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Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the [[nucleotide]] sequence of the gene encoding this protein. The [[genetic code]] is a set of three-nucleotide sets called [[codon]]s and each three-nucleotide combination designates an amino acid, for example AUG ([[adenine]]–[[uracil]]–[[guanine]]) is the code for [[methionine]]. Because [[DNA]] contains four nucleotides, the total number of possible codons is 64; hence, there is some redundancy in the genetic code, with some amino acids specified by more than one codon. Genes encoded in DNA are first [[transcription (genetics)|transcribed]] into pre-[[messenger RNA]] (mRNA) by proteins such as [[RNA polymerase]]. Most organisms then process the pre-mRNA (also known as a ''primary transcript'') using various forms of [[post-transcriptional modification]] to form the mature mRNA, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the [[ribosome]]. In [[prokaryote]]s the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the [[nucleoid]]. In contrast, [[eukaryote]]s make mRNA in the [[cell nucleus]] and then [[Protein translocation|translocate]] it across the [[nuclear membrane]] into the [[cytoplasm]], where [[protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]] then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second.

Translations:Protein/27/en - Revision history

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