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''This is a chronology of key milestones in the history of the medical use of insulin. For more details on the discovery, extraction, purification, clinical use, and synthesis of insulin, see [[Insulin#History of study|Insulin]]''
* 1921 Research on the role of pancreas in the nutritive assimilation
* 1922 [[Frederick Banting]], [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] and [[James Collip]] use bovine insulin extract in humans at [[Connaught Laboratories#Discovery and early development of insulin: 1921–1936|Connaught Laboratories]] in Toronto, Canada.
* 1922 [[Leonard Thompson (diabetic)|Leonard Thompson]] becomes the first human to be treated with insulin.
* 1922 [[James D. Havens]], son of former congressman [[James S. Havens]], becomes the first American to be treated with insulin.
* 1922 [[Elizabeth Hughes Gossett]], daughter of the U.S. Secretary of State, becomes the first American to be (officially) treated in Toronto.
* 1923 [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]] produces commercial quantities of much purer bovine insulin than Banting et al. had used
* 1923 Farbwerke [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], one of the forerunners of today's [[Sanofi Aventis]], produces commercial quantities of bovine insulin in Germany
* 1923 [[Hans Christian Hagedorn]] founds the Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium in Denmark – forerunner of today's [[Novo Nordisk]]
* 1923 [[Constance Collier]] returns to health after being successfully treated with insulin in Strasbourg
* 1926 [[Novo Nordisk|Nordisk]] receives a Danish charter to produce insulin as a non-profit
* 1936 Canadians David M. Scott and Albert M. Fisher formulate a zinc insulin mixture at [[Connaught Laboratories#Discovery and early development of insulin: 1921–1936|Connaught Laboratories]] in Toronto and license it to [[Novo Nordisk|Novo]]
* 1936 Hagedorn discovers that adding protamine to insulin prolongs the duration of action of insulin
* 1946 Nordisk formulates Isophane porcine insulin aka Neutral Protamine Hagedorn or [[NPH insulin]]
* 1946 Nordisk crystallizes a protamine and insulin mixture
* 1950 Nordisk markets [[NPH insulin]]
* 1953 Novo formulates Lente porcine and bovine insulins by adding zinc for longer lasting insulin
* 1955 [[Frederick Sanger]] determines the [[Protein sequence|amino acid sequence]] of insulin
* 1965 Synthesized by total synthesis by [[Wang Yinglai]], [[Chen-Lu Tsou]], et al.
* 1969 [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] solves the crystal structure of insulin by [[X-ray crystallography]]
* 1973 Purified monocomponent (MC) insulin is introduced
* 1973 The U.S. officially "standardized" insulin sold for human use in the U.S. to U-100 (100 units per milliliter). Prior to that, insulin was sold in different strengths, including U-80 (80 units per milliliter) and U-40 formulations (40 units per milliliter), so the effort to "standardize" the potency aimed to reduce dosage errors and ease doctors' job of prescribing insulin for people. Other countries also followed suit.
* 1978 [[Genentech]] produces biosynthetic human insulin in ''Escherichia coli'' bacteria using recombinant DNA techniques, licenses to Eli Lilly
* 1981 [[Novo Nordisk]] chemically and enzymatically converts porcine to human insulin
* 1982 [[Genentech]] synthetic human insulin (above) approved
* 1983 [[Eli Lilly and Company]] produces biosynthetic human insulin with [[recombinant DNA]] technology, Humulin
* 1985 [[Axel Ullrich]] sequences a human cell membrane insulin receptor.
* 1988 [[Novo Nordisk]] produces recombinant biosynthetic human insulin
* 1996 [[Eli Lilly and Company|Lilly]] Humalog "lispro" insulin analogue approved.
* 2000 [[Sanofi Aventis]] Lantus insulin "glargine" analogue approved for clinical use in the US and the EU.
* 2004 [[Sanofi Aventis]] Apidra insulin "glulisine" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.
* 2006 [[Novo Nordisk]] [[Levemir]] "detemir" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.
* 2008 [[Abbott Laboratories|Abott laboratories]] " FreeStyle Navigator CGM" gets approved.
* 2013 The US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) requested more cardiac safety tests for [[Insulin degludec]].
* 2015 [[Insulin degludec]] was approved by the FDA in September 2015.

Translations:Insulin (medication)/11/en - Revision history

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