Medicine/en: Difference between revisions

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'''Medicine''' is the [[Wikipedia:science|science]] and [[:en:Praxis (process)|practice]] of caring for a patient, managing the [[diagnosis]], [[prognosis]], [[Preventive medicine|prevention]], [[therapy|treatment]], [[Palliative care|palliation]] of their [[injury]] or [[disease]], and [[Health promotion|promoting their health]]. Medicine encompasses a variety of [[health care]] practices evolved to maintain and restore [[health]] by the [[prevention (medical)|prevention]] and [[therapy|treatment]] of [[illness]]. Contemporary medicine applies [[biomedical sciences]], [[biomedical research]], [[medical genetics|genetics]], and [[medical technology]] to [[diagnosis (medical)|diagnose]], treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through [[pharmaceutical]]s or [[surgery]], but also through therapies as diverse as [[psychotherapy]], [[splint (medicine)|external splints and traction]], [[medical device]]s, [[biologic medical product|biologics]], and [[Radiation (medicine)|ionizing radiation]], amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since [[Prehistoric medicine|prehistoric times]], and for most of this time it was an [[Wikipedia:art|art]] (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the [[Wikipedia:~~religion|religious|~~religion|religious]] and [[:en:philosophy|philosophical]] beliefs of local culture. For example, a [[medicine man]] would apply [[herbs]] and say [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]]s for healing, or an ancient [[Wikipedia:philosopher|philosopher]] and [[Wikipedia:physician|physician]] would apply [[bloodletting]] according to the theories of [[Wikipedia:humorism|humorism]]. In recent centuries, since the [[Wikipedia:history of science|advent of modern science]], most medicine has become a combination of [[Wikipedia:art|art]] and [[Wikipedia:science|science]] (both [[:en:fundamental science|basic]] and [[:en:applied science|applied]], under the [[:en:umbrella term|umbrella]] of '''medical science'''). For example, while stitching technique for [[surgical suture|sutures]] is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the [[cytology|cellular]] and [[molecular medicine|molecular]] level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Medicine has been practiced since [[Prehistoric medicine|prehistoric times]], and for most of this time it was an [[Wikipedia:art|art]] (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the [[Wikipedia:religion|religious]] and [[:en:philosophy|philosophical]] beliefs of local culture. For example, a [[medicine man]] would apply [[herbs]] and say [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]]s for healing, or an ancient [[Wikipedia:philosopher|philosopher]] and [[Wikipedia:physician|physician]] would apply [[bloodletting]] according to the theories of [[Wikipedia:humorism|humorism]]. In recent centuries, since the [[Wikipedia:history of science|advent of modern science]], most medicine has become a combination of [[Wikipedia:art|art]] and [[Wikipedia:science|science]] (both [[:en:fundamental science|basic]] and [[:en:applied science|applied]], under the [[:en:umbrella term|umbrella]] of '''medical science'''). For example, while stitching technique for [[surgical suture|sutures]] is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the [[cytology|cellular]] and [[molecular medicine|molecular]] level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as [[traditional medicine]] or ''folk medicine'', remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called [[alternative medicine]]. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed [[Wikipedia:quackery|quackery]].

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== Clinical practice ==

[[File:Elizabeth Blackwell.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth Blackwell]], the first female physician in the United States graduated from [[:en:State University of New York Upstate Medical University|SUNY Upstate]] (1847)]]

[[File:Elizabeth Blackwell.jpg|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Elizabeth Blackwell|Elizabeth Blackwell]], the first female physician in the United States graduated from [[:en:State University of New York Upstate Medical University|SUNY Upstate]] (1847)]]

Medical availability and clinical practice varies across the world due to regional differences in culture and technology. Modern scientific medicine is highly developed in the [[Wikipedia:Western world|Western world]], while in [[:en:developing country|developing countries]] such as parts of Africa or Asia, the population may rely more heavily on [[traditional medicine]] with limited evidence and efficacy and no required formal training for practitioners.

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 '''Medicine''' is the [[Wikipedia:science|science]] and [[:en:Praxis (process)|practice]] of caring for a patient, managing the [[diagnosis]], [[prognosis]], [[Preventive medicine|prevention]], [[therapy|treatment]],  [[Palliative care|palliation]] of their [[injury]] or [[disease]], and [[Health promotion|promoting their health]]. Medicine encompasses a variety of [[health care]] practices evolved to maintain and restore [[health]] by the [[prevention (medical)|prevention]] and [[therapy|treatment]] of [[illness]]. Contemporary medicine applies [[biomedical sciences]], [[biomedical research]], [[medical genetics|genetics]], and [[medical technology]] to [[diagnosis (medical)|diagnose]], treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through [[pharmaceutical]]s or [[surgery]], but also through therapies as diverse as [[psychotherapy]], [[splint (medicine)|external splints and traction]], [[medical device]]s, [[biologic medical product|biologics]], and [[Radiation (medicine)|ionizing radiation]], amongst others.
-Medicine has been practiced since [[Prehistoric medicine|prehistoric times]], and for most of this time it was an [[Wikipedia:art|art]] (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the [[Wikipedia:religion|religious|religion|religious]] and [[:en:philosophy|philosophical]] beliefs of local culture. For example, a [[medicine man]] would apply [[herbs]] and say [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]]s for healing, or an ancient [[Wikipedia:philosopher|philosopher]] and [[Wikipedia:physician|physician]] would apply [[bloodletting]] according to the theories of [[Wikipedia:humorism|humorism]]. In recent centuries, since the [[Wikipedia:history of science|advent of modern science]], most medicine has become a combination of [[Wikipedia:art|art]] and [[Wikipedia:science|science]] (both [[:en:fundamental science|basic]] and [[:en:applied science|applied]], under the [[:en:umbrella term|umbrella]] of '''medical science'''). For example, while stitching technique for [[surgical suture|sutures]] is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the [[cytology|cellular]] and [[molecular medicine|molecular]] level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.
+Medicine has been practiced since [[Prehistoric medicine|prehistoric times]], and for most of this time it was an [[Wikipedia:art|art]] (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the [[Wikipedia:religion|religious]] and [[:en:philosophy|philosophical]] beliefs of local culture. For example, a [[medicine man]] would apply [[herbs]] and say [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]]s for healing, or an ancient [[Wikipedia:philosopher|philosopher]] and [[Wikipedia:physician|physician]] would apply [[bloodletting]] according to the theories of [[Wikipedia:humorism|humorism]]. In recent centuries, since the [[Wikipedia:history of science|advent of modern science]], most medicine has become a combination of [[Wikipedia:art|art]] and [[Wikipedia:science|science]] (both [[:en:fundamental science|basic]] and [[:en:applied science|applied]], under the [[:en:umbrella term|umbrella]] of '''medical science'''). For example, while stitching technique for [[surgical suture|sutures]] is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the [[cytology|cellular]] and [[molecular medicine|molecular]] level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.
 Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as [[traditional medicine]] or ''folk medicine'', remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called [[alternative medicine]]. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed [[Wikipedia:quackery|quackery]].
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 == Clinical practice ==
 [[File:The Doctor Luke Fildes crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Oil painting of medicine in the age of colonialism|''The Doctor'' by [[Wikipedia:Sir Luke Fildes|Sir Luke Fildes]] (1891)]]
-[[File:Elizabeth Blackwell.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth Blackwell]], the first female physician in the United States graduated from [[:en:State University of New York Upstate Medical University|SUNY Upstate]] (1847)]]
+[[File:Elizabeth Blackwell.jpg|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Elizabeth Blackwell|Elizabeth Blackwell]], the first female physician in the United States graduated from [[:en:State University of New York Upstate Medical University|SUNY Upstate]] (1847)]]
 Medical availability and clinical practice varies across the world due to regional differences in culture and technology. Modern scientific medicine is highly developed in the [[Wikipedia:Western world|Western world]], while in [[:en:developing country|developing countries]] such as parts of Africa or Asia, the population may rely more heavily on [[traditional medicine]] with limited evidence and efficacy and no required formal training for practitioners.