fingers]] ({{Lang|ms|bendi}}), [[leek]]s, [[lettuce]], [[lotus root]], [[maize]] ({{Lang|ms|jagung}}), [[napa cabbage]] ({{Lang|ms|kobis cina}}), [[sweet potato]]es ({{Lang|ms|ubi keledek}}), [[spring onion]]s ({{Lang|ms|daun bawang}}), [[Sauropus androgynus|katuk]] ({{Lang|ms|cekur manis}} or {{Lang|ms|sayur manis}}), [[pumpkin]] ({{Lang|ms|labu}}), [[shiitake mushroom]]s ({{Lang|ms|cendawan}}), [[stink bean]]s ({{Lang|ms|petai}}), [[tapioca]] ({{Lang|ms|ubi kayu}}), [[taro|taro or yam]] ({{Lang|ms|ubi keladi}}), [[tomato]]es, [[Pachyrhizus|yambean or turnip]], [[turmeric]] ({{Lang|ms|kunyit}}), and [[yardlong bean]]s ({{Lang|ms|kacang panjang}}), carrot ({{Lang|ms|lobak merah}}), and scallions ({{Lang|ms|daun bawang}}).
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In some areas in Malaysia local produce is grown on a small scale, and many rural communities like the Peninsular [[Orang Asli]] and certain tribal peoples of Sarawak forage wild edible [[fern]]s or vegetables to supplement their diet. [[Diplazium esculentum|Vegetable fern]], better known as {{Lang|ms|pucuk paku pakis}}, is perhaps the most widely available fern and is found in eateries and restaurants throughout the nation. ''[[Stenochlaena|Stenochlaena palustris]]'' is another type of wild fern popularly used for food. Endemic to East Malaysia, it is called {{Lang|ms|midin}} in Sarawak and is prized for its [[fiddlehead fern|fiddleheads]] by locals and visitors. It is known by the native peoples of [[Sabah]] as {{Lang|ms|lemiding}}, {{Lang|ms|lembiding}} or {{Lang|ms|lombiding}}, where both the leaves and the fiddleheads of the plant are eaten. The young shoots of plants like [[bamboo shoot|bamboo]] and coconut are popularly harvested as food by communities outside urban areas.
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A popular way to cook leafy vegetables like {{Lang|ms|kangkung}} and sweet potato leaves is stir frying with a pungent sauce made from {{Lang|ms|belacan}} (shrimp paste) and hot chilli peppers. Other vegetables popularly cooked this way include bean pods and fiddlehead ferns like {{Lang|ms|paku pakis}} and {{Lang|ms|midin}}. Vegetables like carrots, cucumbers, onions and yardlong beans are used to make a localised variety of [[pickling|pickle]] called ''[[acar]]''. Vegetables and herbs are also popularly served undressed and often raw in some rural indigenous communities as [[Ulam (salad)|ulam]]. An {{Lang|ms|ulam}} spread may include items such as [[Banana flower|banana blossoms]], cucumber, [[winged bean]]s, ''[[Centella asiatica|pegaga]]'' leaves, {{Lang|ms|petai}}, and yardlong beans, typically eaten with a pungent dipping sauce like {{Lang|ms|sambal belacan}}.
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===Vegetarianism in Malaysia===
[[File:Bananaleafrice001.jpg|thumb|350px|A typical serving of banana leaf rice.]]
As of 2012, about one million people within Malaysia's total population were practising [[vegetarian]]s, and vegetarian food is much easier to obtain when dining out today. However, because of the heavy emphasis on meat and seafood by traditional Malay cuisine as well as the common inclusion of shrimp paste and other seafood products in many local dishes, diners may find it difficult to negotiate their way around menus in search of vegetarian or vegan food in Malay cuisine restaurants.
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Restaurants that display signs with the words ''sayur sayuran'', ''vegetarian'' or the Chinese characters ''素'' or ''斎'' will offer a decent variety of food for diners who abstain from meat. There are many of them across the country, particularly in urban areas. These restaurants serve only vegetarian/vegan food and absolutely no meat or animal products is used in their cooking. Even restaurants that specialise in meat and seafood will make vegetarian dishes upon request. Some meat-serving restaurants have a vegetarian section in their menu.
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Over 80% of Malaysian Chinese identify themselves as Buddhists, and some follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time. Some vegetarian Chinese cuisine restaurants offer an [[Buddhist cuisine|exclusively vegetarian menu]] (Chinese: 素食, 斎) featuring Chinese dishes which resemble meat dishes in look and even taste like "roast pork", fried "fish" with "skin" and "bones", and "chicken drumsticks" complete with a "bone". These restaurants are run by proprietors who abstain from consumption of animal products and strong-tasting vegetables and spices as way of life for religious reasons, and are essentially vegan. The meat analogues used are often locally produced as opposed to imported, and are made solely from ingredients like soy, gluten, mushrooms and tuber vegetables.
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Organic vegetarianism has also slowly become a trendy modern vegetarian diet nowadays. Most of the organic vegetarian menu will include superfood ingredients, for example: organic quinoa, millet, chia seeds, flax seeds, avocado, egg, tofu, pine nuts, blueberry, [[almond milk]], etc. A lot of organic fruit and vegetables are locally produced in recent years. There is even an organic version of vegetarian sambal balacan, Nasi lemak chili paste, etc.
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Buddhist vegetarian restaurants are likely to be found in areas with a high concentration of Chinese and tend to be especially busy on certain festive days where many Buddhists adopt a strict vegetarian diet for at least a day. In Buddhism, some people who are full-time vegetarians are observing the Buddhist [[Five Precepts]]. They are vegetarian because they are observing the precept to abstain from killing or harming living beings intentionally. Another precept is to abstain from taking drugs or intoxicants for enjoyment, hence, alcohol is not used in most pure vegetarian shops. (This is different, however, when ordering vegetarian food off the menu of restaurants that serve meat dishes.)
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Vegetarianism has a long and revered tradition in Indian culture. Some Malaysian Indians are born-and-bred vegetarians who often hail from a family line with generations of vegetarians. Some others practice vegetarianism on auspicious festivals such as Thai Ponggal, Hindu New Year, Deepavali, Full Moon Prayers, and on certain days of the week as a symbol of respect when they visit holy temples. Abstaining from meat before fulfilling a vow is a common practice to bring the body to a neutral and focused state, physically and mentally, during Thaipusam and other holy prayer events. Dishes, of South and North Indian types, are based on the ancient concept of Ayurveda and are known to include arusuvai or six types of tastes. Some Indian vegetarian dishes may incorporate dairy products and honey ([[lacto vegetarianism|lacto vegetarian]]). Some others are heavily based on lavish coconut milk and nuts. There are many Indian eateries and restaurants in Malaysia that offer a pure vegetarian menu. South Indian restaurants, in particular, offer no shortage of meatless options such as Thali meal, also known as banana leaf rice, which is often vegetarian by default, and a wide array of sweets, snacks and light meals such as kesari, tose, idli, uppuma, vade, aviyal, idiyappam and paniyaram.
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===Fruit===
Malaysia's tropical climate allows for fruit to be grown all year round. A huge variety of common and obscure fruits, either locally grown or imported are available throughout the country. While the vast majority of fruits grown in Malaysia naturally thrive in the tropics, a few areas in the country like [[Cameron Highlands]] or [[Kundasang]] in Sabah have a different climate zone which enables the cultivation of temperate fruits like [[strawberry|strawberries]].  Fruit is commonly served after a meal as dessert, and fruit juices are highly sought after as drinks of choice in a climate that is hot and humid all year round. Pickled fruits or {{Lang|ms|jeruk}} are popular and widely available, whether sold from street stalls or specialist shops. Many localities are named after native fruits, most notably [[Alor Setar]] (''[[Bouea macrophylla|buah setar]]'') and [[Malacca]] (''[[Phyllanthus emblica|buah melaka]]'').
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[[File:RojakPenang.jpg|thumb|[[Penang]] ''[[rojak]]'']]
Fruits are used to make a popular salad dish called [[Rojak#Fruit rojak|rojak]] (Chinese: 水果囉喏).  It consists of pieces of fruit and vegetable bound with a viscous dark sauce made from shrimp paste, sugar, chilli, and lime juice. The [[Penang]] version is particularly popular and well regarded. The dish is usually topped with a generous sprinkling of toasted ground peanuts.
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Notable fruits which are cultivated in Malaysia include:
[[File:Durian rack in Kuala Lumpur.jpeg|thumb|[[Durian]]s in rack sold in Kuala Lumpur]]
* The '''[[banana]]''', or {{Lang|ms|pisang}} in Malay. Many different cultivars are available on the market, and [[cooking banana|plantain]] is used for [[pisang goreng]].  Other parts of the banana plant may be used for culinary purposes.
* The '''[[Calamondin|calamansi lime]]''', or {{Lang|ms|limau kasturi}} in Malay. Widely used as a souring agent in Malaysian cooking, the juice of the calamansi lime is also savoured on its own with ice and secondary flavourings like green apple juice, pandan leaves and dried preserved plums.
* The '''[[cempedak]]''', a fruit with a large and rough pod-like body. The edible flesh coating each pod is sweet, and has a soft custard-like texture.
* The '''[[durian]]''', a fruit with a spiky outer shell and a characteristic odour is a local tropical fruit that is notable because it provokes strong emotions either of loving it or hating it. It is also known as the "King of the Fruits". [[List of Durio species|Several species]] of durian exist throughout Malaysia - common cultivars come with pale cream or yellow coloured [[aril]]s, whereas some varieties found in Borneo are naturally bright red, orange or even purple in colour.
* The '''[[guava]]''', called {{Lang|ms|jambu}} or {{Lang|ms|jambu batu}} in Malay. It is a crunchy fruit often eaten plain or garnished with a tart seasoning mix.
* The '''[[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]]''', or {{Lang|ms|tembikai susu}} in Malay. This aromatic green melon is often cut up and served with cooked sago pearls in chilled coconut milk as a dessert.
* The '''[[jackfruit]]''', or {{Lang|ms|nangka}} in Malay. It is an enormous fruit similar in appearance to cempedak, but quite different in taste and texture. The fleshy covering of each pod is firm and sweet. Unripe jackfruit is occasionally used for cooking savoury meals.
* The '''[[Spondias dulcis|kedondong]]''', a small green fruit with an extremely sour taste, usually pickled.
* The '''[[Lansium parasiticum|langsat]]''', a fruit which are borne in clusters similar to grapes and resemble tiny potatoes, with a taste likened to a sweet and tart combination of grape and grapefruit. A second, larger variety known as {{Lang|ms|duku}} generally bear fruit which are large, generally round, and have somewhat thick skin that does not release sap when cooked. The seeds are small with thick flesh, a sweet scent, and a sweet or sour alin.
* The '''[[longan]]''', which means "dragon eye" in Chinese. A related species called {{Lang|ms|mata kucing}} (literally "cat's eye" in Malay) has a virtually identical taste to commercially cultivated longan. However, the {{Lang|ms|mata kucing}} fruit (''[[Longan|Euphoria malaiense]]'') is smaller, the fleshy aril is thinner, and the yellow rind is bumpy and leathery like a [[lychee]] fruit.
* The '''[[mango]]''', or {{Lang|ms|mangga}} in Malay. The state of [[Perlis]] is famous for its Harumanis variety (from the [[mangifera indica]] cultivar), which is registered as a product of [[geographical indication]] (GI) with the Malaysian Intellectual Property Organisation (MyIPO). Another notable species of mango found only in Borneo and used extensively in local cookery is the [[mangifera pajang]], known in Sabah as {{Lang|ms|bambangan}} and Sarawak as {{Lang|ms|buah mawang}}.
* The '''[[mangosteen]]''', or {{Lang|ms|manggis}} in Malay. In contrast to the durian, mangosteen is often called the "queen of the fruits".
* The '''[[papaya]]''', or {{Lang|ms|betik}} in Malay. Another common fruit available year-round in Malaysia, and widely eaten to conclude a meal.
* The '''[[pineapple]]''', or {{Lang|ms|nanas}} in Malay. It is widely eaten as a fruit and used extensively in local cooking, such as a curried pineapple dish called {{Lang|ms|pajeri nanas}}.
* The '''[[pitaya]]''', better known locally as dragon fruit. Dragon fruit is available in red and white fleshed varieties.
* The '''[[pomelo]]''', or {{Lang|ms|limau bali}} in Malay. Pomelos grown in the Sungai Gedung area in the state of [[Perak]] has been granted GI status. It is also called {{Lang|ms|limau tambun}}, after the town of [[Tambun]] which is also famed for its pomelo produce. As pomelos are associated with traditional Chinese festivities, most farms harvest twice a year in conjunction with [[Chinese New Year]] and [[Mid Autumn Festival]].
* The '''[[rambutan]]''', as the name suggests, have fleshy pliable spines or 'hairs' on its outer shell which is usually red or yellow in colour. Once the hairy exterior is peeled away, the tender, fleshy, sweet and sour tasting fruit is revealed.
* The '''[[rose apple]]''', called {{Lang|ms|jambu air}} or {{Lang|ms|jambu merah}} in Malay, which is not to be confused with {{Lang|ms|jambu batu}} or guava. The term refers to various [[Syzygium]] species which are grown for their fruit. The fruit may be eaten on its own, or tossed through a {{Lang|ms|rojak}} salad.
* The '''[[Manilkara zapota|sapodilla]]''', better known locally as {{Lang|ms|buah ciku}}. Its flesh has a grainy texture akin to ripened pear with a sweet malty flavour.
* The '''[[soursop]]''', known as {{Lang|ms|durian belanda}} in Malay and {{Lang|ms|lampun}} to the [[Dusun people]] of Borneo. The fruit is commonly made into juice and smoothies, and the leaves of the soursop plant are boiled and taken as a herbal infusion.
* The '''[[Carambola|starfruit]]''', or {{Lang|ms|belimbing}} in Malay. Malaysia is a global leader in starfruit production by volume and ships the fruit widely to Asia and Europe.
* The '''[[Artocarpus odoratissimus|tarap]]''', also called {{Lang|ms|marang}}, is a fruit that is native to Borneo and is related to cempedak and jackfruit. While the fruits are about the same size and shape as a durian and also emit a noxious odour, the spines of the tarap are soft and rubbery compared to the durian's hard, thorny spines. The fruit itself is smooth, soft and creamy, and the flavour is reminiscent of sweet [[custard apple]] with a hint of tartness.
* The '''[[watermelon]]''', or {{Lang|ms|tembikai}} in Malay. This popular fruit comes in red and yellow varieties.
* The [[Sugar-apple|'''sugar apple''']], or {{Lang|ms|epal kustard}} in Malay. This fruit comes in red or green varieties.
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==Ingredients==
[[File:Shrimp.paste-Sambal.Belacan-01.jpg|thumb|right|Sambal belacan, made with mixed toasted ''[[shrimp paste|belachan]]'', ground chilli, kaffir leaves, sugar and water]]
[[Chilli pepper]]s are indispensable in Malaysian kitchens, and both fresh and dried forms are used. Chillies come in several sizes, shapes and colours. As a general rule, two type of chilli cultivars are the most commonly available: the [[bird's eye chili|bird's eye chilli]] ({{Lang|ms|cili padi}}), which although small in size are extremely pungent and very hot; and longer varieties, which tend to be much milder. Green chillies are more peppery in taste, while red chillies, green chillies which have been left to ripen, have a slightly sweeter heat. If a milder flavour is preferred, the seeds and membranes are removed from the chilli pods before they are cut, or the chillies are left whole and removed prior to serving. Some common uses include grinding the chillies into a paste or [[sambal]]; chopping fresh chillies as a condiment or garnish; and pickling whole or cut chillies.
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{{Lang|ms|Belacan}} is essential to Malaysian cooking. It is a type of [[shrimp paste]] which is pressed into a block and sun-dried. In its raw form it has a pungent smell. Once cooked, the aroma and flavour mellow and contribute a depth of flavour to the dish. To prepare {{Lang|ms|belacan}} for use, one typically wraps a small amount in foil, which is then roasted over a flame or placed into a preheated oven. {{Lang|ms|Belacan}} is most commonly pounded or blended with local chilli peppers, shallots and lime juice to make the most popular and ubiquitous relish in Malaysia, {{Lang|ms|sambal belacan}}. {{Lang|ms|Belacan}} is also crumbled into a ground spice paste called {{Lang|ms|rempah}}, which usually includes garlic, ginger, onions or shallots, and fresh or dried chilli peppers. A {{Lang|ms|rempah}} paste is similar in form and function to an Indian wet ''[[spice mix|masala]]'' paste or [[Thai curry|Thai curry paste]], and is often browned and caramelised ({{langx|ms|tumis}}) to mellow the raw flavours of its component ingredients and produce a harmonised finish.
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The [[coconut]] ({{langx|ms|kelapa}}) is another quintessential feature of Malaysian cuisine, and virtually all parts of the plant are used for culinary purposes. The white fleshy part of the coconut endosperm may be grated, shredded and used as is; dried to make desiccated coconut; or toasted until dark brown and ground to make [[kerisik]]. Grated coconut flesh is also squeezed to make [[coconut milk]], which is used extensively in savoury dishes and desserts throughout the country. [[Coconut oil]] is used for cooking and cosmetic purposes, and may be either obtained by processing [[copra]] (dried coconut flesh) or extracted from fresh coconuts as virgin coconut oil. [[Coconut water]], the clear liquid found inside the cavity of each coconut, is a popular cooler in Malaysia's hot and humid climate. {{Lang|ms|Gula melaka}} is unrefined [[palm sugar]] produced from the sap of the coconut flower. It is the most traditional sweetener in Malaysian cooking and imbues a rich caramel-like flavour with a hint of coconut. Coconut fronds are traditionally used to wrap food, hollowed out coconut husks and shells may be used as a source of [[charcoal]] fuel for barbecued meats and traditional pastry making, and even the apical bud or growing tip of the coconut palm is a popular delicacy served in rural communities and specialty restaurants.
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[[Soy sauce]] of different varieties is another important ingredient. Light soy sauce contributes its pleasantly salty flavour to a variety of stir-fries, marinades and steamed dishes. In some hawker establishments, freshly sliced or pickled chillies arrive immersed in light soy sauce to be used for dipping. Dark soy sauce is thicker, more intense in flavour and less salty. It is often used when a heartier flavour is desired, particularly with {{Lang|ms|masak kicap}} (a style of braising with a blend of soy sauce varieties) dishes, and also to darken the color of a dish. [[Kicap manis]], sweetened soy sauce sometimes flavoured with star anise or garlic, is also a popular seasoning for cooking. The sweet and savoury taste of {{Lang|ms|kicap manis}} also functions as a substitute to approximate the combination of dark soy sauce and thick caramel sauce, which is primarily used to colour and season stewed dishes.
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Common herbs include [[Cymbopogon|lemongrass]] ({{langx|ms|serai}}), a type of grass with a lemony aroma and flavour. Young, fresh stems are more desirable as older stems tend to acquire a woody texture. The tender white part closest to the base of the stem is thinly sliced and eaten raw in salads, or pounded with other aromatics to make a {{Lang|ms|rempah}}. It is also used whole in boiled and simmered dishes. The [[pandanus|pandan (screwpine)]] leaf is the Asian equivalent of vanilla in Western cuisine. Its subtle aroma is released when the leaves are bruised by tying one or two long leaves into a knot, and used for cooking curries, rice and desserts. The leaves can also be used to wrap items like rice, chicken or fish for cooking. Pandan leaf is also available in liquid essence or powdered form to flavour and colour cakes. Turmeric ({{langx|ms|kunyit}}) is a [[rhizome]] popular for its flavour as well as colouring properties. The leaves and flowers of the turmeric plant are also used in cooking or eaten raw.
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Tofu products, specifically fried tofu, are widely used as cooking ingredients and as side accompaniments. While fried tofu can be bland in flavour on its own, its main contribution is texture and especially with tofu puffs, the ability to soak up the flavour of whatever they are cooked in. Fried tofu products are found as a versatile component ingredient for dishes like stir fried noodles, ''[[rojak]]'' (fruit and vegetable salad), noodle soups, and stews. A popular way of serving fried tofu on its own is [[tauhu goreng|a salad]] with bean sprouts, shredded cucumber and spring onions, covered in a thick sweet and spicy dressing and dusted with roasted ground peanuts. Fried tofu may also be stuffed with a mixture of ground meat or shredded vegetables.
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Dried seafood products contribute a savoury depth of flavour to some Malaysian dishes. Small dried anchovies, known as {{Lang|ms|ikan bilis}}, are very popular. It acquires a crispy texture when deep-fried, and is served as an accompaniment or prepared as a {{Lang|ms|sambal}} relish in this capacity. {{Lang|ms|Ikan bilis}} is also boiled to make fish stock; in fact, instant {{Lang|ms|ikan bilis}} stock granules are a popular seasoning in modern kitchens. Dried shrimp and salted dried fish are also used in various ways.
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Other essential seasoning and garnishes include tamarind ({{langx|ms|asam jawa}}), specifically the paste-like pulp extracted from the fruit pod which contributes a tart flavour to many dishes. [[Aleurites moluccanus|Candlenuts]] ({{langx|ms|buah keras}}) are similar in appearance to [[macadamia nut]]s, being round, cream-coloured and having a high oil content. Candlenuts are normally ground to thicken sauces. {{Lang|ms|Lup cheong}} is a type of dried [[Chinese sausage]] made from pork and spices. Mainly used by the [[Malaysian Chinese]] community, these sweet sausages are usually sliced very thinly and added for additional flavour and texture. Recent studies have shown that there are 62 commonly consumed Malaysian foods that include biogenic amines.
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==Structure of meals==
There is no standard [[breakfast]] ({{langx|ms|sarapan}}) menu due to Malaysia's multi-ethnic social fabric as well as the advent of modern influences. Western-style breakfast like [[breakfast cereal]], cooked eggs and toast have become commonplace in homes and when dining out, but heartier traditional fare based predominantly on noodles and rice dishes are still very popular. One may choose to start the day with the ubiquitous nasi lemak or kuih; venture for Chinese-style congee, [[dim sum]] and noodle soups; or settle for Indian-influenced fare such as [[roti canai]], [[idli]] ({{langx|ta|இட்லி}} ''iṭli'' {{IPA|/ɪɖlɪ/}}), [[thosai]] ({{langx|ta|தோசை}} ''tōcai'' {{IPA|/t̪oːsaj/}}), and [[upma]]. In the state of [[Kelantan]], the term ''nasi berlauk'' refers to a breakfast meal which consists of a small serve of rice and complementary dishes or ''lauk''.
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For lunch and dinner, food is not customarily served in courses but rather concurrently. A meal may consist of a single dish for solitary diners, or rice with many complementary dishes shared by all. At restaurants where food is cooked to order, there is often no distinction between appetizers/starters and main courses, and food will arrive at the table whenever it is ready. At some traditionally-run eateries where pre-cooked food is served, diners are meant to help themselves by starting with a plate of plain rice and choose from a buffet spread of assorted dishes. Like the Indonesian [[Nasi Padang]], this is not an all-you-can-eat for a fixed price dining experience. The cost of the meal would depend on what the diner selects and how many different items were placed on the plate for consumption. In Malay-run ''[[warung]]'' (a small family-owned casual eatery or café) or restaurants (''kedai makan''), this style of dining is known as ''[[nasi campur]]'' which means "mixed rice". A similar concept exist at some eateries serving home-style Malaysian Chinese food, where it may be known as [[economy rice]] (Chinese: 杂饭).
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A practice known as "open house" ({{langx|ms|rumah terbuka}}) is popular during festive seasons, and even as an elaborate occasion to celebrate birthdays and weddings. Open house events are traditionally held at the home of the host: well-wishers are received and that everyone, regardless of background, is invited to attend. Home-cooked or catered food is provided by the host(s) at their own expense, and while it is acceptable for guests to bring along gifts for the host, they are expected to help themselves to the food as much as they like. Open house events may also be held at restaurants and larger public venues, especially when hosted by government agencies or corporations.
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==Food establishments==
A [[kopitiam]] or kopi tiam is a traditional coffee shop patronised for meals and beverages, predominantly operated by Chinese proprietors and especially members of the [[Hainan people|Hainanese community]]. The word ''kopi'' is a Malay/Hokkien term for coffee and ''tiam'' is the Hokkien and Hakka term for shop (Chinese : 店). A common sight in Malaysia and neighbouring Singapore, menus often feature offerings like nasi lemak, boiled eggs, roti bakar, noodle dishes, bread and kuih. The owners of some kopitiam establishments may lease premise space to independent stallholders, who sometimes offer more specialised dishes beyond standard Chinese kopitiam fare. Typical beverages include [[Milo (drink)|Milo]], a malted chocolate drink considered iconic to Malaysians of all ages, as well as coffee (''kopi'') and tea (''teh''). Diners would use [[Kopi tiam#Example of typical kopitiam beverage terms|slang terms specific to kopitiam culture]] to order and customise drinks to their taste.
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The omnipresent [[Mamak stall]] is a Malaysian institution. Available throughout the country and
particularly popular in urban areas, Mamak stalls and restaurants offer a wide range of food and some are open 24 hours a day. The proprietors of these establishments are members of Malaysia's [[Tamil Muslim]] community, who have developed a distinct culinary style and wield an enormous influence on Malaysian food culture disproportionate to their numbers. A type of meal served buffet-style at some Mamak eateries is called [[nasi kandar]], which is analogous to the Malay ''nasi campur'' where you pay for what you have actually eaten. The diner is to choose from a variety of curried dishes made with chicken, beef, mutton, or seafood. A mixture of curry sauces is then poured on the provided rice: this is called ''banjir'' (literally means "flooding").
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==Cuisines of Malaysia==
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===Malay cuisine===
{{Main|Malay cuisine}}
For a traditional Malay meal, rice is considered the centerpiece of a meal, with everything else considered as an accompaniment, relish or side for the rice. Malay cuisine bears many similarities to [[Indonesian cuisine]], in particular some of the regional traditions from [[Sumatra]]. It has also been influenced by Chinese, Indian, Thai and many other cultures throughout history, producing a distinct cuisine of their own. Some regional Malay dishes, such as ''[[harees|arisa]]'' and ''[[ful medames|kacang pool]]'', are examples of influence from [[Arab cuisine]] due to longstanding historical and religious ties. Many Malay dishes revolve around a ''rempah'', which is usually sauteed in oil (''tumis'') to draw out flavours to form the base of a dish. A dipping relish called sambal is an essential accompaniment for most Malay dishes.
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[[File:Bandung Drinks.jpg|thumb|Air bandung.]]
* Air Asam Cabai Picit or Air Asam Picit, is a traditional Malaysian dish hailing from the [[northern regions of Malaysia]], particularly from states like [[Kedah]] and [[Perlis]]. This dish features a spicy, savoury yet tangy tamarind-based sauce, known locally as "air asam," which is typically served alongside boiled or grilled fish and [[Ulam (salad)|ulam]]-ulaman. The term "picit," meaning "to squeeze" in Malay, refers to the method of preparing the sauce, where ingredients like [[bird's eye chilies]], [[belachan]] and [[tamarind paste]] are crushed or squeezed together using fingers to release their flavors.
* '''[[Bandung (drink)|Air bandung]],''' a cold milk drink flavoured with rose cordial syrup, giving it a pink colour. Despite the name, there is no connection to the city of [[Bandung]] in Indonesia. ''Bandung'' within this context refers to anything that comes in pairs or is mixed from many ingredients.
* '''[[Air janda pulang]]''', a traditional drink from [[Negeri Sembilan]]. It is suitable to drink with lunch and on hot days.
* '''[[Akok (food)|Akok]]''', a traditional sweet dessert in [[Kelantan]], Malaysia. Made mainly from eggs, coconut milk, flour and brown sugar, {{Lang|ms|akok}} has a distinctive caramel taste. It is often served during afternoon snack together with coffee. {{Lang|ms|Akok}} is prepared in a special cooking utensil called {{Lang|ms|sarang/dapur tembaga}} – a mould made of solid brass, which is surrounded with charcoal.
* '''[[Apam johol]]''', a sweetened rice cake wrapped in [[Baccaurea motleyana|rambai]] leaves to preserve the aroma and for presentation. A specialty of [[Negeri Sembilan#Cuisine|Negri cuisine]], it is sometimes eaten with {{Lang|ms|rendang}}, {{Lang|ms|sambal}} ''tumis'' and bean porridge.
* '''[[Asam Pedas|Asam pedas]],''' a sour and spicy stew of meat, with the core ingredients being [[tamarind]] and chilli. Depending on region, tomatoes, lady's fingers, shredded [[torch ginger]] bud and [[Vietnamese coriander]] (Malay: ''daun kesum'') may also be added. Usually cooked with fish like [[Mackerel (food)|mackerel]] or [[stingray]], although some recipes use chicken and even [[oxtail]].
* '''[[Ayam goreng]],''' a generic term for deep fried chicken, typically marinated in a base of turmeric and other seasonings prior to cooking.
* '''[[Ayam masak merah]],''' this dish literally means red-cooked chicken in English. Pieces of chicken are first fried to a golden brown then slowly braised in a spicy tomato sauce. Peas are sometimes added to the dish, and it is garnished with shredded kaffir lime leaves as well as coriander. It is often paired with nasi tomato - rice cooked with [[tomato sauce]] or [[tomato paste|paste]], milk, dried spices, and a sauteed rempah base of garlic, onions, ginger.
[[File:Nasi putih dengan ayam percik dan sambal 20240225 132552.jpg|thumb|Ayam percik]]
* '''Ayam percik,''' also known as ayam golek in some states, ayam percik is grilled marinated chicken basted with a spiced coconut milk gravy.
* '''Bubur lambuk,''' a savoury rice porridge consumed during the fasting month of Ramadhan, made with a mixture of lemongrass, spices, vegetables, and chicken or beef. It is usually cooked communally at a local mosque, which is then distributed to the congregation as a meal to break the fast every evening. In the state of Terengganu, bubur lambuk is prepared with wild herbs, [[budu (sauce)|budu]], sweet potatoes, and seafood.
* '''[[Gulai]],''' the Malay term for a curried stew. The main ingredients for gulai may be poultry, beef, mutton, various kinds of offals, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and green/unripe jackfruit. The gravy is usually yellowish-brown in color due to the sauteed and browned ''rempah'' which forms its base, and the addition of ground turmeric. The gravy's consistency may vary in thickness depending on the cook.
[[File:Ikan bakar.jpg|thumb|right|Ikan bakar in [[Muar (town)|Muar]], [[Johor]].]]
* '''[[Ikan bakar]],''' barbecued or char grilled fish, usually smeared with a sambal-based sauce. It may also be accompanied with air asam, a dip made from shrimp paste, onion, chillis and tamarind juice.
* '''[[Ikan goreng]],''' a generic term for shallow or deep fried fish, which is almost always marinated prior to cooking. There are countless recipes and variants for what is arguably the most popular and typical method of cooking fish in Malaysia.
* '''[[Kebebe]],''' A specialty of [[Lenggong]], [[Perak]], it is a fruit salad consisting of 13 ingredients that gives of a balance of spicy, sweet and tangy flavours when mixed. It's allegedly able to cure nausea after taking too much food.
* '''Kerabu,''' a type of salad-like dish which can be made with any combination of cooked or uncooked fruits and vegetables, as well as the occasional meat or seafood ingredient. There are many ''kerabu'' recipes, which often have little common in preparation: ''kerabu taugeh'' is made with blanched bean sprouts and quintessentially Malay ingredients like ''[[kerisik]]'', while preparations like ''kerabu mangga'' (shredded green mango salad) resemble a [[Thai salads#Yam|Thai-style yam salad]] in taste profile, ''kerabu maggi'' using [[Maggi|Maggi noodles]], and ''kerabu sare'' is made with seaweed, stewed fish and coconut, sambal and lime juice.
* '''[[Keropok lekor]],''' a speciality of the state of Terengganu and other states on the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia, keropok lekor is a savoury fritter made from a combination of batter and shredded fish. Sliced and fried just before serving, it is eaten with hot sauce.
* '''[[Kerutuk Daging]],''' a type of coconut milk-based curry. Traditionally it is best eaten with white rice, sambal belacan and ulam-ulaman or Malay salad.
* '''[[Ketupat]],''' a variant of compressed rice, wrapped in a woven palm frond pouch. As the rice boils, the grains expand to fill the pouch and the rice becomes compressed. This method of cooking gives the ''ketupat'' its characteristic form and texture. Usually eaten with rendang (a type of dry beef curry) or served as an accompaniment to satay, ''ketupat'' is also traditionally served on festive occasions such as [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] (Hari Raya Aidilfitri) as part of an open house spread.
* '''[[Kuzi ayam]]''', a thick curry. Traditionally it is eaten with white rice, sambal belacan and ulam.
* '''Laksam''' or '''Laksang,''' a different variant on laksa found in the northern and northeastern states of the Peninsular. Laksam consists of thick flat rice noodle rolls in a full-bodied, rich and slightly sweet white gravy of minced fish, coconut milk and shredded aromatic herbs.
* '''Masak lemak''' is a style of cooking which employs liberal amounts of turmeric-seasoned coconut milk. Sources of protein like chicken, seafood smoked meats and shelled molluscs, perhaps paired with fruits and vegetables such as bamboo shoots, pineapples and tapioca leaves are often cooked this way. Certain states are associated with a specific variant of this dish: for example, ''[[Masak lemak lada api|masak lemak cili api/padi]]'' is an iconic speciality of [[Negeri Sembilan]].
[[File:Mee Bandung Muar.jpg|thumb|230px|Authentic [[Mee Bandung Muar|mee bandung]] from [[Muar District|Muar]]]]
* '''[[Mee Bandung Muar]],''' Traditional noodle dish from [[Muar town|Muar]] that cooked with yellow noodles coupled with egg in addition to a thick broth-gravy made of a combination of dried shrimps, onion, spices, [[shrimp paste#Belacan|shrimp paste]] and chillies. Prawn, meat, fish cakes and vegetables are also added.
[[File:Mak ngah nasi dagang.jpg|thumb|230px|Nasi dagang]]
* '''[[Mee Calong]]''', a noodle dish eaten with fish soup, fish balls, and tofu puffs. This was a traditional cuisine of [[Beserah]].
* '''[[Mee Siput Muar]]''', a deep-fried circular dried noodle snack from [[Muar District|Muar]], [[Johor]] made from flour and eaten with {{Lang|ms|sambal}}.
* '''[[Nasi Beringin]]''', a fragrant rice dish that used to be served to [[Johor Sultanate|Johor royalties]] in the late 1890s; the sultans would have this fragrant dish especially when guests were invited to dine in the palace.
* '''[[Nasi dagang]],''' rice cooked with coconut milk and fenugreek seeds, served with a fish ''gulai'' (usually tuna or ''ikan tongkol''), fried shaved coconut, hard-boiled eggs and vegetable pickles. ''Nasi dagang'' ("trader's rice" in Malay) is a staple breakfast dish in the northeastern states of [[Kelantan]] and [[Terengganu]]. It should not be confused with nasi lemak, as nasi lemak is often found sold side by side with nasi dagang for breakfast in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
[[File:Nasi kerabu.jpg|thumb|230px|Nasi kerabu]]
* '''[[Nasi goreng]],''' a generic term for fried rice, of which there are many, many different permutations and variations. Variants includes '''Nasi goreng kampung''', '''[[Nasi goreng pattaya]]''', and '''[[Nasi paprik]]'''.
*[[Nasi kandar|'''Nasi Kandar''']], a meal of steamed rice that is served with a variety of curries and side dishes. It is a popular northern Malaysian dish from Penang.
* '''[[Nasi Lemuni|Nasi lemuni]]''', a rice dish that is eaten like nasi lemak but cooked with herb called daun lemuni ([[Vitex trifolia]] leaves).
* '''[[Nasi Tumpang|Nasi tumpang]],''' rice packed in a cone-shaped banana leaf. A pack of nasi tumpang consists of an omelette, meat floss, chicken or shrimp curry and sweet gravy. It is traditionally served as a meal of convenience for travellers on the road.
* '''[[Nasi ulam]],''' rice salad tossed with a variety of thinly shredded herbs and greens (''daun kaduk'', ''daun cekur'', ''daun kesum'' and so on) as well as pounded dried shrimp, ''kerisik'' and chopped shallots. A variant popular in the eastern coast states of Peninsular Malaysia is called [[nasi kerabu]], which is blue-coloured rice served with various herbs, dried fish or fried chicken, crackers, pickles and vegetables.
*'''[[Pek nga]],''' also known as ''lempeng kelapa'', It is usually served during breakfast.
* '''[[Puding Diraja]],''' also known as Royal Pudding, this dessert was developed and served to the royal family of Pahang state.
* '''[[Rendang]],''' a spicy meat and coconut milk stew originating from the [[Minangkabau people]] of [[Indonesia]], many of whom have settled in the state of [[Negeri Sembilan]]. Buffalo meat is the most traditional choice for this dish, but beef and chicken are by far more commonly used for rendang in restaurants and home cooking. The common addition of [[kerisik]] is another distinctively Malaysian touch. Rendang is traditionally prepared by the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] community during festive occasions, served with ''ketupat'' or ''nasi minyak''.
[[File:Sambal Tempoyak Raw and Cooked.jpg|thumb|230px|Raw (l) and cooked (r) sambal tempoyak.]]
* '''[[Roti jala]],''' The name is derived from the Malay words ''roti'' (bread) and ''jala'' (net). A special ladle with a five-hole perforation used to form its lacy pattern. Roti jala is usually eaten as an accompaniment to a curried dish, or served as dessert with a sweet dipping sauce.
* '''[[Roti john]],''' a spiced meat omelette sandwich, popularly eaten for breakfast or as a snack.
[[File:Satay Senibong.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Sate]]]]
* '''[[Sambal]],''' the term sambal not only refers to a relish-like sauce made from chilli peppers pounded together with secondary ingredients like ''belacan'' and thinned with calamansi lime juice, it also refer to a cooking style where meat, seafood, and vegetables like [[eggplant|brinjal]] ({{langx|ms|sambal terung}}) and ''[[stink bean]]'' ({{langx|ms|sambal petai}}) are braised in a spicy sambal-based sauce.
* '''[[Satay]],''' one of Malaysia's most popular foods, Satay (written as '''sate''' in Malay) is made from marinated beef and chicken pieces skewered with wooden sticks and cooked on a charcoal grill. It is typically served with compressed rice cut onions, cucumber, and a spiced peanut gravy for dipping. The town of [[Kajang]] in Selangor is famous for its satay; ''Sate Kajang'' is a term for a style of sate where the meat chunks are bigger than that of a typical satay, and the sweet peanut sauce is served along with a portion of fried chilli paste.
* '''[[Serundeng|Serunding]],''' spiced meat floss. ''Serunding'' may also refer to any dish where the primary meat or vegetable ingredient is shredded and pulled into thin strands. In Indonesia, this term strictly refers to a dry-toasted grated coconut mix instead.
* '''[[Sup Kambing|Sup kambing]],''' a hearty mutton soup slow simmered with aromatic herbs and spices, and garnished with fried shallots, fresh cilantro and a wedge of calamansi lime. Variants include soups cooked with beef ({{langx|ms|daging}}), beef ribs ({{langx|ms|tulang}}), or oxtail ({{langx|ms|buntut/ekor}}), all seasoned with the same herbs and spices.
* '''[[Tempoyak]],''' fermented durian, traditionally stored in an urn. Tempoyak may be eaten as relish, or it can be added to braised dishes and stews as a primary flavouring (''masak tempoyak'').
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====Javanese-influenced cuisine====
{{Main|Javanese cuisine}}
[[File:Soto ayam.JPG|thumb|[[Soto ayam]], (chicken soto). Note the transparent yellow broth, the ''[[emping]]'' and fried shallot]]
There are certain Malaysian dishes with overt Javanese influences or are direct adaptations from [[Javanese cuisine]], brought to Malaysia by [[Javanese people|Javanese immigrants]] who have been assimilated or integrated into the wider Malay community to various degrees. Javanese cuisine is highly distinct from mainstream Malay cooking, being noted for its simplicity and sweeter flavours, as opposed to mainstream Malay cuisine which is predominantly based on the complex and spicy regional cuisines of [[Sumatra]]. A popular way of serving Javanese-influenced food in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia is termed [[Nasi ambeng|nasi ambang]], which consists of shared platters of white rice served with accompaniments like chicken cooked in soy sauce or curried gravy, stir fried noodles, ''sambal goreng'', fried shredded coconut pieces, egg, vegetables and so on. 
* '''[[Ayam penyet]],''' deep fried chicken which is smashed prior to serving. The other key component to this dish is a spicy sambal. Other accompaniments include cucumbers, fried tofu and tempeh.
* '''[[Frikadeller#Other version|Begedil]],''' spherical fritters made from mashed potato and occasionally ground meat. It is called perkedel in Indonesia.
* '''[[Botok|Botok botok]],''' steamed banana leaf parcels of sliced fish seasoned with ground spices and shredded herbs.
* '''[[Sayur Lodeh|Lontong]],''' vegetables stewed in a lightly spiced coconut milk soup, usually served with compressed rice and additional condiments added either during cooking or in individual servings. It is eaten during festive occasions, and also as a breakfast meal.  In Indonesia this dish would be called ''sayur lodeh'', and the compressed rice ''lontong''.
* '''[[Nasi kuning]],''' rice cooked with coconut milk and turmeric. A common breakfast dish in certain regions like the east coast of [[Sabah]], where it is typically served with sambal, eggs, coconut-based ''serundeng'', and spiced fish. Not to be confused with the Peranakan ''nasi kunyit'', which uses glutinous rice.
* '''[[Mee rebus]],''' a dish which consists of egg noodles drenched in a spicy aromatic sauce thickened with cooked and mashed tuber vegetables. Versions of ''mee rebus'' found in other parts of Malaysia are sometimes called ''mee jawa'', perhaps as a nod to its likely [[Javanese cuisine|Javanese]] origin.
* '''[[Pecel|Pecal]],''' ''pecal'' is a vegetable salad with cucumber slices, long beans, [[bean sprouts]], fried tofu, blanched ''[[kangkung]]'' and ''[[tempeh]]'' dressed in a peanut sauce.
* '''[[Rempeyek]],''' deep-fried savoury cracker made from flour (usually rice flour) with other ingredients (such as peanuts) bound or coated by crispy flour batter.
* '''[[Soto (food)|Soto]],''' Meat broth, typically served with plain rice, ''lontong'', or [[mee soto|noodles]] depending on regional variation as well as personal preference.
* '''[[Telur pindang]],''' marbled eggs boiled with herbs and spices. Commonly seen in Javanese Malaysian wedding feasts and festive occasions, particularly in [[Johor]].
* '''[[Tempeh]],''' a staple source of protein in [[Javanese cuisine]], made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form, similar to a very firm vegetarian burger patty, which can then be cooked and served in a variety of ways.
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===Malaysian Chinese cuisine===
{{Cuisine of China}}
{{main|Malaysian Chinese cuisine}}
Malaysian Chinese cuisine is derived from the culinary traditions of Chinese Malaysian immigrants and their descendants, who have adapted or modified their culinary traditions under the influence of Malaysian culture as well as immigration patterns of Chinese to Malaysia. Because the vast majority of Chinese Malaysians are descendants of immigrants from southern China, Malaysian Chinese cuisine is predominantly based on an eclectic repertoire of dishes with roots from [[Cantonese cuisine]], [[Hakka cuisine]], [[Fujian cuisine]] and [[Teochew cuisine]].
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As these early immigrants settled in different regions throughout what was then [[British Malaya]] and [[British Borneo|Borneo]], they carried with them traditions of foods and recipes that were particularly identified with their origins in China, which gradually became infused with the characteristics of their new home locale in Malaysia while remaining distinctively Chinese. For example, Hainanese chicken rice is usually flavoured with tropical pandan leaves and served with chilli sauce for dipping, and tastes unlike the typical chicken dishes found in [[Hainan Island]] itself. Some of these foods and recipes became closely associated with a specific city, town or village, eventually developing iconic status and culminating in a proliferation of nationwide popularity in the present day.
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Chinese food is especially prominent in areas with concentrated Chinese communities, at roadside stalls, hawker centres and kopitiam, as well as smart cafes and upmarket restaurants throughout the nation. Many Chinese dishes have pork as a component ingredient, but chicken is available as a substitution for Muslim customers from the wider community, and some Chinese restaurants are even [[halal]]-certified.
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A sample of representative Malaysian Chinese dishes found nationwide include:
[[File:Bakutteh.jpg|thumb|right|Bak Kut Teh]]
[[File:Char kway teow in parit buntar.jpg|thumb|''[[Char kway teow]]'' in [[Penang]]]]
[[File:Curry noodles.jpg|thumb|A bowl of [[curry mee]], with fried beancurd skins and fish cake on the side]]
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* '''[[Bak Kut Teh]]''' (pork ribs soup). The root meaning for the dish, "Bak Kut" (Hokkien dialect) is the term for meaty ribs, at its simplest cooked with garlic, dark soy sauce and a specific combination of herbs and spices which have been boiled for many hours. Popularly regarded as a health tonic, this soup is historically eaten by hard working Chinese coolies working on the wharfs at Port Swettenham (now [[Port Klang]]) and clearing estates, accompaniment with strong [[tieguanyin|tea]] ("Teh") on the side. There are some differences in seasoning amongst other Chinese communities; the Teochew prefer a clear broth which is heavier on garlic and pepper, while the Cantonese may include additional varieties of medicinal herbs and spices. Variations include the so-called ''[[Ginseng chicken soup|chik kut teh]]'' (made with chicken and a version that is gaining popularity with Muslim diners), seafood bak kut teh, and a "dry" (reduced gravy) version which originated from the town of [[Klang, Malaysia|Klang]].
* '''[[Bakkwa]],''' literally "dried meat", bakkwa is better understood as barbecued meat jerky. While this delicacy is especially popular during the [[Chinese New Year]] celebration period, it is available everywhere and eaten year round as a popular snack.
* '''[[Bean sprouts chicken]],''' [[Ipoh]]'s most well known dish, bean sprouts chicken consists of poached or steamed chicken accompanied with a plate of blanched locally grown bean sprouts in a simple dressing of soy sauce and sesame oil. The crunchy and stout texture of Ipoh-grown bean sprouts is attributed to the mineral-rich properties of local water supplies. The dish is usually served with hor fun noodles in a chicken broth, or plain rice.
* '''Cantonese fried noodles''' refers to a preparation of noodles which are shallow or deep fried to a crisp texture, then served as the base for a thick egg and cornstarch white sauce cooked with sliced lean pork, seafood, and green vegetables like choy sum. A variation called yuen yong  involves mixing both crisp-fried rice vermicelli as well as hor fun to form a base for the sauce. A related dish called wa tan hor uses hor fun noodles, but the noodles are not deep fried, merely charred.
* '''[[Chai tow kway]],''' a common dish in Malaysia made of rice flour. It also known as fried [[radish]] cake, although no radish is included within the rice cakes, save perhaps the occasional addition of preserved radish  during the cooking process. Seasonings and additives vary from region, and may include bean sprouts and eggs.
[[File:Chee cheong fun.jpg|thumb|[[Penang]] ''[[Rice noodle roll|chee cheong fun]]'']]
* '''[[Char kway teow]],''' Stir fried [[rice noodles]] with bean sprouts, prawns, eggs (duck or chicken), chives and thin slices of preserved Chinese sausages. Cockles and [[lardon]]s were once standard offerings, but mostly relegated to optional additions these days due to changing taste preferences and growing health concerns. [[Penang]]-style char kway teow is the most highly regarded variant both in Malaysia as well as abroad.
* '''[[Chee cheong fun]],''' is square rice sheets made from a viscous mixture of rice flour and water. This liquid is poured onto a specially made flat pan in which it is steamed to produce the square rice sheets. The steamed rice sheets is rolled or folded for ease in serving. It is usually served with tofu stuffed with fish paste. The dish is eaten with accompaniment of semi sweet fermented bean paste sauce, chilli paste or light vegetable curry gravy. [[Ipoh]] and [[Penang]] have different variants of the dish as well; certain stalls in [[Ipoh]] serve the dish with a red sweet sauce, thinly sliced pickled green chillies and fried shallots, whilst in [[Penang]], a type of sweet, black [[Shrimp paste|shrimp sauce]] called ''hae ko'' is the main condiment.
* '''Cheong Cheng style steamed fish,''' Cheong cheng literally mean gravy or sauce steamed. The main ingredients for the gravy or sauce are fermented bean paste and chillies.
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[[File:Hainanesechickenrice.jpg|thumb|Hainanese chicken rice balls in [[Muar (town)|Muar]], [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]]]]
* '''[[Hainanese Chicken Rice|Chicken rice]]''' is one of the most popular Chinese-inspired dishes in Malaysia. Hainanese chicken rice is the best known version: it is prepared with the [[white cut chicken|same traditional method]] used for cooking [[Wenchang chicken]], which involve steeping the entire chicken at sub-boiling temperatures within a master stock until cooked, to ensure the chicken meat becomes moist and tender. The chicken is then chopped up, and served with a bowl or plate of rice cooked in [[chicken fat]] and chicken stock, along with another bowl of clear chicken broth and a set of dips and condiments. Sometimes the chicken is dipped in ice to produce a jelly-like skin finishing upon the completion of the poaching process. In [[Malacca]], the chicken rice is served shaped into balls.
* '''[[Curry Mee]]''' (A bowl of thin yellow noodles mixed with bihun in a spicy curry soup enriched with coconut milk, and topped with tofu puffs, prawns, cuttlefish, chicken, long beans, cockles and mint leaves, with sambal served on the side. It is often referred to as '''curry laksa'''.
**'''White Curry Mee''', however the soup base is in white colour instead of yellow or red. The white color comes from the Coconut gravy)
* '''[[Fish ball]]''' are fish paste shaped into a spherical shape. Usually fish ball is served as a condiment together with [[rice vermicelli]] or yellow noodles in a ''clear soup'' base. Bean sprouts and [[Scallion|spring onions]] are also commonly added, complemented by a small plate of [[chilli padi]] soaked in [[soy sauce]]. [[Fishcake]] is also a common addition
* '''[[Fish soup bee hoon|Fish head bihun]],''' A noodle soup in which the main ingredients are rice vermicelli and a deep fried fish head cut into chunks. The soup itself is somewhat creamy, which is usually achieved using a mixture of rich fish stock and milk. Tomatoes and pickled vegetables are sometimes added to cut the richness and provide a tangy foil for the noodle soup.
* '''Hakka mee,''' Hakka Mee is a simple dish of noodles topped with a ground meat gravy. A popular hawker dish with Hakka cultural roots, it is based on an older recipe called Dabumian; the name indicates its place of origin as [[Dabu County]], the center of Hakka culture in mainland China.
* '''[[Heong Peng]],''' these fragrant pastries, which resemble slightly flattened balls, are a famed speciality of Ipoh which are now widely available in Malaysia and are even exported overseas. It contains a sweet sticky filling made from malt and shallots, covered by a flaky baked crust and garnished with sesame seeds on the surface.
[[File:Penang Hokkien Prawn Noodles.JPG|thumb|A bowl of [[Penang]] ''[[Hokkien mee]]'']]
* '''[[Hokkien Mee]],''' actually has two variants, with each being ubiquitous to a particular region of [[Peninsular Malaysia]].
**[[Penang]] [[Hokkien mee]], colloquially referred to in [[Penang]] as ''Hokkien mee'', is also known as ''[[hae mee]]''  elsewhere in [[Malaysia]]. One of [[Penang]]'s most famous specialties, it is a noodle soup with yellow and rice noodles immersed in an aromatic stock made from prawns and pork (chicken for halal versions), and garnished with a boiled egg, poached prawns, chopped ''[[Ipomoea aquatica|kangkung]]'' and a dollop of spicy ''[[sambal]]''.
** Hokkien char mee, a dish of thick yellow noodles braised, fried with thick black soy sauce and added with crispy lardons, is more commonly served in the [[Klang Valley]]. It was originally developed in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Thus, within the central region of [[Peninsular Malaysia]], the term ''Hokkien mee'' refers to this particular version.
* [[File:Iced Ipoh White Coffee.jpg|alt=A glass of Iced Ipoh white coffee with straw|thumb|273x273px|Iced Ipoh white coffee in [[Menglembu]], [[Ipoh]], Malaysia]]'''[[Ipoh white coffee]],''' A popular coffee drink which originated in Ipoh. Unlike the robust dark roast used for typical Malaysian-style black coffee ("Kopi-O"), "white" coffee is produced with only palm oil margarine and without any sugar and wheat, resulting in a significantly lighter roast. It is typically enriched with condensed milk prior to serving. This drink inspired the [[OldTown White Coffee]] restaurant chain, and instant beverage versions are widely available throughout Malaysia and even in international markets.
* '''Kam Heong,''' literally "golden fragrance" in English, Kam Heong is a method of cooking developed in Malaysia, and is a good example of the country's culinary style of mixing cultures. The tempering of aromatics with bird's eye chillies, curry leaves, crushed dried shrimp, curry powder, oyster sauce and various other seasonings yields a versatile stir-fry sauce that goes well with chicken, clams, crabs, prawns, and squid.
* '''Kway chap,''' Teochew dish of rice noodle sheets in a dark soy sauce gravy, served with pork pieces, pig offal, tofu products and boiled eggs.
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[[File:Claypot rice xx.JPG|thumb|right|[[Claypot chicken rice]]]]
* '''[[Lor mee]],''' A bowl of thick yellow noodles served in a thickened gravy made from eggs, starch and pork stock.
* '''[[Marmite]] chicken,''' a unique dish of marinated fried chicken pieces glazed in a syrupy sauce made from [[marmite]], soy sauce, maltose and honey. This dish may also be prepared with other ingredients like pork ribs and prawns.
* '''Ngah Po Fan''' or '''Sha Po Fan,''' seasoned rice [[Clay pot cooking#Chinese|cooked in a claypot]] with secondary ingredients, and finished with soy sauce. A typical example is rice cooked with chicken, Chinese sausage, and vegetables. Claypots are also used for braising noodles, meat dishes and reducing soups. One of the most famous and common one is:
**[[Claypot chicken rice]], chicken rice served in a claypot, traditionally cooked with charcoal. Typical additions include salted fish and [[lap cheong]]. [[Bercham]], a suburb in Ipoh is famous for claypot chicken rice.
* '''[[Ngo hiang]]''' or '''lor bak,''' a fried meat roll made from spiced minced pork and chopped water chestnuts rolled up in soy bean curd sheets, and deep fried. It is usually served with small bowl of ''Lor'' (a thick broth thickened with corn starch and beaten eggs) and chilli sauce. The term also extends to other items sold alongside the meat rolls, like ''tao kwa'' (hard tofu), pork sausages, [[tofu skin]] sheets etc.
[[File:Ban mian.jpg|thumb|right|Pan Mee]]
* '''[[Oyster omelette]]''' or ''O-chian,'' a medley of small oysters is sauteed on a hot plate before being folded into an egg batter, which then has moistened starch mixed in for thickening, and finally fried to a crisp finish. Unlike other versions of oyster omelettes found throughout the Hokkien and Teochew diaspora, a thick savoury gravy is never poured onto Malaysian-style oyster omelettes; a chilli sauce is provided on the side for dipping instead.
* '''[[Pan mee]],''' noodle soup with hand-kneaded and torn pieces of noodles or regular strips of machine-pressed noodles, with a toothsome texture not unlike Italian pasta. A variant popular in the [[Klang Valley]] is known as "Chilli Pan Mee", and which of cooked noodles served with minced pork, a poached egg, fried anchovies and fried chilli flakes which are added to taste. Chilli Pan Mee is accompanied with a bowl of clear soup with leafy vegetables.
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[[File:Tam bun peah.jpg|thumb|''Tau sar pneah'', also known as ''Tambun pneah'', from [[Penang]]]]
* '''[[Popiah]],''' Hokkien/Teochew-style crepe stuffed and rolled up with cooked shredded tofu and vegetables like turnip and carrots. The Peranakan version contains julienned bangkuang ([[jicama]]) and bamboo shoots, and the filling is seasoned with [[tauco|tauchu]] (fermented soybean paste) and meat stock. Another variation consists of popiah doused in a spicy sauce. Popiah can also be deep fried and served in a manner similar to the mainstream Chinese [[spring roll]].
* '''Tau sar pneah,''' A famous [[Penang]] delicacy, this round-shaped Chinese pastry contains primarily green bean paste, and its ingredients include wheat flour, sugar and salt. It is '''also known as''' [[Tambun biscuit]]s as it was widely believed that the pastry originated from Bukit Tambun, [[Penang]]. Its popularity as a delicacy has made this pastry one of the must-buy souvenirs from [[Penang]].
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[[File:Char siew wan tan noodle.JPG|thumb|right|Wonton Mee]]
* '''[[Wonton Mee]],''' thin egg noodles with [[wonton]] dumplings, [[choy sum]] and char siu. The dumplings are usually made of pork or prawns, and typically boiled or deep fried. The noodles may be served in a bowl of broth with dumplings as in the traditional Cantonese manner, but in Malaysia it is more commonly dressed with a dark soy sauce dressing, with boiled or deep-fried wonton dumplings as a topping or served on the side in a bowl of broth. Variations of this dish are usually in the meat accompaniments with the noodles. These may include roast pork, braised chicken feet, and roast duck 
* '''[[Youtiao|Yau Zha Gwai]]''' or Eu Char Kway or You Tiao, a version of the traditional Chinese crueller, which is a breakfast favourite. It can be eaten plain with a beverage like coffee and soy milk, spread with butter or kaya, or dipped into congee. It is shaped like a pair of chopsticks, stuck together.
* '''[[Yong tau foo]],''' tofu products and vegetables like [[Eggplant|brinjals]], [[okra|lady's fingers]], bitter gourd and chillies stuffed with fish paste or [[surimi]]. Originally developed in [[Ampang Jaya|Ampang, Selangor]], Malaysian yong tau foo is a localised adaptation of a Hakka dish called ''ngiong tew foo'' (stuffed tofu with ground pork paste) and is usually served in a clear broth, with or without noodles.
[[File:Singapore Yusheng.jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Yusheng'']]
* '''[[Yusheng]],''' a festive raw fish salad, also pronounced ''yee sang'' in the Cantonese manner. While raw fish preparations are thought to have existed in China during antiquity and can be found in the [[Chaoshan]] region of Guangdong province in modern times, yusheng was created and developed in [[Singapore]] in 1964 when the republic was still a member state of the Federation of Malaysia. It consists of strips of raw fish tossed at the dining table with shredded vegetables, crispy tidbits and a combination of sauces and condiments. Yusheng literally means "raw fish" but since "fish " is commonly conflated with its homophone "abundance, Yúshēng is interpreted as a homophone for Yúshēng meaning an increase in abundance. Therefore, yusheng is considered a symbol of abundance, prosperity and vigor. As a result, the mixing and tossing of yusheng with chopsticks and the subsequent consumption of the salad has become ritualised as part of the commemoration of [[Chinese New Year]] festivities in Malaysia and Singapore.
* '''[[Zongzi]],''' a traditional Chinese food made of glutinous rice stuffed with savoury or sweet fillings and wrapped in bamboo, reed, or other large flat leaves. They are cooked by steaming or boiling, and are a feature of the [[Duanwu]] festival, which is still celebrated by the Chinese communities in Malaysia.
* '''[[Lei Cha]],''' This aromatic drink is a Hakka staple. The recipe differs from household to household, but generally green tea leaves are added to a mixture of salt, ground mint leaves, toasted sesame seeds and nuts. The mixture is ground or pounded into a fine powder, then brewed into a drink. Taste salty, minty, and full of nutrition.
* '''Gong Pian or Kom Piang,''' This is a type of clay oven-baked biscuit/bagel associated with the [[Fuzhou people|Fuzhounese]] settlers brought in by the British. Unlike the more common clan communities brought in, the Fuzhounese settlers were brought in smaller numbers predominantly settling in Sitiawan, Perak and Sibu, Sarawak. The Gong Pians out of Sitiawan are generally sweet, but the Gong Pians in Sitiawan are salty. It is usually filled with pork, lard or onions and is best eaten while still hot and crispy. Fuzhou cuisine is unique in its own, different from the other more common Chinese clan communities. It is uncommon and can only be found mainly in Sitiawan and Sibu.
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===Malaysian Indian cuisine===
{{Indian cuisine}}
{{Main|Malaysian Indian cuisine}}
'''[[Malaysian Indian]]''' cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia. As the vast majority of Malaysia's Indian community are mostly [[Tamil Malaysian|ethnic Tamils]] who are descendants of the modern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sri Lanka]]'s [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]], much of Malaysian Indian cuisine is predominantly [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian inspired]] in character and taste. A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms. Ghee is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens. Before a meal it is customary to wash hands as cutlery is often not used while eating, with the exception of a serving spoon for each respective dish.
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Food served in the traditional South Indian manner is termed [[banana leaf rice]]. Plain white or parboiled rice would be served with an assortment of vegetable preparations, lentil gravy, pickles, condiments, and [[papadum]] crackers on a banana leaf, which acts as a disposable plate. Banana leaf meals are eaten to celebrate special occasions such as festivals, birthdays, marriages, or to commemorate funeral wakes. It is customary to consume banana leaf meals [[Etiquette of Indian dining|by hand]] and to show appreciation for the food by folding the banana leaf inwards, though less ritual and etiquette is observed when the meal isn't part of a formal occasion, such as the [[Malayali|Malayalee]] community's elaborate [[Sadya]] feasts. Boiled eggs, meat or seafood dishes are available at banana leaf restaurants which are not exclusively vegetarian or vegan.
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Some notable Malaysian Indian dishes include:
* '''[[Satti Sorru]],''' Indian claypot rice
* '''[[Chapati]],''' a [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian style]] flatbread. It is made from a dough of [[atta flour]] (whole grain durum wheat), water and salt by rolling the dough out into discs of approximately twelve centimetres in diameter and browning the discs on both sides on a very hot, dry tava or frying pan without any oil. Chapatis are usually eaten with curried vegetables. and pieces of the chapati are used to wrap around and pick up each bite of the cooked dish.
* '''[[Fish head curry]],''' a dish where the head of a fish (usually ''ikan merah'', or literally "red fish"), is braised in a thick and spicy curried gravy with assorted vegetables such as lady's fingers and brinjals.
[[File:Idly sambar vada.JPG|thumb|Idli served with typical accompaniments.]]
* '''[[Fish molee]],''' originally from the Indian state of [[Kerala]], this preparation of fish in a spiced coconut milk gravy is perhaps the Malaysian [[Malayalee]] community's best known dish.
* '''[[Idli]],''' made from a mashed mixture of skinned black lentils and rice formed into patties using a mould and steamed, idlis are eaten at breakfast or as a snack. Idlis are usually served in pairs with [[vada (food)|vadai]], small donut-shaped fritters made from mashed lentils and spices, [[chutney]], and a thick stew of lentils and [[vegetable]]s called [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]].
* '''[[Lassi]],''' a yogurt-based drink which comes in savoury and sweet varieties. A common drink of Tamil origin which is similar to lassi but is thinner in consistency is called ''[[mattha|moru]]''. It is seasoned with salt with flavoured with spices like asafoetida, curry leaves and mustard seeds.
[[File:Maggi Goreng.jpg|thumb|Maggi goreng in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Penang]]]]
* '''[[Maggi goreng]],''' a unique Mamak-style variant of mee goreng or stir-fried noodles, using reconstituted [[Maggi instant noodles]] instead of yellow egg noodles. The noodles may be wok-tossed with bean sprouts, chilli, greens, eggs, tofu, and meat of choice, although no recipe at any Mamak eatery are ever the same. It is usually accompanied with a calamansi lime.
[[File:MURTABAK 1 0031.jpg|thumb|[[Murtabak]] being made at a stall, a type of pancake filled with eggs, small chunks of meat and onions.]]
* '''[[Murtabak]],''' a savoury dish of stuffed roti canai or flatbread eaten with curry gravy. A typical recipe consists of a minced meat mixture seasoned with garlic, onions and spices folded with an omelette and roti canai. Murtabak is popularly eaten with a side of sweet pickled onions during the fasting month of [[Ramadan]].
* '''[[Murukku]],''' a savoury snack of spiced crunchy twists made from rice and urad dal flour, traditionally eaten for [[Deepavali]].
* '''[[Nasi Beriani]]''' or '''[[Biryani]],''' a rice dish made from a mixture of spices, basmati rice, yoghurt, meat or vegetables. The ingredients are ideally cooked together in the final phase and is time-consuming to prepare. Pre-mixed biryani spices from different commercial names are easily available in markets these days, which is meant to reduce preparation time.
[[Image:Pasembur.jpg|thumb|right|Pasembur.]]
* '''[[Pachadi]],''' a traditional South Indian side accompaniment or relish made with vegetables, fruits or lentils. The [[Malaysian Telugu]] community celebrate the Telugu New Year or [[Ugadi]] by preparing a special dish called ''[[Ugadi#Symbolic eating of a dish with six tastes|Ugadi Pachadi]]'', which blends six taste notes as a symbolic reminder of the various facets of life. It is made with green chilli (heat), unripe mangoes (tangy), neem flowers (bitter), jaggery (sweet), tamarind juice (sour) and salt.
* '''[[Pasembur]],''' a salad of shredded cucumber, boiled potatoes, fried bean curd, turnip, bean sprouts, prawn fritters, spicy fried crab, and fried octopus. This [[Penang]] Mamak speciality is served with a sweet and spicy nut sauce, and variants of this dish are found in other states as [[Rojak#Mamak rojak|Mamak rojak]].
* '''[[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]],''' a boiled rice dish which comes in sweet and spicy varieties. It shares the same name as the [[Thai Pongal|harvest]] festival which is celebrated every January; the name of the festival itself is derived from this dish. The sweet variety of pongal, prepared with milk and jaggery, is cooked in the morning. Once the pongal pot has boiled over (symbolism for an abundant harvest), it is then offered as a [[prasad]] to the gods as thanksgiving.
* '''[[Puri (food)|Poori]],''' an unleavened deep-fried bread made with whole-wheat flour, commonly consumed for breakfast or as a light meal. A larger [[North Indian]] variant made with leavened all-purpose flour or [[maida flour|maida]] is called ''[[bhatura]]''.
* '''[[Puttu]],''' a speciality of the [[Sri Lankans in Malaysia|Sri Lankan Tamil]] community, puttu is a steamed cylinder of ground rice layered with coconut. It is eaten with bananas, brown sugar, and side dishes like vendhaya kolumbu (tamarind stew flavoured with fenugreek seeds and lentils) or kuttu sambal (relish made from pounded coconut, onions, chilli and spices).
* '''[[Putu Mayam]],''' the Indian equivalent of rice noodles, also known as ''[[idiyappam]]''. Homemade versions tend to be eaten as an accompaniment to curried dishes or dal. The street food version is typically served with grated coconut and orange-coloured [[jaggery]]. In some areas, ''gula melaka'' is the favoured sweetener.
[[File:RotiTissue001.jpg|thumb|Roti tisu served as a savoury meal, pictured here with a glass of {{not a typo|teh}} tarik.]]
* '''[[Roti canai]],''' a thin unleavened bread with a flaky crust, fried on a skillet with oil and served with condiments. It is sometimes referred to as roti kosong. A host of variations on this classic dish may be found at all Mamak eateries, either at the creative whim of the cook or by customers' special request. A few examples include: roti telur (fried with eggs), roti bawang (fried with thinly sliced onions), roti bom (a smaller but denser roti, usually round in shape), roti pisang (banana), and so on.
* '''[[Roti tissue]],''' a variant of roti canai made as thin as a piece of 40–50&nbsp;cm round-shaped tissue in density. It is then carefully folded by the cook into a tall, conical shape and left to stand upright. Roti tissue may be served with curry gravy, dal and chutneys, or finished off with sweet substances such as caramelised sugar and eaten as a dessert.
* '''[[Teh tarik]],''' literally meaning "pulled tea", {{not a typo|teh}} tarik is a well-loved Malaysian drink. Tea is sweetened using condensed milk, and is prepared using outstretched hands to pour piping hot tea from a mug into a waiting glass, repetitively. The higher the "tarik" or pull, the thicker the froth. The pulling also has the effect of cooling down the tea. Teh tarik is an art form in itself and watching the tea streaming back and forth into the containers can be quite captivating. Similar drinks and variants include kopi tarik, or "pulled coffee" instead of tea; [[teh halia]], tea brewed with ginger, and with or without the ''tarik'' treatment; and {{not a typo|teh}} madras, which is prepared with three separate layers: milk at the bottom, black tea in the middle and foam at the top.
* '''[[Thosai]]''', '''dosa''' or '''dosai,''' a soft crepe made from a batter of mashed urad dal and rice, and left to ferment overnight. The batter is spread into a thin, circular disc on a flat, preheated griddle. It may be cooked as it is for (which results in a foldable and soft crepe), or a dash of oil or ghee is then added to the thosai and toasted for crispier results.
* '''[[Vadai]]''', '''vada''' or '''vades,''' is a common term for many different types of savoury fritter-type snacks originated from South India with a set of common ingredients. The most common ingredients are lentils, chillis, onions and curry leaves.
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===Sabahan food===
{{main|Sabahan cuisine}}
[[File:Umibudou at Miyakojima01s3s2850.jpg|thumb|Sea grapes, known as latok by the Bajau people.]]
The food of Sabah reflects the ethnic diversity of its population and is very eclectic. Traditional [[Kadazandusun]] cuisine involves mostly boiling or grilling and employs little use of oil. From simple appetizers of seasoned unripe mango to a variety of pickled foods collectively known as ''noonsom'', tangy and pungent flavours derived from souring agents or fermentation techniques is a key characteristic of traditional Kadazandusun cooking. Rice wine accompanies all Kadazandusun celebrations and rites, and at a [[Murut people|Murut]] event there will be rows upon rows of jars with fermented tapioca tapai. Presently few eateries in Sabah serve traditional indigenous dishes, although it will always be found during festive occasions like weddings and funerals, as well as the Kaamatan and Kalimaran cultural festivals. Chinese-influenced dishes like [[North China|northern Chinese]] [[Jiaozi#Guotie|potstickers]] and Hakka stuffed tofu, along with many original creations developed in Sabah's interior settlements by immigrants from both [[northern and southern China]] throughout the 20th century, feature prominently on the menus of many kopitiam establishments and upscale restaurants.
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Sabah is notable for its excellent seafood, temperate produce and tea (Sabah tea has GI status) grown in the highlands of Mt. Kinabalu, and a small coffee plantation industry with [[Tenom]] coffee considered the best produce in the region. Local ingredients like freshwater fish, wild boar (''bakas'' in native dialects), bamboo shoots, wild ferns, and various jungle produce still figure prominently in the daily diet of the local population. As a significant portion of rural communities still subsist on agriculture as their primary source of income, small scale festivals are even held each year at certain towns to celebrate produce vital to the livelihoods of the local people: the Pesta Jagung of [[Kota Marudu]], the Pesta Rumbia (sago) of [[Kuala Penyu]], and Pesta Kelapa from the town of [[Kudat]]. Sabah vegetable, also known as ''cekuk manis'' or ''sayur manis'' (Chinese : 树仔菜), can be found on the menus of many eateries and restaurants throughout the state of Sabah. It is one of the local terms used for a variety of ''Sauropus albicans'' developed in [[Lahad Datu]], which yields crunchy edible shoots in addition to its leaves. The flavour is reminiscent of spinach but more complex, "as though it had been fortified with broccoli and infused with asparagus", and is typically stir-fried with eggs or seasonings like sambal belacan.
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Whether grilled, [[cured fish|cured]], deep-fried, steamed, stir-fried, braised, served raw, or made into soups, Sabah's seafood is famed for its freshness, quality, and good value for money. A vast variety of fish, cephalopods, marine crustaceans, shellfish, sea cucumbers and jellyfish have become mainstays on lunch and dinner menus at kopitiam, restaurants, and humble food shacks all over [[Kota Kinabalu]] and other coastal towns like [[Sandakan]], [[Tawau]], [[Lahad Datu]] and [[Semporna]]. Seafood paired with noodles also figure prominently for breakfast, for each day locals flock to speciality eateries where they may be served an assortment of fish-based products to start the day. Examples include: [[poaching (cooking)|poached]] patties handmade with fresh [[fish paste]]; deep-fried [[fish cake]]s wrapped in tofu skin sheets; and noodle soups with toppings like sliced [[fish fillet]], [[Fish ball|fish or prawn balls]], and fish innards. A few eateries even serve "noodles" rolled out with fresh fish paste.
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[[Edible seaweed]] is a traditional food for certain seaside communities throughout Sabah and also possess GI status. [[Caulerpa lentillifera|Latok]] is similar in appearance to clusters of green-hued fish eggs or grapes, and is typically prepared as a salad by the [[Bajau]] people. [[Eucheuma|Coral seaweed]] is another popular seaplant product; in recent times it is marketed as a gourmet health food to both locals and tourists, and is given the moniker of "sea [[edible bird's nest|bird's nest]]" (Chinese : 海底燕窝) as coral seaweed acquires a similar gelatinous texture when dissolved in water.
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[[File:Amplang from Sabah, Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Amplang.]]
[[File:Swordfish hinava.jpg|thumb|[[Swordfish]] hinava served with [[sandwich bread]]]]
Among the foods and beverages particular to Sabah are:
* '''[[Amplang]]''' is a type of cracker made from Spanish mackerel, tapioca starch and other seasonings, and then deep fried.
* '''Bahar''' or '''baa''' is the Kadazandusun variant of [[palm wine]] made with sap collected from the cut flower bud of a young coconut tree and a special type of tree bark called ''rosok'', endemic to the [[Tuaran]] district. Pieces of the ''rosok'' is dipped into the coconut nectar during the fermentation process, which contributes a reddish hue to the final product.
* '''Beaufort Mee''' (Chinese: 保佛炒面) is a speciality of [[Beaufort, Malaysia|Beaufort]] town. Handmade noodles are smoked, then wok-tossed with meat (usually slices of char siu and marinated pork) or seafood and plenty of [[choy sum]], and finished off with a thick viscous gravy.
*  '''Bosou''', also called '''noonsom''' or '''tonsom''', is the Kadazandusun term for a traditional recipe of tangy fermented meat. Smoked and pulverised buah keluak (nuts from the Kepayang tree ([[Pangium edule]]) which grows in Malaysia's mangrove swamplands), or ''pangi'' is a key ingredient and acts as a preservative. Combined with rice, salt and fresh meat or fish, the mixture is then placed into a sealed jar or container for fermentation. Contemporary variants for ''bosou'' add bananas and pineapples to the mixture. ''Pinongian'' is a variant where rice is omitted to produce a final product which is much less tangy in taste; however, unlike bosou, "pinongian" must be cooked before serving.
* '''[[Hinava]]''' is a traditional Kadazandusun dish of raw fish cured in lime juice. Typically, firm fleshed white fish like mackerel (''hinava sada tongii'') is marinated with lime juice, sliced shallots, chopped chilli, julienned ginger and grated dried seed of the ''bambangan'' fruit. Optional additions may include sliced bitter gourd. Hinava may also be made with prawns (''hinava gipan'').
* '''Lihing''' is a rice wine made exclusively from glutinous rice and natural yeast called ''sasad''. Bittersweet in taste profile, lihing is a speciality of the Kadazan [[Penampang]] community, where it is still commonly [[homebrewing|brewed at home]]. Lihing can be used to make chicken soup (''Sup Manuk Lihing''), used in marinades, or even as an ingredient for meat pastries and stir-fried dishes. Commercially produced lihing, much pricier than the homebrewed version but consistent in quality, is also available in select souvenir shops. Lihing and similar rice wine variants from other Kadazandusun communities may also be distilled to produce a hard liquor called ''montoku'' or ''talak''.
* '''[[Linongot]]''' is a type of leaf parcel (usually ''irik'' or tarap leaves)  filled with a combination of cooked rice and root vegetables like sweet potatoes and yam. Alternate names known by Kadazandusun communities in other districts include ''linopod'' and ''sinamazan''.
* '''Nasi kombos''' is a rice dish from the [[Lotud]] community. Glutinous rice is first cooked with young coconut water, and then mixed with the grated tender flesh of a young coconut. The rice is traditionally served in a hollowed out coconut shell.
* '''Nonsoom bambangan''' is a pickle made from half ripe bambangan fruit mixed with grated dried bambangan seed and salt, sealed in a tightly covered jar and left to ferment for weeks.
* '''Ngiu chap''' (牛什) is a Chinese-influenced dish of beef or buffalo broth served with noodles, usually immersed in the soup with slices of poached beef or buffalo meat, meatballs, stewed brisket, tendon, liver and various offal parts. An iconic Sabahan dish, ngiu chap has many different variations, from the lighter Hainanese style to heartier Hakka-influenced flavours, and even village-style ngiu chap adapted for indigenous tastes.
* '''Piaren Ah Manuk''' is a chicken curry made from a sauteed ''rempah'' base and grated coconut, then braised in coconut milk. This dish is very popular in the [[Iranun]] community. Variants include fish (Piaren Ah Sada) and unripe jackfruit (Piaren Ah Badak).
* ''' Nuba laya/Nuba tinga''' is an ordinary rice wrapped with [[banana leaf]] or nyrik leaf. This dishes is to ease the farmer and the traveller for them to carry for a long journey. Usually this dishes is very famous among the [[Lun Bawang|Lun Bawang/Lundayeh]] people and this dishes a bit similarity to the linongot. However, this Nuba Tinga/Nuba laya is different because the rice is very soft and can bitten easily by senior citizen.
* '''Pinasakan''' or '''Pinarasakan''' is a home-style Kadazandusun dish of fish simmered with ''takob-akob'' (dried skin of a mangosteen-like fruit which functions as a souring agent) or slices of unripe ''bambangan'', as well as fresh turmeric leaves and rhizome.
* '''[[Pinjaram]]''' (or known as: Penyaram) is a Bajau and [[Bruneian Malay people|Bruneian Malay]] heritage. It is famous and popular almost everywhere in Sabah and can be found in night markets and Tamu (Sabah weekly market).
* '''Sagol''' or '''sinagol''' is a Bajau speciality of fish which is first blanched and minced, then sauteed with turmeric, garlic, ginger, onions and crushed lemongrass. Traditionally the oil used is rendered fish liver oil, usually from the same fish used to prepare this dish. This dish may be prepared with [[Shark meat|shark]], [[stingray]] and even [[puffer fish]].
* '''Sang nyuk mian''' (Chinese : 生肉面) is a dish of noodles served with pork broth, originating from [[Tawau]]. Very popular with the non-Muslim communities of Sabah, it is named after the poached-to-order slices of tender marinated pork served in pork broth which is flavoured with fried lard bits. The noodles (usually thick yellow noodles) are either dressed in dark soy and lard, or dunked into the soup along with the aforementioned pork slices, vegetables, meatballs and offal.
* '''Sinalau''' refers to Kadazandusun style smoked meat, which is usually wild boar or ''bakas''. Barbecued on a char grill and eaten with rice and dipping sauces, sinalau bakas can be found and purchased in rural areas and towns. Halal versions substitute wild boar for other game meats like deer.
* '''Sinamu Baka''' is a [[Lun Bawang|Lun Bawang/Lundayeh]] traditional food. This is a tangy fermented food same like a [[Bosou]] but the differences is sinamu baka only suitable for wild bear.
* '''Tinonggilan''' is a slightly sparkling alcoholic drink made from [[maize]]. Tinonggilan is a [[Rungus]] speciality and is usually served during festive occasions, or as refreshments for guests during the performance of a ritual dance called Mongigol Sumundai.
* '''Tompek''' is a Bajau food made from grated [[cassava|tapioca]], eaten as an alternative starchy staple to rice. The grated tapioca is squeezed to dry out mixture and crumbled, then fried or toasted until golden brown. Grated tapioca may also be packed into cylindrical shapes and steamed until it forms into a chewy tubular cake called ''putu'', another traditional Bajau staple.
* '''Tuaran mee''' (Chinese: 斗亚兰面) is a speciality of [[Tuaran]] town. This dish of wok fried fresh handmade noodles is well known in the nearby city of Kota Kinabalu as well as in neighbouring [[Tamparuli]] town, where the localised adaptation is called Tamparuli mee (Chinese: 担波罗利炒生面). The noodles must first be toasted with oil in the wok to prevent it from clumping together, then blanched to reduce the stiff crunchy texture from toasting. The final step involves stir frying the noodles to a dry finish with eggs, vegetables, and meat or seafood.
* '''Tuhau''' (''Etlingera coccinea'') is a type of wild ginger, specifically the stems of the same plant popularly served as a relish by the Kadazandusun community. The stems are typically chopped up and served fresh with lime juice, or mixed with local chives and chilli peppers then cured with salt and vinegar. A more recent recipe called ''serunding tuhau'' involves slicing tuhau stems into thin floss-like shreds, which is then sauteed until it becomes golden and crisp. It has a distinctive scent which is said to have a polarising effect even among indigenous Sabahans.
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===Sarawakian food===
{{main|Sarawakian cuisine}}
Sarawakian is quite distinct from the regional cuisines of the Peninsular. It is considered less spicy, lightly prepared and with more emphasis on subtle flavours. The most important spice in Sarawakian cuisine is pepper. Pepper is commercially produced on an industrial scale as a cash crop, and the preferred choice by local cooks when heat is wanted in a dish. Granted GI status by MyIPO, Sarawak black pepper is highly regarded by international culinary figures such as [[Alain Ducasse]].
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While the Iban constitute the largest Dayak subgroup as well as the most populous ethnic group in Sarawak, much of the ethnic Iban population is still concentrated away from Sarawak's main urban areas, congregating instead within [[longhouse]] communities scattered all over the interior regions of the state. The traditional cookery of the Iban is called ''pansoh'' or ''pansuh'', which is the preparation and cooking of food in bamboo tubes. Ingredients like poultry, fish, pork, vegetables or rice are mixed with fragrant herbs like lemongrass, tapioca leaves and ''bungkang'' leaves (a species of myrtle from the [[Eugenia]] genus), then sealed within the bamboo tubes and placed directly over an open fire. Cooking food this way will infuse it with aroma and flavour from the bamboo tubes while keeping it moist.
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During Dayak festivals or [[Gawai Dayak|Gawai]], the Iban would slaughter locally reared pigs. The pig would be cleaned thoroughly after the slaughter, have its head and stomach removed, and the rest of the pig would be cut into smaller pieces in preparation for barbecuing. The head and stomach of a pig are usually put aside and prepared separately as they are considered the choicest parts of the animal; hence pig's heads are a common edible gift brought by visitors to an Iban longhouse, and dishes such as pork stomach cooked with pineapples are a must for Gawai.
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Sarawak is notable for its rice; currently three varieties grown in Sarawak has been granted GI status by MyIPO.
Among the foods and beverages particular to Sarawak are:
[[File:Sarawak Kolo Mee.jpg|thumb|right|Kolo mee]]
[[File:Laksa Sarawak.JPG|thumb|right|Laksa Sarawak]]
[[File:3 Layer Milk Tea.jpg|thumb|right|Teh C Peng Special]]
* '''Belacan bihun''' is rice vermicelli dressed in a gravy made from ground chillies, belacan, tamarind, and dried shrimp. It is garnished with cured cuttlefish, julienned cucumber, bean sprouts and century egg wedges.
* '''[[Bubur pedas]]''' is a type of rice congee cooked with a specially prepared spice paste, or ''rempah'' made from turmeric, lemon grass, [[galangal]], chillies, ginger, coconut and shallots. A fairly complex and spicy dish compared to most typical congee preparations, Bubur Pedas is often prepared during the month of Ramadan and served during the breaking of fast.
* '''[[Daun ubi tumbuk]]''' or '''pucuk ubi tumbuk''' is a preparation of cassava leaves (known as ''empasak'' by the Iban) which has the consistency of pesto, and is widely eaten among Sarawak's native communities. The pounded leaves may be sauteed with seasonings like anchovies and chilli, stuffed into a bamboo tube and roasted over an open fire, or simply boiled with shallot, fat and salt.
* '''Ikan terubuk masin''' is salt-preserved [[toli shad]], which is endemic to the coastal waters of Sarawak, stretching from Sematan to Lawas. It is considered an iconic delicacy in Sarawak, and thus a prized edible gift.
* '''Kasam ensabi''' is a fermented vegetable pickle made from an indigenous cultivar of mustard greens (''ensabi'') and is traditional to the Iban community.
* '''Kolo mee''' or '''mee kolok''' (Chinese: 干捞面) is a dish of springy egg noodles tossed in a sweet and savoury shallot, lard and vinegar dressing, and topped with seasoned minced pork and char siu. It is similar to Peninsular-style Hakka mee or wonton mee in concept, but differs significantly in taste profile. A popular variant uses rendered oil from cooking char siu to flavour kolo mee instead of plain lard, which gives the noodles a reddish hue. Halal versions of kolo mee replace the pork components with beef (earning the moniker of ''mee sapi'') or chicken, and lard with peanut or vegetable oil. Additional toppings can include mushrooms, chicken and crab meat. ''Kampua mee'' (Chinese: 干盘面) is a similar dish from [[Sibu]] of Fuzhou origin.
* '''Laksa Sarawak''' or '''Kuching Laksa''' (Chinese : 古晉叻沙) is noodles (usually rice vermicelli) served in an aromatic spiced coconut milk soup, topped with shredded chicken, shredded omelette, bean sprouts, prawns, and garnished with coriander.
* '''Manok kacangma''' is a Chinese-influenced dish, traditionally taken by local women for confinement after giving birth. It consists of chicken pieces cooked with ginger and [[motherwort|kacangma]] (Chinese: 益母草), often seasoned with some [[Chinese alcoholic beverages|Chinese wine]] or tuak by non-Muslim cooks.
* '''[[Manok pansoh]]''' is the most typical Iban pansoh preparation of chicken seasoned with ''bungkang'' leaves, lemongrass, ginger, and tapioca leaves, then stuffed into a bamboo tube and roasted in the Uma Avok (traditional fireplace). A related [[Bidayuh]] dish is ''Asam Siok'', with the addition of rice to the chicken mixture. These dishes are not commonly found in urban eateries and restaurants due to the practicality of roasting a bamboo tube over an open fire within a typical commercial kitchen.
* '''Nasi goreng dabai''' is rice stir-fried with dabai (''[[Canarium odontophyllum]]''), an indigenous fruit found only in Sarawak. It is often compared to an olive, due to their similarity in appearance as well as taste. As dabai is highly perishable and seasonal in nature, this dish is also prepared with preserved dabai paste.
* '''Nuba laya''' is cooked Bario rice which is mashed and wrapped in leaves of the ''phacelophrynium maximum'' plant. It is considered the centerpiece of a meal for the [[Lun Bawang]] and [[Kelabit people]]. Accompaniments may include a small bowl of porridge (''kikid''), shredded beef cooked with wild ginger and dried chilli (''labo senutuq''), deboned shredded fish (''a'beng''), wild jungle vegetables prepared in various ways, and so on.
*'''Sinamu Baka''' is a Lun Bawang/Lundayeh traditional food. This is a tangy fermented food same like Bosuo but the differences is Sinamu Baka only suitable for wild bear meat.
* '''Sup Terung Dayak''' is a popular soup dish made with a native cultivar of wild eggplant, which is spherical in shape and slightly larger than a navel orange. Also called ''terung asam'' due to its natural tart flavour, this eggplant species comes in bright hues ranging from yellow to orange. Other ingredients for the soup may include fish, prawns, or fish products (dried, salted or smoked fish).
* '''Tebaloi''' is a sago biscuit snack which is traditionally associated with the Melanau people of Sarawak.
* '''Three layer tea''' or ''Teh C Peng Special'' is an iced concoction of brewed tea, evaporated milk and gula apong (nirah palm sugar) syrup, carefully presented un-stirred in three or more layers. Originally from [[Kuching]], its popularity has spread to other areas of Sarawak as well as neighbouring Sabah.
* '''[[Tuak]]''' is a type of liquor traditional to Sarawak's Dayak communities. It is most commonly made from fermented normal or glutinous rice, but there is no accepted convention or definition on what constitutes tuak. Tuak is essentially an alcoholic drink produced by fermenting anything that contains carbohydrates, as long as it is made in Sarawak by Sarawakians. with The Bidayuh in particular are known for their skill and expertise in brewing tuak: ingredients for tuak variants include sugarcane (''tepui''), [[baccaurea macrocarpa|tampoi]] (a wild fruit with a sweet and tart flavour), pineapples and apples. Tuak is normally served as a welcoming drink to guests, and as an important component for ritual events and festive occasions like Gawai and Christmas. Tuak may also be distilled to make a spirit called ''langkau''.
* '''[[Umai (food)|Umai]]''' is a traditional [[Melanau]] food, accompanied with a bowl of baked or toasted sago pearls. There are two different versions of umai – the traditional sambal campur and a more contemporary variation called ''sambal cecah jeb''. The former is a raw seafood salad which consists of raw sliced seafood (anything from freshwater and seawater fish, prawns and even jellyfish) cured in calamansi lime juice, tossed with ground peanuts, sliced onions and chillies. For ''umai jeb'', the raw sliced seafood is undressed, and is simply dipped into a spicy sauce for consumption.
* '''White Lady''' is a chilled drink made with milk, mango juice, longan and pineapple. Invented in 1975 by a Kuching hawker, multiple variations can be found in various hawker stalls throughout the city.
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===Peranakan food===
{{main|Peranakan cuisine}}
Peranakan cuisine, also called Nyonya food, was developed by the Straits Chinese whose descendants reside in today's Malaysia and Singapore. The old Malay word nyonya (also spelled nonya), a term of respect and affection for women of prominent social standing (part "madame" and part "auntie"), has come to refer to the cuisine of the Peranakans. It uses mainly Chinese ingredients but blends them with Malay ingredients such as coconut milk, lemon grass, turmeric, tamarind, pandan leaves, chillies and [[sambal]]. It can be considered as a blend of Chinese and Malay cooking, with influences from Indonesian Chinese cuisine (for the Nyonya food of Malaccan and Singaporean) and Thai cuisine (for [[Penang]] Nyonya cuisine). Traditional Nyonya cooking is often very elaborate, labour-intensive and time-consuming, and the Peranakan community often consider the best Nyonya food is to be found in private homes.
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[[File:Penang laksa.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A bowl of Asam laksa]]
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Examples of Nyonya dishes include:
* '''Acar,''' various pickled meats and vegetables like acar keat-lah (honey lime/calamansi), achar hu (fried fish), acar kiam hu (salt fish), acar timun ([[cucumber]]), acar awat (mixed vegetables).
* '''[[Laksa|Asam Laksa]]''' (Mandarin: 亞三叻沙). Considered one of [[Penang]]'s three signature dishes, Asam laksa is similar to the Malay ''laksa utara'', which consists of a bowl of translucent ''al dente'' rice noodles served in a spicy soup made of fish (usually [[Mackerel as food|mackerel]]), [[tamarind]] (both ''asam jawa'' and ''asam gelugor''), and ''daun kesum''. Toppings differ considerably, and may include onion, mint, chopped torch ginger flower, and slices of pineapple and cucumber. A dollop of pungent, viscous [[Shrimp paste|sweet fermented shrimp paste (''Petis udang'' or ''Hae Ko'')]] is usually served on the side.
* '''Ayam buah keluak''', a chicken stew cooked with the nuts from the Kepayang tree ([[Pangium edule]]). For this recipe, the contents of the buah keluak is dug out and sauteed with aromatics and seasonings, before it is stuffed back into the nuts and braised with the chicken pieces.
* '''Ayam/Babi Pongteh''', a stew of chicken or pork cooked with [[tauchu]] or salted fermented soy beans, and [[gula melaka]]. It is usually saltish-sweet and can be substituted as a soup dish in Peranakan cuisine. Commonly use pork as this is a Peranakan version of Chinese braised pork belly.
* '''Babi assam''', a pork stew cooked with tamarind juice. The Kristang community also cook a similar dish of pork in tamarind gravy.
* '''Enche Kabin''', deep fried chicken pieces marinated in a paste of coconut milk and ''rempah (spices).''
* '''Itik Tim''' or ''Kiam Chye Ark Th'ng'' is a soup of duck, preserved mustard greens and cabbage flavoured with [[nutmeg]], Chinese mushrooms, tomatoes and peppercorns.
* '''Jiu Hu Char''' is a dish made up mainly of shredded vegetables like turnip or [[jicama]], carrot, and cabbage and fried together with thinly shredded dried [[cuttlefish]].
* '''Kari Kapitan''' is a [[Penang]] Nonya take on the ubiquitous chicken curry. Kaffir lime leaves and coconut milk are among the key ingredients for this mild curry.
* '''Kerabu Bee Hoon''' is a salad dish consisting of [[rice vermicelli]] mixed with [[sambal]] belacan, calamansi lime juice, and finely chopped herbs and spices. Other famous salad dishes are kerabu bok ni ([[cloud ear fungus]]/tikus telinga), kerabu ke (chicken), kerabu ke-kha (chicken feet), kerabu timun (cucumber), kerabu kobis (cabbage), kerabu kacang botol (four angled bean), kerabu bak pue (pork skin).
* '''Kiam Chye Boey''' is a mixture of leftovers from Kiam Chye Ark Th'ng, Jiu Hu Char, Tu Thor Th'ng and various other dishes. "Boey" literally means "end".
* '''[[Laksa|Laksa lemak]]''' is a type of ''laksa'' served in a rich coconut gravy, served with prawns, cockles, lime and a dollop of sambal belacan.
* '''Masak titik''' is a style of vegetable soup that makes liberal use of white peppercorns. One version uses watermelon rind as the main ingredient. Another makes use of green or semi ripe papaya.
* '''Nasi kunyit,''' glutinous rice seasoned with turmeric powder, coconut milk and ''asam gelugur''. It is usually served with a chicken curry, ang koo kueh, and pink-dyed hard-boiled eggs as gifts in celebration of a child of friends and family turning one month old.
* '''Nyonya [[Zongzi|Bak Chang]]''', Nonya-style [[zongzi]] made in a similar manner as a typical southern Chinese zongzi. However, the filling is typically minced pork with candied winter melon, ground roasted peanuts, and a spice mix. The blue butterfly pea flower is used to colour the rice with a shade of blue, and pandan leaves are sometimes used as the wrapping instead.
* '''[[Cap cai|Nyonya chap chye]],''' the Nyonya take of this [[Chinese Indonesian cuisine|Chinese Indonesian]] classic incorporates tauchu and dried or fresh prawns.
* '''[[Otak-otak]],''' a dish involving fish pieces wrapped in banana leaves. Two very different variations exist: one consists of a mixture of fish pieces and spice paste wrapped in banana leaves and char grilled. This version is particularly associated with the state of [[Malacca]] and the town of [[Muar (town)|Muar]], [[Johor]]. [[Penang]]-style otak-otak takes the form of a delicate steamed parcel, and the robust red-hued spice paste is eschewed in favour of a base of a spiced custard as well as aromatic herbs like daun kaduk.
* '''Perut ikan,''' a spicy stew (similar to asam pedas in flavour profile) comprising mainly vegetables/herbs and getting its distinctive taste mainly from fish bellies preserved in brine and daun kaduk (The Wild Pepper leaf is from the Piper stylosum or the Piper sarmentosum). A classic [[Penang]] Nyonya dish.
* '''[[Kueh Pie Tee|Pie Tee]],''' A thin and crispy pastry [[tart]] shell filled with a spicy, sweet mixture of thinly sliced vegetables and [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawns]].
* '''Roti babi,''' a sandwich of spiced minced pork, dipped in its entirety in egg wash and deep fried. Roti babi is typically served with a dip of [[Worcestershire sauce]] and sliced red chillies.
* '''Seh Bak,''' a dish of pork marinated overnight with herbs and spices, then cooked over a slow fire and simmered to tenderness. Seh Bak is also traditional to Malacca's Eurasian community.
* '''Ter Thor T'ng,''' this soup of pig stomach requires a skilled cook to prepare and deodorise the ingredients thoroughly before cooking. Its main ingredients are pig stomach and white peppercorns.
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===Eurasian food===
{{Main|Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia}}
* '''Ambilla,''' a tangy dish of meat cooked with long beans (kacang), brinjals (terung) or pumpkin (labu).
* '''Caldu Pescator,''' A seafood soup traditionally prepared by fishermen, as well as during the Feast of St Peter ("Festa San Pedro", in the local Cristang dialect, usually observed on 29 June), the Patron Saint of Fishermen.
* '''[[Devil's curry|Curry Debal]],''' a quintessential Kristang dish, usually cooked during Christmas season to make use of the left-over meats from feasting. It is a very spicy curry flavoured with candlenuts, galangal and vinegar.
* '''Curry Seku,''' a very dry curry prepared in a wok. Seku means "bottom" in [[Kristang language|Papia Kristang]], and the wok was probably so-named because of the roundness of its shape that resembled the human bottom.
* '''[[Chicken chop]],''' also known as '''Hainanese chicken chop''', invented by the Hainanese migrant workers during the Malaya period. The cuisine is similar with the American [[chicken fried steak]] but different on sides; the gravy is made with the black pepper sauce or sometimes [[Worcestershire sauce]], and the dish comes with a side of [[French fries|fries]] and vegetables.
* '''Chicken pie''', this [[meat pie]], known as empada de galinha or galinha pia, is usually served during Christmas season and other special occasions.
* '''Feng,''' a curried dish of pig offal, traditionally served for Christmas.
* '''Pang Susi,''' a savoury meat bun with a dough that is bread-like and sweet in texture, made for auspicious and festive occasions such as Easter.
* '''Pesce Assa or commonly known as Ikan Bakar''' '''or [[Sambal stingray]],''' Portuguese baked/grilled fish is one of the Kristang community's most famous specialties, now found in major urban areas throughout Malaysia. The fish is smothered with diced [[okra|lady's fingers]] and a robust sambal, before it is wrapped in banana leaves as well as a layer of metal foil, and then cooked on a grill. In spite of its name, this dish has little in common with modern [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese fish recipes]].
* '''[[Semur (Indonesian stew)|Semur]]''' or '''Smoore,''' a fragrant beef stew. Versions of this dish are found wherever the Dutch have settled in Asia, including Malacca.
* '''Soy Limang,''' a braised dish of fried brinjals, with soy sauce and lime juice as the primary seasonings.
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==Kuih (delicacy) and snack==
[[File:Nyonya Kuih 01.jpg|thumb|A selection of Nyonya kuih]]
'''[[Kuih]]''' (plural: {{Lang|ms|kuih-muih}}) are usually, but not always, bite-sized foods associated with the Malay and [[Min Chinese|Min-speaking Chinese]] communities of Malaysia. In the context of the term being cultural as opposed to being physically descriptive, the concept of {{Lang|ms|kuih}} may refer to a selection of cakes, cookies, confections, pastries and sweetmeats. Kuih may be eaten throughout the day for light breakfast, afternoon tea (a tradition adopted from the British), as a snack and increasingly as an after-meal course.
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More often steamed or fried and based on rice or glutinous rice, {{Lang|ms|kuih}} items are very different in texture, flavour and appearance from Western oven-baked cakes or puff pastries. Most {{Lang|ms|kuih}} items are sweet, and may be classified and eaten as [[dessert]]s, but some are also savoury. {{Lang|ms|Kuih}} is an important feature of festive occasions and is traditionally made at home, but is now available for purchase from home caterers, street vendors, market stallholders and specialist cafes, shops and restaurants. It is difficult to distinguish between {{Lang|ms|kuih}} of Malay or Peranakan (also known as "Straits Chinese") origin because the histories of traditional {{Lang|ms|kuih}} recipes have not been well-documented, and cross-cultural influences over the centuries were commonplace. Even the word {{Lang|ms|kuih}} itself is derived from the Hokkien/Teochew word 粿 (pronounced ''kueh'' or ''kway'').
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Examples of notable {{Lang|ms|kuih-muih}} include:
* '''[[Red tortoise cake|Ang koo kueh]]''' (Chinese: 紅龜粿), a small round or oval-shaped Chinese pastry with red-coloured soft sticky glutinous rice flour skin wrapped around a sweet filling in the centre.
* '''[[Apam balik]],''' a turnover pancake with a texture similar to a crumpet with crisp edges, made from a thin flour-based batter with [[leavening agent|raising agent]]. It is typically cooked on a griddle and topped with caster sugar, ground peanut, creamed corn, and grated coconut in the middle, and then turned over. Many different takes on this dish exist as part of the culinary repertoire of the Malay, Chinese, Peranakan, Indonesian, and ethnic Bornean communities, all under different names.
* '''[[Bahulu]],''' tiny crusty sponge cakes which come in distinctive shapes like buttons and goldfish, acquired from being baked in moulded pans. {{Lang|ms|Bahulu}} is usually baked and served for festive occasions.
* '''Cek Mek Molek''' is a sweet snack popular in Kelantan and Terengganu, which is made from mashed sweet potatoes mixed with flour, shaped into small ovals, and filled with sugar.
* '''[[Cucur]],''' deep-fried fritters, sometimes known as {{Lang|ms|jemput-jemput}}. Typical varieties include {{Lang|ms|cucur udang}} (fritters studded with a whole unshelled prawn), {{Lang|ms|cucur badak}} (sweet potato fritters), and ''[[cokodok|cucur kodok]]'' (banana fritters).
* '''[[Curry puff]],''' a small pie filled with a curried filling, usually chicken or potatoes, in a deep-fried or baked pastry shell.
* '''[[Cincin (kuih)|Cincin]],''' a deep fried dough pastry-based snack popular with East Malaysia's Muslim communities.
* '''[[Dadar gulung|Dadar/ketayap]],''' a rolled crepe (usually flavoured with pandan juice) and filled with grated sweet coconut filling (flavoured with palm sugar).
* '''[[Jelurut (kuih)|Jelurut]],''' also known as {{Lang|ms|kuih selorot}} in Sarawak, this {{Lang|ms|kuih}} is made from a mixture of {{Lang|ms|gula apong}} and rice flour, then rolled with palm leaves into cones and steamed.
* '''Jongkong''', a traditional treat from Perak. It is a soft, steamed kuih made from a combination of rice flour, green pandan custard, and a sweet palm sugar (gula Melaka) filling. The layers typically consist of a green pandan layer on top, a rich coconut milk layer in the middle, and melted palm sugar at the bottom.
* '''[[Sapit (kuih)|Kapit, sapit or sepi]],''' crispy folded coconut-flavoured wafer biscuits, colloquially known as "love letters".
* '''[[Kochi (kuih)|Kochi]],''' glutinous rice dumplings filled with a sweet paste, shaped into pyramids and wrapped with banana leaves.
* '''[[Niangao]]''' (Chinese : 年糕) or {{Lang|ms|kuih bakul}}, a brown sticky and sweet rice cake customarily associated with Chinese New Year festivities. It is also available year-round as a popular street food, made with pieces of {{Lang|ms|niangao}} sandwiched between slices of taro and sweet potato, dipped in batter and deep-fried.
* Nona Manis is a traditional Malaysian dessert known for its soft, vibrant green exterior made with pandan and coconut milk, encasing a rich, creamy coconut custard center. Its name, meaning “Sweet Lady,” reflects its delicate texture and appealing sweetness. The contrast between the fragrant pandan layer and the luscious, slightly savory coconut filling creates a unique flavor that is both nostalgic and beloved, often enjoyed during festive occasions and as a teatime treat.
* '''[[Kueh Pie Tee|Pie tee]]''', this [[Peranakans|Nyonya]] speciality is a thin and crispy pastry tart shell filled with a spicy, sweet mixture of thinly-sliced vegetables and prawns.
* '''[[Klepon|Onde onde]],''' small round balls made from glutinous rice flour coloured and flavoured with pandan, filled with palm sugar syrup and rolled in freshly grated coconut.
* '''[[Taro cake#In other cultures|Or kuih]]''' (Chinese : 芋粿), a steamed savoury cake made from pieces of taro (commonly known as "yam" in Malaysia), dried prawns and rice flour. It is then topped with deep fried shallots, spring onions, sliced chilli and dried prawns, and usually served with a chilli dipping sauce.
* '''[[Pineapple tart]],''' flaky pastries filled with or topped with pineapple jam.
* '''[[Pinjaram (kuih)|Pinjaram or penyaram]],''' a saucer-shaped deep fried fritter with crisp edges and a dense, chewy texture towards the centre. It is widely sold by street food vendors in the open air markets of East Malaysia.
* '''[[Kueh tutu|Putu piring]],''' a round steamed cake made of rice flour dough with a palm sugar-sweetened filling.
* '''[[Seri muka]],''' a two-layered {{Lang|ms|kuih}} with steamed glutinous rice forming the bottom half and a green custard layer made with pandan juice.
* '''Tahi Itik''', a traditional Malay dessert that originates from the east coast of Malaysia, particularly in Kelantan. Despite its rather unappealing name—which translates literally to “duck droppings”—the kuih is actually a sweet and cherished delicacy. It is made primarily from egg whites, sugar, and rice flour, and sometimes flavored with fragrant pandan. The dessert has a soft, sticky, and slightly chewy texture, and is usually served with a rich syrup made from coconut milk and palm sugar. The name “tahi itik” comes from its lumpy, irregular appearance, which is said to resemble duck droppings.
* '''[[Wajid (kuih)|Wajid]]''' or {{Lang|ms|wajik}}, a compressed Malay confection made of glutinous rice cooked with coconut milk and {{Lang|ms|gula melaka}}.
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Examples include:
* '''[[Lekor]],''' a [[Krupuk|keropok]] fish cracker snack.
* '''[[Mee Siput Muar|Mee siput muar]],''' a deep-fried circular dried noodle snack, made from flour with other ingredients, eaten with {{Lang|ms|sambal}}.
* '''[[Rempeyek]],''' a deep-fried savoury cracker, made from flour with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter.
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==Desserts and sweets==
[[File:Ais kacang.jpg|thumb|[[Ice kacang|Ais kacang]]]]
[[File:Malaysian batik cake.jpg|thumb|[[Batik cake]]]]
Desserts and sweets in Malaysia are diverse, due to the multi-ethnic and multicultural characteristics of its society. Traditional Malay and Nyonya desserts tend to share a common feature however: generous amounts of [[coconut milk]] are used, and the finished product usually flavoured with [[gula melaka]] (palm sugar) and pandan leaves. Some notable desserts include:
* '''[[Agar agar]],''' the Malay word for a species of red algae. A natural vegetarian gelatin counterpart, agar-agar is used to make puddings and flavoured jellies like [[almond tofu]], as well as fruit [[aspic]]s.
* '''[[Ais kacang]],''' also known as ''air batu campur'' or abbreviated as ABC, this dessert consists of a base of shaved ice, coloured syrup, and evaporated or condensed milk with a variety of toppings. These may include sweet corn kernels, red beans, kidney beans, ''cincau'' ([[grass jelly]]), [[cendol]], buah atap (fruit of the [[Nypa fruticans|nipa palm]]), soaked basil seeds, peanuts, and ice cream.
* '''Aiskrim potong,''' an ice cream popsicle made from coconut milk or milk, flavoured with localised ingredients like red beans, rose syrup, durian, pandan, creamed corn and jackfruit. Its texture is different from Western ice cream; aiskrim potong is less creamy and has a slightly starchy taste when it begins to melt.
* '''[[Batik cake]],''' a type of [[chocolate cake]] similar like the [[hedgehog slice]] made using [[Marie biscuit]].
* '''Bolu cocu,''' a traditional Kristang cake topped with liberal amounts of shredded coconut and served with a custard sauce.
* '''[[Bubur cha cha]],''' a Nyonya dessert of bananas, sweet potatoes, taro, black eyed beans and sago pearls cooked in pandan-flavoured coconut milk. May be served hot or cold.
* '''[[Bubur kacang hijau]],''' mung bean porridge cooked with coconut milk and sweetened with palm or cane sugar. It is called canje mungoo by the Kristang community, and is usually served in conjunction with the feast day of St John the Baptist (Festa da San Juang).
[[File:Bubur Pulut Hitam.jpg|thumb|right|Bubur pulut hitam, without coconut milk.]]
[[File:Kek Lapis Sarawak.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sarawak layer cake|Sarawak layered cake]].]]
* '''[[Bubur ketan hitam|Bubur pulut hitam]],''' black glutinous rice porridge cooked with palm sugar and pandan leaves, served hot with coconut milk.
* '''[[Cendol]],''' smooth green-coloured droplets made from mung bean or rice flour, usually served by itself in chilled coconut milk and ''gula melaka'', or as a topping for ABC. In Malacca, mashed durian is a popular topping for cendol.
* '''[[Barfi|Coconut candy]],''' a confection of grated coconut, sugar, condensed milk, flavouring and colouring, coconut candies are a popular sweet served at homes during festive occasions and available at restaurants specialising in Indian sweets.
* '''[[Dadiah|Dadih]],''' a Malay dairy-based dessert made from milk, sugar and salt which has been acidified with whey (obtained by fermenting milk overnight with ''asam gelugur'') and steamed to form a custard like texture. Although popular in contemporary recipes, agar agar is not used as a gelling agent for authentic ''dadih''.
* '''[[Dodol]],'''  a sweet, sticky, and thick toffee-like confection, made with heavily reduced coconut milk, jaggery, and rice flour. Commonly served during festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha as sweet treats for children.
* '''[[Halva|Halva or Halwa]],''' the term refers to a range of dense and sweet confections in Malaysia bearing similar names, though they may have little in common in terms of ingredients and texture. Various types of fudge-like flour and nut-based halva cooked with ghee, which are based on traditional recipes brought over from India, are commonly available at specialist sweet shops and regularly prepared by the Indian communities for festive occasions. The Malay community have different recipes for a range of confectionery bearing similar names, which includes candied fruit and Halwa Maskat, a gelatinous jelly made from flour, ghee and pieces of fruit or nut which is similar in texture to [[Turkish delight]].
* '''Hinompuka,''' a native Sabahan steamed confection traditionally wrapped in ''banana'' or ''irik'' (''phacelophrynium maximum'') leaves. Sold in local markets and is also an essential food item for celebrating weddings, birthdays and festivals, ''hinompuka'' is made with a moistened blend of pounded white glutinous rice and purplish-black glutinous rice (''tadung'') sweetened with brown or palm sugar. Kadazandusun communities beyond Sabah's [[West Coast Division]] make similar desserts but are known under different names, including but not limited to  ''bintanok'', ''lompuka'', ''tinapung'', and ''pais''. Variations include the substitution of rice flour batter with grated tapioca or mashed corn kernels; banana leaves or coconut husks as alternative wrappers; and the addition of ripe bananas or freshly grated coconut to the starchy mixture.
* '''[[Keria Gula Melaka]],''' is a type of [[doughnuts]] that made of [[sweet potato]] and slicked with smoky gula Melaka, Malaysian [[palm sugar]].
* '''[[Laddu|Ladoo]],''' the most popular of all Indian sweetmeats in Malaysia, particularly during [[Diwali|Diwali/Deepavali]] season, ''ladoo'' comes in many different flavours. A typical ''ladoo'' recipe involves cooking chickpea flour, semolina and ground coconut in ghee.
* '''Leng chee kang''' ({{lang-zh|s=莲子羹|j=lin4 zi2 gang1}}, erroneously named '''lai chi kang''' or '''lai chee kang'''), a mixture of cooked ingredients immersed in a [[tong sui|sweet soup]]. Ingredients vary greatly depending on the cook, but lotus seed is always the primary ingredient, and the soup may include dried longan, white fungus, barley, ''kembang semangkuk'' jelly and rock sugar as secondary ingredients. Leng Chee Kang may be served warm or cold.
* '''Matterhorn,''' crushed ice with pineapples, longan, cendol, grass jelly and lemon slices. The Kuching hawker who came up with this popular dessert as well as the original White Lady drink was inspired by the [[Matterhorn]], an ice-capped mountain on the Swiss-Italian border.
* '''[[Mooncake]]''' (Chinese : 月饼), round or rectangular pastries with a rich thick filling, traditionally eaten during the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] and accompanied with [[Chinese tea]]. Both the traditional baked mooncake and the [[Snow skin mooncake|snow skin version]] are popular and widely available in Malaysia during the festival season.
* '''Nanggiu,''' a Kadazandusun dessert, which consists of jelly noodles made from fresh sago flour cooked in a coconut milk soup sweetened with palm sugar.
* '''[[Pandan cake]],''' coloured and flavoured with pandan juice, this light and fluffy cake is also known as pandan chiffon.
* '''[[Kheer#In Southern India|Payasam]],''' a sweet spiced pudding made from starchy staples like rice or vermicelli, payasam is an integral part of traditional South Indian culture.
* '''Pengat,''' a soupy dessert cooked with gula melaka and coconut milk. Also known as ''serawa'', ''pengat'' is made with pieces of fruit like banana, jackfruit and durian, or root vegetables like sweet potatoes and tapioca. It may be reduced further into a thick dipping sauce and served with glutinous rice, ''roti jala'', or [[pancake]]s (''lempeng'').
* '''[[Pisang goreng]],''' a common snack sold by street vendors, battered fried bananas are also served in a more elaborate manner at some cafes and restaurants as a dessert. Cempedak and various tuber vegetables are also battered and fried in the same manner as variations.
* '''[[Puding Diraja]],''' also known as Royal Pudding, this dessert was developed and served to the [[Sultan of Pahang|royal family]] of [[Pahang]] state. Its basic ingredients are pisang lemak manis (a local cultivar of banana), evaporated milk, prunes, candied cherries and cashew nuts. The [[pudding]] is garnished with [[Fios de ovos|jala emas]], and served with a cold sauce made from milk and cornflour. Nowadays it is popularly served during Ramadan, as well as a special afternoon tea treat for the family on weekends.
*'''[[Pulot tartal]],''' a [[Nyonya]] [[glutinous rice]] dessert.
* '''[[Sago pudding]],''' a dessert of cooked translucent sago pearls, which may be served as a liquid dessert with coconut milk and palm sugar, or allowed to set as a pudding (''sagu gula melaka'') and drizzled with thickened coconut milk and ''gula melaka'' syrup.
* '''[[Sarawak layer cake]],''' these famously intricate layer cakes are essential for festive occasions celebrated throughout Sarawak, like Hari Raya, [[Chinese New Year]], [[Gawai Dayak|Gawai]] and [[Christmas]].
* '''Sugee cake,''' a baked speciality of the Eurasian community, made with semolina flour and a high concentration of egg yolks.
* '''[[Tangyuan (food)|Tangyuan]]''' (Chinese :  汤圆 or 湯圓), plain white or coloured sweet dumplings made from glutinous rice flour. Traditionally homemade and eaten during [[Lantern Festival|Yuanxiao]] (Chinese : 元宵) as well as the [[Dongzhi Festival]] (Chinese : 冬至), tangyuan is now available year around sold as dessert. Tangyuan dumplings with filling are usually served in a lightly sweetened clear syrup, while unfilled ones are served as part of a [[tong sui|sweet dessert soup]].
* '''[[Tapai]],''' a popular dessert at Malay homes throughout Peninsular Malaysia during Hari Raya, made from fermented glutinous rice or tapioca. Tapai may be eaten on its own, or served with contemporary toppings like ice cream, chocolate and fruit. Not to be confused with the alcoholic beverage from Sabah, also known as tapai, which is made from the same ingredients and with similar methods but have undergone advanced stages of fermentation to produce alcoholic content.
* '''[[Douhua|Tau foo fah]]''' or Dau Huay (Chinese : 豆腐花 or 豆花), a velvety pudding of very soft [[silken tofu]], traditionally flavoured with a brown sugar syrup.
* '''UFO tart''' (Chinese : 牛屎堆), this consists of a flat, thin base of baked mini butter sponge cake topped with a creamy egg custard, which is in turn crowned with a [[meringue]] slurry. Its name in Chinese literally means "cow pile dung", which alludes to the piped shape of the cake base's toppings and the meringue's darker shade as a result of caramelisation. Popularized by a Hainanese bakery in Sandakan in the 1950s, the popularity of these treats has spread to Kota Kinabalu and several other towns in Sabah.
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==See also==
{{Portal|Food|Malaysia}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Alcohol in Malaysia]]
* [[Cuisine of Singapore]]
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[Ipoh cuisine]]
* [[List of Malaysian dishes]]
* [[List of Michelin starred restaurants in Malaysia]]
* [[Penang cuisine]]
* [[Chef Wan]], celebrity chef
* [[Zamzani Abdul Wahab]], celebrity chef
{{div col end}}
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==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Malaysian cuisine}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Cuisine of Malaysia}}
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{{Malaysian cuisine}}
{{Malaysia topics}}
{{Southeast Asia topic|Cuisine of}}
{{Asian topic|| cuisine}}
{{cuisine}}
{{Portal bar|Food|Malaysia}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Malaysian Cuisine}}
[[Category:Malaysian cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
{{二次利用|date=19 June 2025, at 06:59}}
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