Translations:Insulin (medication)/11/en

This is a chronology of key milestones in the history of the medical use of insulin. For more details on the discovery, extraction, purification, clinical use, and synthesis of insulin, see Insulin

• 1921 Research on the role of pancreas in the nutritive assimilation
• 1922 Frederick Banting, Charles Best and James Collip use bovine insulin extract in humans at Connaught Laboratories in Toronto, Canada.
• 1922 Leonard Thompson becomes the first human to be treated with insulin.
• 1922 James D. Havens, son of former congressman James S. Havens, becomes the first American to be treated with insulin.
• 1922 Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, daughter of the U.S. Secretary of State, becomes the first American to be (officially) treated in Toronto.
• 1923 Eli Lilly produces commercial quantities of much purer bovine insulin than Banting et al. had used
• 1923 Farbwerke Hoechst, one of the forerunners of today's Sanofi Aventis, produces commercial quantities of bovine insulin in Germany
• 1923 Hans Christian Hagedorn founds the Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium in Denmark – forerunner of today's Novo Nordisk
• 1923 Constance Collier returns to health after being successfully treated with insulin in Strasbourg
• 1926 Nordisk receives a Danish charter to produce insulin as a non-profit
• 1936 Canadians David M. Scott and Albert M. Fisher formulate a zinc insulin mixture at Connaught Laboratories in Toronto and license it to Novo
• 1936 Hagedorn discovers that adding protamine to insulin prolongs the duration of action of insulin
• 1946 Nordisk formulates Isophane porcine insulin aka Neutral Protamine Hagedorn or NPH insulin
• 1946 Nordisk crystallizes a protamine and insulin mixture
• 1950 Nordisk markets NPH insulin
• 1953 Novo formulates Lente porcine and bovine insulins by adding zinc for longer lasting insulin
• 1955 Frederick Sanger determines the amino acid sequence of insulin
• 1965 Synthesized by total synthesis by Wang Yinglai, Chen-Lu Tsou, et al.
• 1969 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin solves the crystal structure of insulin by X-ray crystallography
• 1973 Purified monocomponent (MC) insulin is introduced
• 1973 The U.S. officially "standardized" insulin sold for human use in the U.S. to U-100 (100 units per milliliter). Prior to that, insulin was sold in different strengths, including U-80 (80 units per milliliter) and U-40 formulations (40 units per milliliter), so the effort to "standardize" the potency aimed to reduce dosage errors and ease doctors' job of prescribing insulin for people. Other countries also followed suit.
• 1978 Genentech produces biosynthetic human insulin in Escherichia coli bacteria using recombinant DNA techniques, licenses to Eli Lilly
• 1981 Novo Nordisk chemically and enzymatically converts porcine to human insulin
• 1982 Genentech synthetic human insulin (above) approved
• 1983 Eli Lilly and Company produces biosynthetic human insulin with recombinant DNA technology, Humulin
• 1985 Axel Ullrich sequences a human cell membrane insulin receptor.
• 1988 Novo Nordisk produces recombinant biosynthetic human insulin
• 1996 Lilly Humalog "lispro" insulin analogue approved.
• 2000 Sanofi Aventis Lantus insulin "glargine" analogue approved for clinical use in the US and the EU.
• 2004 Sanofi Aventis Apidra insulin "glulisine" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.
• 2006 Novo Nordisk Levemir "detemir" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.
• 2008 Abott laboratories " FreeStyle Navigator CGM" gets approved.
• 2013 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested more cardiac safety tests for Insulin degludec.
• 2015 Insulin degludec was approved by the FDA in September 2015.