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Chili pepper/ja
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[[File:Madame Jeanette and other chillies.jpg|thumb|様々な色とサイズのトウガラシ：緑色の[[Bird's eye chili/ja|バードアイチリ]]、黄色の[[Madame Jeanette/ja|マダム・ジャネット]]、赤色の[[Cayenne pepper/ja|カイエンペッパー]]]]
{{Short description|Varieties of peppers of Capsicum genus}}
[[File:Madame Jeanette and other chillies.jpg|thumb|Chili peppers of varied colours and sizes: green [[Bird's eye chili|bird's eye]], yellow [[Madame Jeanette]], red [[Cayenne pepper|cayenne]] ]]
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'''トウガラシ'''（英: chili peppers、チリまたはチリとも綴られる、{{etymology|nci|{{wikt-lang|nci|chīlli}}|}} {{IPA|nah|ˈt͡ʃiːlːi||Chilli.ogg}}）は、[[Solanaceae/ja|ナス科]][[genus/ja|ナス属]]の[[genus/ja|トウガラシ属]]（''[[Capsicum/ja|Capsicum]]''）に属する[[fruit/ja#Berries|液果]]植物の品種で、その[[pungency/ja|辛味]]のために栽培される。多くの料理で[[spice/ja|スパイス]]として[[pungency/ja|辛味]]を加えるために使用される。[[Capsaicin/ja|カプサイシン]]および関連する[[Capsaicin/ja#Capsaicinoids|カプサイシノイド]]は、摂取時または[[topical application/ja|局所塗布]]時にトウガラシにその辛味を与える。トウガラシは様々な辛さと風味を示す。この多様性により、[[chili powder/ja|チリパウダー]]には様々な種類があり、それぞれが独自の味と辛さレベルを提供している。
'''Chili peppers''', also spelled '''chile''' or '''chilli''' ({{etymology|nci|{{wikt-lang|nci|chīlli}}|}} {{IPA|nah|ˈt͡ʃiːlːi||Chilli.ogg}}), are varieties of [[fruit#Berries|berry-fruit]] plants from the [[genus]] ''[[Capsicum]]'', which are members of the nightshade family [[Solanaceae]], cultivated for their [[pungency]]. They are used as a [[spice]] to add [[pungency]] (spicy heat) in many cuisines. [[Capsaicin]] and the related [[Capsaicin#Capsaicinoids|capsaicinoids]] give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or [[topical application|applied topically]]. Chili peppers exhibit a range of heat and flavors. This diversity is the reason behind the availability of different types of [[chili powder]], each offering its own taste and heat level.
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トウガラシは中央アメリカまたは南アメリカが原産で、メキシコで最初に栽培された。ヨーロッパの探検家たちは16世紀後半に[[:en:Columbian Exchange|コロンブス交換]]の一環としてトウガラシを[[:en:Old World|旧世界]]に持ち帰り、それが世界中で食品や伝統医学のために[[List of Capsicum cultivars/ja|様々な品種]]が栽培されるきっかけとなった。5つのトウガラシ属の種が広く栽培されている。''[[capsicum annuum/ja|C. annuum]]''、''[[Capsicum baccatum/ja|C. baccatum]]''、''[[Capsicum chinense/ja|C. chinense]]''、''[[Capsicum frutescens/ja|C. frutescens]]''、そして''[[Capsicum pubescens/ja|C. pubescens]]''である。
Chili peppers originated in Central or South America and were first cultivated in Mexico. European explorers brought chili peppers back to the [[Old World]] in the late 16th century as part of the [[Columbian Exchange]], which led to the cultivation of [[List of Capsicum cultivars|multiple varieties]] across the world for food and traditional medicine. Five ''Capsicum'' species have been widely cultivated: ''[[capsicum annuum|annuum]]'', ''[[Capsicum baccatum|baccatum]]'', ''[[Capsicum chinense|chinense]]'', ''[[Capsicum frutescens|frutescens]]'', and ''[[Capsicum pubescens|pubescens]]''.
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<span id="History"></span>
== History ==
== 歴史{{Anchor|History}} ==
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== See also ==
== 関連項目 ==
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* [[Food and drink prohibitions]] – which in some cultures includes chili peppers
* [[Food and drink prohibitions/ja|食のタブー]] – 文化によってはトウガラシを含む
* [[Hatch, New Mexico]] – known as the "Chile Capital of the World"
* [[:en:Hatch, New Mexico|ハッチ (ニューメキシコ州)]] – 「世界のチリ首都」として知られる
* [[History of chocolate]] – which the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] drank with ground chili peppers
* [[History of chocolate/ja|チョコレートの歴史]] – [[:en:Maya peoples|マヤ族]]が挽いたトウガラシと混ぜて飲んでいた
* [[International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile]] – organization for the promotion of chili peppers
* [[:en:International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile|国際グリーン&レッドチリ愛好家協会]] – トウガラシの普及を目的とした団体
* [[Peppersoup]]
* [[Peppersoup/ja|ペッパースープ]]
* [[Salsa (sauce)]]
* [[Salsa (sauce)/ja|サルサソース]]
* [[Sweet chili sauce]] – a condiment for adding a sweet, mild heat taste to food
* [[Sweet chili sauce/ja|スイートチリソース]] – 料理に甘くマイルドな辛味を加える調味料
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<span id="External_links"></span>
== External links ==
== 外部リンク ==
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{{Wiktionary|chili}}
{{Wiktionary|chili}}
{{Cookbook|Chilli Pepper}}
{{Cookbook|Chilli Pepper}}
{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050220140720/http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/chilli_pepper_landing.html Plant Cultures: Chilli pepper botany, history and uses]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050220140720/http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/chilli_pepper_landing.html Plant Cultures: トウガラシの植物学、歴史、用途]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161120165150/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ The Chile Pepper Institute of New Mexico State University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161120165150/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ ニューメキシコ州立大学チリペッパー研究所]
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html Capsicums: Innovative Uses of an Ancient Crop]
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html トウガラシ：古代作物の革新的な利用法]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114184110/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/cns/no69/CNS06908.pdf Chilli: La especia del Nuevo Mundo] (Article from Germán Octavio López Riquelme about biology, nutrition, culture and medical topics. In Spanish)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114184110/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/cns/no69/CNS06908.pdf トウガラシ：新世界のスパイス] (ヘルマン・オクタビオ・ロペス・リケルムによる生物学、栄養、文化、医学に関する記事。スペイン語)
*[http://www.pepperscale.com/hot-pepper-list/ The Hot Pepper List] List of chili pepper varieties ordered by heat rating in Scoville Heat Units (SHU)
* [http://www.pepperscale.com/hot-pepper-list/ ホットペッパーリスト] スコヴィル値（SHU）による辛さ順のトウガラシ品種リスト
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{{Chili peppers/ja}}
{{Chili peppers/ja}}
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