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Beginning in 1982, biosynthetic "human" insulin has been manufactured for clinical use through genetic engineering techniques using [[Recombinant DNA#Synthetic insulin production using DNA|recombinant DNA]] technology. [[Genentech]] developed the technique used to produce the first such insulin, Humulin, but did not commercially market the product themselves. [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]] marketed Humulin in 1982. Humulin was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering techniques in which actual human DNA is inserted into a host cell (''[[E. coli]]'' in this case). The host cells are then allowed to grow and reproduce normally, and due to the inserted human DNA, they produce a synthetic version of human insulin. Manufacturers claim this reduces the presence of many impurities. However, the clinical preparations prepared from such insulins differ from endogenous human insulin in several important respects; an example is the absence of [[C-peptide]] which has in recent years been shown to have systemic effects itself.
[[Novo Nordisk]] has also developed a genetically engineered insulin independently using a yeast process.

Translations:Insulin (medication)/21/en - Revision history

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