Zinc and the common cold - Revision history

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2024-04-18T10:58:03Z

Marked this version for translation

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	{{short description\|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}		{{short description\|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}
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	{{If pagename\|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''\|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge\|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink\|common cold}}. The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults. Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration\|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]]. The [[Nasal administration\|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia\|loss of the sense of smell]]; consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.		{{If pagename\|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''\|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge\|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink\|common cold}}. The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults. Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration\|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]]. The [[Nasal administration\|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia\|loss of the sense of smell]]; consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.

			<!--T:2-->
	The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease\|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold. The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].		The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease\|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold. The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].

	== Effectiveness ==		== Effectiveness == <!--T:3-->

			<!--T:4-->
	A 2016 meta-analysis on zinc acetate-lozenges and the common cold in 199 patients found that colds were 2.7 days shorter by zinc lozenge usage. This estimate is to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials.		A 2016 meta-analysis on zinc acetate-lozenges and the common cold in 199 patients found that colds were 2.7 days shorter by zinc lozenge usage. This estimate is to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials.

			<!--T:5-->
	A 2015 meta-analysis on zinc lozenges and the common cold found no difference in the effects of zinc acetate lozenges on diverse respiratory symptoms. Although zinc lozenges most probably lead to highest concentration of zinc in the pharyngeal region, a subsequent meta-analysis showed that the effects of high-dose zinc acetate lozenges did not significantly differ in their effects on pharyngeal and nasal symptoms. The duration of nasal discharge was shortened by 34%, nasal congestion by 37%, sneezing by 22%, scratchy throat by 33%, sore throat by 18%, hoarseness by 43%, and cough by 46%. Zinc lozenges shortened the duration of muscle ache by 54%, but there was no significant effect on the duration of headache and fever.		A 2015 meta-analysis on zinc lozenges and the common cold found no difference in the effects of zinc acetate lozenges on diverse respiratory symptoms. Although zinc lozenges most probably lead to highest concentration of zinc in the pharyngeal region, a subsequent meta-analysis showed that the effects of high-dose zinc acetate lozenges did not significantly differ in their effects on pharyngeal and nasal symptoms. The duration of nasal discharge was shortened by 34%, nasal congestion by 37%, sneezing by 22%, scratchy throat by 33%, sore throat by 18%, hoarseness by 43%, and cough by 46%. Zinc lozenges shortened the duration of muscle ache by 54%, but there was no significant effect on the duration of headache and fever.

			<!--T:6-->
	A 2013 review which said that zinc supplementation might be helpful for the common cold was withdrawn by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] over concerns of plagiarism and about the data used.		A 2013 review which said that zinc supplementation might be helpful for the common cold was withdrawn by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] over concerns of plagiarism and about the data used.

			<!--T:7-->
	===Interactions===		===Interactions===
	Some lozenge formulations do not contain enough zinc to effectively reduce the lengths of colds; some of them contain ingredients that bind zinc, like [[citric acid]], which prevent the zinc from working.		Some lozenge formulations do not contain enough zinc to effectively reduce the lengths of colds; some of them contain ingredients that bind zinc, like [[citric acid]], which prevent the zinc from working.

			<!--T:8-->
	== Safety ==		== Safety ==
	There have been several cases of people using zinc [[nasal spray]]s and suffering a loss of sense of smell. In 2009 the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] issued a warning that people should not use nasal sprays containing zinc.		There have been several cases of people using zinc [[nasal spray]]s and suffering a loss of sense of smell. In 2009 the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] issued a warning that people should not use nasal sprays containing zinc.

			<!--T:9-->
	Excessive zinc intake may result in an unpleasant taste and/or [[nausea]].		Excessive zinc intake may result in an unpleasant taste and/or [[nausea]].

			<!--T:10-->
	== Mechanism of action ==		== Mechanism of action ==
	The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]]. Zinc has been known for many years to have an effect on cold viruses in the laboratory. In the [[arteriviridae]] and [[coronaviridae]] families of virus that also cause the common cold, [[in vitro]] studies found that zinc [[ionophore]]s block the replication of those viruses in cell culture.		The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]]. Zinc has been known for many years to have an effect on cold viruses in the laboratory. In the [[arteriviridae]] and [[coronaviridae]] families of virus that also cause the common cold, [[in vitro]] studies found that zinc [[ionophore]]s block the replication of those viruses in cell culture.

			<!--T:11-->
	{{二次利用\|date=12 October 2023}}		{{二次利用\|date=12 October 2023}}
	[[Category:Medical treatments]]		[[Category:Medical treatments]]

Fire at 10:57, 18 April 2024

2024-04-18T10:57:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:57, 18 April 2024
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	{{short description\|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}		{{short description\|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}
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	[[Category:Zinc]]		[[Category:Zinc]]
	[[Category:Common cold]]		[[Category:Common cold]]
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Fire at 10:53, 18 April 2024

2024-04-18T10:53:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:53, 18 April 2024
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	{{If pagename\|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''\|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge\|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink\|common cold}}. The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults. Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration\|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]]. The [[Nasal administration\|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia\|loss of the sense of smell]]; consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.		{{If pagename\|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''\|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge\|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink\|common cold}}. The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults. Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration\|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]]. The [[Nasal administration\|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia\|loss of the sense of smell]]; consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.

	The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease\|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold.<ref name=CDC2015Full>{{cite web\|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose\|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html\|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\|access-date=January 7, 2018\|date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~		The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease\|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold. The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].

	== Effectiveness ==		== Effectiveness ==

Fire at 10:52, 18 April 2024

2024-04-18T10:52:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:52, 18 April 2024
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	{{short description\|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}		{{short description\|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}
	<noinclude>		<noinclude>
	~~{{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2018}}~~
	[[File:Zinc 50 mg.jpg\|thumb\|182px\|Zinc gluconate 50 mg tablets ([[General Nutrition Centers\|GNC]] brand)]]		[[File:Zinc 50 mg.jpg\|thumb\|182px\|Zinc gluconate 50 mg tablets ([[General Nutrition Centers\|GNC]] brand)]]
	</noinclude>		</noinclude>
	{{If pagename\|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''\|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge\|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink\|common cold}}.~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~ The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults.<ref name="NIH Zinc">{{cite web \|title=Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals \|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional\|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health \|date=February 11, 2016\|access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Science2012>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Science M, Johnstone J, Roth DE, Guyatt G, Loeb M \| title = Zinc for the treatment of the common cold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials \| journal = CMAJ \| volume = 184 \| issue = 10 \| pages = E551-61 \| date = July 2012 \| pmid = 22566526 \| pmc = 3394849 \| doi = 10.1503/cmaj.111990 }}</ref> Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration\|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]].~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" /><ref name=Science2012/>~~ The [[Nasal administration\|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia\|loss of the sense of smell]];~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~ consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~		{{If pagename\|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''\|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge\|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink\|common cold}}. The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults. Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration\|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]]. The [[Nasal administration\|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia\|loss of the sense of smell]]; consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.

	The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease\|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold.<ref name=CDC2015Full>{{cite web\|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose\|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html\|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\|access-date=January 7, 2018\|date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].<ref name="NIH Zinc" />		The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease\|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold.<ref name=CDC2015Full>{{cite web\|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose\|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html\|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\|access-date=January 7, 2018\|date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].<ref name="NIH Zinc" />
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	== Effectiveness ==		== Effectiveness ==

	A 2016 meta-analysis on zinc acetate-lozenges and the common cold in 199 patients found that colds were 2.7 days shorter by zinc lozenge usage. This estimate is to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials.<ref name="Hemila_2016">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hemilä H, Petrus EJ, Fitzgerald JT, Prasad A \| title = Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis \| journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology \| volume = 82 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 1393–1398 \| date = November 2016 \| pmid = 27378206 \| pmc = 5061795 \| doi = 10.1111/bcp.13057 }}</ref>		A 2016 meta-analysis on zinc acetate-lozenges and the common cold in 199 patients found that colds were 2.7 days shorter by zinc lozenge usage. This estimate is to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials.

	A 2015 meta-analysis on zinc lozenges and the common cold found no difference in the effects of zinc acetate lozenges on diverse respiratory symptoms. Although zinc lozenges most probably lead to highest concentration of zinc in the pharyngeal region, a subsequent meta-analysis showed that the effects of high-dose zinc acetate lozenges did not significantly differ in their effects on pharyngeal and nasal symptoms. The duration of nasal discharge was shortened by 34%, nasal congestion by 37%, sneezing by 22%, scratchy throat by 33%, sore throat by 18%, hoarseness by 43%, and cough by 46%. Zinc lozenges shortened the duration of muscle ache by 54%, but there was no significant effect on the duration of headache and fever.<ref name=Hemila_2015>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hemilä H, Chalker E \| title = The effectiveness of high dose zinc acetate lozenges on various common cold symptoms: a meta-analysis \| journal = BMC Family Practice \| volume = 16 \| pages = 24 \| date = February 2015 \| pmid = 25888289 \| pmc = 4359576 \| doi = 10.1186/s12875-015-0237-6 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		A 2015 meta-analysis on zinc lozenges and the common cold found no difference in the effects of zinc acetate lozenges on diverse respiratory symptoms. Although zinc lozenges most probably lead to highest concentration of zinc in the pharyngeal region, a subsequent meta-analysis showed that the effects of high-dose zinc acetate lozenges did not significantly differ in their effects on pharyngeal and nasal symptoms. The duration of nasal discharge was shortened by 34%, nasal congestion by 37%, sneezing by 22%, scratchy throat by 33%, sore throat by 18%, hoarseness by 43%, and cough by 46%. Zinc lozenges shortened the duration of muscle ache by 54%, but there was no significant effect on the duration of headache and fever.

	A 2013 review which said that zinc supplementation might be helpful for the common cold was withdrawn by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] over concerns of plagiarism and about the data used.<ref name=Cochrane2013>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Singh M, Das RR \| veditors = Singh M \| title = Zinc for the common cold \| journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| issue = 6 \| pages = CD001364 \| date = June 2013 \| pmid = 23775705 \| doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4 }} {{Retracted \|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd001364.pub5\|intentional=yes}}</ref>		A 2013 review which said that zinc supplementation might be helpful for the common cold was withdrawn by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] over concerns of plagiarism and about the data used.

	===Interactions===		===Interactions===
	Some lozenge formulations do not contain enough zinc to effectively reduce the lengths of colds; some of them contain ingredients that bind zinc, like [[citric acid]], which prevent the zinc from working.~~<ref name=Hemila_2016/>~~		Some lozenge formulations do not contain enough zinc to effectively reduce the lengths of colds; some of them contain ingredients that bind zinc, like [[citric acid]], which prevent the zinc from working.

	== Safety ==		== Safety ==
	There have been several cases of people using zinc [[nasal spray]]s and suffering a loss of sense of smell.~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~ In 2009 the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] issued a warning that people should not use nasal sprays containing zinc.~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~		There have been several cases of people using zinc [[nasal spray]]s and suffering a loss of sense of smell. In 2009 the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] issued a warning that people should not use nasal sprays containing zinc.

	Excessive zinc intake may result in an unpleasant taste and/or [[nausea]].~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" /><ref name=Cochrane2013/>~~		Excessive zinc intake may result in an unpleasant taste and/or [[nausea]].

	== Mechanism of action ==		== Mechanism of action ==
	The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].~~<ref name="NIH Zinc" />~~ Zinc has been known for many years to have an effect on cold viruses in the laboratory.<ref name=nhs>{{cite web\|title=Zinc 'can cut length of common cold'\|date=May 8, 2012\|publisher=NHS Choices\|url=https://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/05may/Pages/Zinc-shortens-common-cold.aspx\|access-date=January 7, 2018\|archive-date=June 12, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612131640/http://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/05may/Pages/Zinc-shortens-common-cold.aspx\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[arteriviridae]] and [[coronaviridae]] families of virus that also cause the common cold, [[in vitro]] studies found that zinc [[ionophore]]s block the replication of those viruses in cell culture.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=te Velthuis \|first1=Aartjan J. W. \|last2=van den Worm \|first2=Sjoerd H. E. \|last3=Sims \|first3=Amy C. \|last4=Baric \|first4=Ralph S. \|last5=Snijder \|first5=Eric J. \|last6=van Hemert \|first6=Martijn J. \|title=Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture \|journal=PLOS Pathogens \|date=4 November 2010 \|volume=6 \|issue=11 \|pages=e1001176 \|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176 \|pmid=21079686 \|pmc=2973827 \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis\|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication\|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]]. Zinc has been known for many years to have an effect on cold viruses in the laboratory. In the [[arteriviridae]] and [[coronaviridae]] families of virus that also cause the common cold, [[in vitro]] studies found that zinc [[ionophore]]s block the replication of those viruses in cell culture.

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

			{{二次利用\|date=12 October 2023}}
	[[Category:Medical treatments]]		[[Category:Medical treatments]]
	[[Category:Zinc]]		[[Category:Zinc]]
	[[Category:Common cold]]		[[Category:Common cold]]

Fire: Created page with "{{short description|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}} GNC brand)]] {{If pagename|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently zinc acetate or zinc gluconate lozenges) are a group of dietary supplements that ar..."

2024-04-18T10:50:42Z

Created page with "{{short description|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}} <noinclude> {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}} thumb|182px|Zinc gluconate 50 mg tablets ([[General Nutrition Centers|GNC brand)]] </noinclude> {{If pagename|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently zinc acetate or zinc gluconate lozenges) are a group of dietary supplements that ar..."

New page

{{short description|Overview of the relationship between Zinc and the common cold}}
<noinclude>
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Zinc 50 mg.jpg|thumb|182px|Zinc gluconate 50 mg tablets ([[General Nutrition Centers|GNC]] brand)]]
</noinclude>
{{If pagename|Zinc and the common cold='''Zinc supplements'''|other=Zinc supplements}} (frequently [[zinc acetate]] or [[zinc gluconate]] [[Throat lozenge|lozenge]]s) are a group of [[dietary supplements]] that are commonly used for the treatment of the {{no selflink|common cold}}.<ref name="NIH Zinc" /> The use of zinc supplements at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms has been shown to reduce the duration of cold symptoms by about 1 day in adults.<ref name="NIH Zinc">{{cite web |title=Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health |date=February 11, 2016|access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Science2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Science M, Johnstone J, Roth DE, Guyatt G, Loeb M | title = Zinc for the treatment of the common cold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = CMAJ | volume = 184 | issue = 10 | pages = E551-61 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22566526 | pmc = 3394849 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.111990 }}</ref> Adverse effects with zinc supplements [[Oral administration|by mouth]] include bad taste and [[nausea]].<ref name="NIH Zinc" /><ref name=Science2012/> The [[Nasal administration|intranasal use]] of zinc-containing [[nasal spray]]s has been associated with the [[anosmia|loss of the sense of smell]];<ref name="NIH Zinc" /> consequently, in June 2009, the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.<ref name="NIH Zinc" />

The [[human rhinovirus]] – the most common [[Viral disease|viral pathogen]] in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold.<ref name=CDC2015Full>{{cite web|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=January 7, 2018|date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].<ref name="NIH Zinc" />

== Effectiveness ==

A 2016 meta-analysis on zinc acetate-lozenges and the common cold in 199 patients found that colds were 2.7 days shorter by zinc lozenge usage. This estimate is to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials.<ref name="Hemila_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemilä H, Petrus EJ, Fitzgerald JT, Prasad A | title = Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 82 | issue = 5 | pages = 1393–1398 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27378206 | pmc = 5061795 | doi = 10.1111/bcp.13057 }}</ref>

A 2015 meta-analysis on zinc lozenges and the common cold found no difference in the effects of zinc acetate lozenges on diverse respiratory symptoms. Although zinc lozenges most probably lead to highest concentration of zinc in the pharyngeal region, a subsequent meta-analysis showed that the effects of high-dose zinc acetate lozenges did not significantly differ in their effects on pharyngeal and nasal symptoms. The duration of nasal discharge was shortened by 34%, nasal congestion by 37%, sneezing by 22%, scratchy throat by 33%, sore throat by 18%, hoarseness by 43%, and cough by 46%. Zinc lozenges shortened the duration of muscle ache by 54%, but there was no significant effect on the duration of headache and fever.<ref name=Hemila_2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemilä H, Chalker E | title = The effectiveness of high dose zinc acetate lozenges on various common cold symptoms: a meta-analysis | journal = BMC Family Practice | volume = 16 | pages = 24 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25888289 | pmc = 4359576 | doi = 10.1186/s12875-015-0237-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A 2013 review which said that zinc supplementation might be helpful for the common cold was withdrawn by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] over concerns of plagiarism and about the data used.<ref name=Cochrane2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh M, Das RR | veditors = Singh M | title = Zinc for the common cold | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD001364 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23775705 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4 }} {{Retracted |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd001364.pub5|intentional=yes}}</ref>

===Interactions===
Some lozenge formulations do not contain enough zinc to effectively reduce the lengths of colds; some of them contain ingredients that bind zinc, like [[citric acid]], which prevent the zinc from working.<ref name=Hemila_2016/>

== Safety ==
There have been several cases of people using zinc [[nasal spray]]s and suffering a loss of sense of smell.<ref name="NIH Zinc" /> In 2009 the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] issued a warning that people should not use nasal sprays containing zinc.<ref name="NIH Zinc" />

Excessive zinc intake may result in an unpleasant taste and/or [[nausea]].<ref name="NIH Zinc" /><ref name=Cochrane2013/>

== Mechanism of action ==
The hypothesized [[mechanism of action]] by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal [[inflammation]] and the direct inhibition of [[Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis|rhinoviral receptor binding]] and rhinoviral [[Viral replication|replication]] in the [[nasal mucosa]].<ref name="NIH Zinc" /> Zinc has been known for many years to have an effect on cold viruses in the laboratory.<ref name=nhs>{{cite web|title=Zinc 'can cut length of common cold'|date=May 8, 2012|publisher=NHS Choices|url=https://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/05may/Pages/Zinc-shortens-common-cold.aspx|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612131640/http://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/05may/Pages/Zinc-shortens-common-cold.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[arteriviridae]] and [[coronaviridae]] families of virus that also cause the common cold, [[in vitro]] studies found that zinc [[ionophore]]s block the replication of those viruses in cell culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=te Velthuis |first1=Aartjan J. W. |last2=van den Worm |first2=Sjoerd H. E. |last3=Sims |first3=Amy C. |last4=Baric |first4=Ralph S. |last5=Snijder |first5=Eric J. |last6=van Hemert |first6=Martijn J. |title=Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture |journal=PLOS Pathogens |date=4 November 2010 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=e1001176 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176 |pmid=21079686 |pmc=2973827 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
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[[Category:Medical treatments]]
[[Category:Zinc]]
[[Category:Common cold]]