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<p>Importing a new version from external source</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>FAD has a more positive [[reduction potential]] than [[NAD+]] and is a very strong oxidizing agent. The cell utilizes this in many energetically difficult oxidation reactions such as dehydrogenation of a C-C bond to an [[alkene]]. FAD-dependent proteins function in a large variety of metabolic pathways including electron transport, DNA repair, nucleotide biosynthesis, [[Beta oxidation|beta-oxidation]] of fatty acids, amino acid catabolism, as well as synthesis of other cofactors such as [[Coenzyme A|CoA]], [[CoQ]] and [[heme]] groups. One well-known reaction is part of the [[citric acid cycle]] (also known as the TCA or Krebs cycle); [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (complex II in the [[electron transport chain]]) requires covalently bound FAD to catalyze the oxidation of [[succinate]] to [[fumarate]] by coupling it with the reduction of [[ubiquinone]] to [[ubiquinol]]. The high-energy electrons from this oxidation are stored momentarily by reducing FAD to FADH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. FADH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; then reverts to FAD, sending its two high-energy electrons through the electron transport chain; the energy in FADH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is enough to produce 1.5 equivalents of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] by [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Some redox flavoproteins non-covalently bind to FAD like [[acyl CoA dehydrogenase|Acetyl-CoA-dehydrogenases]] which are involved in [[beta-oxidation]] of fatty acids and catabolism of amino acids like [[leucine]] ([[isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase]]), [[isoleucine]], (short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase), [[valine]] (isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase), and [[lysine]] ([[glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase]]). Additional examples of FAD-dependent enzymes that regulate metabolism are [[glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]] (triglyceride synthesis) and [[xanthine oxidase]] involved in [[purine]] nucleotide catabolism. Noncatalytic functions that FAD can play in flavoproteins include as structural roles, or involved in blue-sensitive light [[photoreceptor cell|photoreceptors]] that regulate [[circadian clock|biological clocks]] and development, generation of light in [[bioluminescent]] bacteria.</div>

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