Beef/ja: Difference between revisions

[[File:Standing-rib-roast.jpg|thumb|A raw [[Standing rib roast|rib roast]]]]

[[File:Harris Ranch Jack's Cut.jpg|thumb|A serving of prime rib roast]]

[[File:Wagyu.jpg|thumb|[[Wagyu]] cattle are an example of a breed raised primarily for beef]]

'''Beef''' is the [[culinary name]] for [[meat]] from [[cattle]] (''Bos taurus''). Beef can be prepared in various ways; [[Cut of beef|cuts]] are often used for [[steak]], which can be cooked to varying degrees of [[doneness]], while trimmings are often [[Ground beef|ground or minced]], as found in most [[hamburger]]s. Beef contains [[protein]], [[iron]], and [[vitamin B12]]. Along with other kinds of [[red meat]], high consumption is associated with an increased risk of [[colorectal cancer]] and [[coronary heart disease]], especially when [[processed meat|processed]]. Beef has a high [[Environmental impact of meat production|environmental impact]], being a primary driver of [[deforestation]] with the highest [[greenhouse gas emissions]] of any agricultural product.

In prehistoric times, humans hunted [[aurochs]] and later [[domesticated]] them. Since that time, numerous [[beef cattle|breeds of cattle]] have been [[Selective breeding|bred]] specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. Today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after [[pork]] and [[poultry]]. As of 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China were the largest producers of beef.

Some religions and cultures [[Religious restrictions on the consumption of beef|prohibit beef consumption]], especially [[Indian religions]] like [[Hinduism]]. [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] are also against [[Animal slaughter|animal slaughtering]], but they do not have a wrongful eating doctrine.

== Etymology ==

The word ''beef'' is from the Latin word ''bōs'', in contrast to ''cow'' which is from Middle English ''cou'' (both words have the same [[Indo-European vocabulary#Animals|Indo-European]] root ''{{PIE|*gʷou-}}'').

This is one example of the common English dichotomy between the words for animals (with largely [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] origins) and their meat (with [[Romance languages|Romanic]] origins) that is also found in such English word-pairs as ''pig/pork'', ''deer/venison'', ''sheep/mutton'', and ''chicken/poultry'' (also the less common ''goat/chevon''). ''Beef'' is [[cognate]] with ''bovine'' through the [[Late Latin]] ''bovīnus''. The rarely used plural form of beef is ''beeves''.

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== History ==

People have eaten the flesh of [[bovine]]s since prehistoric times; some of the earliest known [[cave painting]]s, such as those of [[Lascaux]], show [[aurochs]] in hunting scenes. People [[domestication|domesticated]] cattle to provide ready access to beef, [[milk]], and [[leather]]. Cattle have been domesticated at least twice over the course of evolutionary history. The first domestication event occurred around 10,500 years ago with the evolution of ''Bos taurus''. The second was more recent, around 7,000 years ago, with the evolution of ''Bos indicus'' in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. There is a possible third domestication event 8,500 years ago, with a potential third species ''Bos africanus'' arising in Africa.

In the United States, the growth of the beef business was largely due to expansion in the Southwest. Upon the acquisition of grasslands through the [[Mexican–American War]] of 1848, and later the expulsion of the Plains Indians from this region and the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], the American livestock industry began, starting primarily with the taming of [[feral]] and [[semi-feral]] Longhorn cattle. Chicago and New York City were the first to benefit from these developments in their stockyards and in their meat markets.

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== Production ==

[[File:World Production Of Meat, Main Items.svg|thumb|Cattle is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide]]

[[File:Beef_production_1961_2021.png|thumb|Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years.]]

[[File:World Emissions Intensity Of Agricultural Commodities (2021).svg|thumb|Beef has the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.]]

[[Beef cattle]] are raised and [[Cattle feeding|fed]] using a variety of methods, including [[feedlot]]s, [[free range]], [[ranch]]ing, [[backgrounding]] and [[intensive animal farming]]. [[Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations]] (CAFOs), commonly referred to as factory farms, are commonly used to meet the demand of beef production. CAFOs supply 70.4% of cows in the US market and 99% of all meat in the United States supply. Cattle CAFOs can also be a source of ''[[E. coli]]'' contamination in the food supply due to the prevalence of manure in CAFOs. These ''E. coli'' contaminations include one strain, ''E. coli'' O157:H7, which can be toxic to humans, because cattle typically hold this strain in their digestive system. Another consequence of unsanitary conditions created by high-density confinement systems is increased [[Antibiotic use in livestock|use of antibiotics]] in order to prevent illness. An analysis of [[FDA]] sales data by the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] found 42% of medically important antibiotic use in the U.S. was on cattle, posing concerns about the development of [[antibiotic resistant]] bacteria. In 2023 production was forecast to peak by 2035.

=== Environmental impact ===

{{Further|Environmental impact of meat production|Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|Cattle#Environmental impact}}

[[File:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png|thumb|Agricultural land worldwide could be reduced by almost half if no beef or mutton were eaten.]]

{{Bar chart|title=Mean [[greenhouse gas emissions]] for different food types|float=right|label_type=Food Types|data_type=Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO<small>2</small>-C<small>eq</small> per g protein)|bar_width=20|width_units=em|data_max=62|label1=[[Ruminant|Ruminant Meat]]|data1=62|label2=[[Recirculating aquaculture system|Recirculating Aquaculture]]|data2=30|label3=[[Trawling|Trawling Fishery]]|data3=26|label4=[[Aquaculture|Non-recirculating Aquaculture]]|data4=12|label5=[[Pork]]|data5=10|label6=[[Poultry]]|data6=10|label7=[[Dairy]]|data7=9.1|label8=[[Fishery|Non-trawling fishery]]|data8=8.6|label9=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data9=6.8|label10=[[List of root vegetables|Starchy Roots]]|data10=1.7|label11=[[Wheat]]|data11=1.2|label12=[[Maize]]|data12=1.2|label13=[[Legumes]]|data13=0.25}}{{Bar chart|title=Mean [[land use]] of different foods|float=right|label_type=Food Types|data_type=Land Use (m²year per 100g protein)|bar_width=20|width_units=em|data_max=185|label1=[[Lamb and mutton|Lamb and Mutton]]|data1=185|label2=Beef|data2=164|label3=[[Cheese]]|data3=41|label4=[[Pork]]|data4=11|label5=[[Poultry]]|data5=7.1|label6=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data6=5.7|label7=[[Aquaculture|Farmed Fish]]|data7=3.7|label8=[[Faboideae|Groundnuts]]|data8=3.5|label9=[[Peas]]|data9=3.4|label10=[[Tofu]]|data10=2.2|label11=|data11=|label12=|data12=|label13=|data13=}}

The consumption of beef poses numerous threats to the [[natural environment]]. Of all agricultural products, beef requires some of the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions]], air pollution, and water pollution. A 2021 study added up GHG emissions from the entire lifecycle, including production, transportation, and consumption, and estimated that beef contributed about 4 billion tonnes (9%) of [[Greenhouse gas|anthropogenic greenhouse gases]] in 2010. Cattle populations graze around 26% of all land on Earth, not including the large [[Field (agriculture)|agricultural fields]] that are used to grow cattle feed. According to [[FAO]], "Ranching-induced deforestation is one of the main causes of loss of some unique plant and animal species in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America as well as carbon release in the atmosphere." Beef is also the primary driver of [[deforestation]] in the [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|Amazon]], with around 80% of all converted land being used to rear cattle. 91% of Amazon land deforested since 1970 has been converted to cattle ranching. 41% of global deforestation from 2005 to 2013 has been attributed to the expansion of beef production. This is due to the higher ratio of net energy of gain to net energy of maintenance where metabolizable energy intake is higher. The ratio of feed required to produce an equivalent amount of beef (live weight) has been estimated at 7:1 to 43:1, compared with about 2:1 for chicken However, assumptions about feed quality are implicit in such generalizations. For example, production of a kilogram of beef cattle live weight may require between 4 and 5 kilograms of feed high in protein and metabolizable energy content, or more than 20 kilograms of feed of much lower quality. A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009. A 2021 [[CSIRO]] trial concluded that feeding cattle a 3% diet of the seaweed ''[[Asparagopsis taxiformis]]'' could reduce the methane component of their emissions by 80%. While such feed options are still experimental, even when looking at the most widely used feeds around the globe, there is high variability in efficiency. One study found that shifting compositions of current feeds, production areas, and informed land restoration could enable greenhouse gas emissions reductions of 34–85% annually (612–1,506 MtCO2e yr−1) without increasing costs to global beef production.

Some scientists claim that the demand for beef is contributing to [[Holocene extinction|significant biodiversity loss]] as it is a significant driver of deforestation and [[habitat destruction]]; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production. The 2019 [[IPBES]] ''[[Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]]'' also concurs that the beef industry plays a significant role in [[biodiversity loss]]. Around 25% to nearly 40% of global land surface is being used for livestock farming, which is mostly cattle.

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===Certifications===

Some kinds of beef may receive special certifications or designations based on criteria including their breed ([[Certified Angus Beef]],[[Certified Hereford Beef]]), [[Protected Designation of Origin|origin]] ([[Kobe beef]], [[Carne de Ávila]], [[Belgian Blue]]), or the way the cattle are treated, fed or slaughtered ([[Organic beef|organic]], [[Grass-fed beef|grass-fed]], [[Kashrut|Kosher]], or [[Halal]] beef). Some countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria post-slaughter and [[Beef carcass classification|classifying]] the observed quality of the meat.

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===Global statistics===

[[File:Production Of Cattle Meat (2021).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021]]

In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China produced the most beef with 12.22 million tons, 9.9 million tons, and 6.46 million tons respectively. The top 3 beef exporting countries in 2019 were Australia (14.8% of total exports), the United States (13.4% of total exports), and Brazil (12.6% of total exports). Beef production is also important to the [[economies]] of Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Belarus and Nicaragua.

====Top 5 cattle and beef exporting countries====

As per 2020, Brazil was the largest beef exporter in the world followed by Australia, United States, India (Includes [[Buffalo meat|Carabeef]] only) and Argentina. Brazil, Australia, the United States and India accounted for roughly 61% of the world's beef exports.

|+Beef exports, including [[buffalo meat]], in metric tons

! Rank

!Country

!% of the World !! Country !! 2016!! % of the World

|Brazil

|23.50|| Brazil || 1,850,000 || 19.60

|Australia

|13.66|| India || 1,850,000 || 19.60

|United States

|12.41|| Australia || 1,385,000 || 14.67

|India

|11.88|| United States || 1,120,000 || 11.87

|Argentina

|7.58||New Zealand || 580,000 || 6.14

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==Preparation==

{{Cookbook}}