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{{redirect|Perennial}}
{{short description|Plant that lives for more than two years}}

[[File:Cykoria podroznik pokroj.jpg|thumb|Common chicory, ''[[Cichorium intybus]]'', is an herbaceous perennial plant]]

A '''perennial plant''' or simply '''perennial''' is a [[plant]] that lives more than two years.<ref>The Garden Helper. [http://www.thegardenhelper.com/planting.html The Difference Between Annual Plants and Perennial Plants in the Garden.] Retrieved on 2008-06-22.</ref> The term (''[[wikt:per-#Prefix|per-]]'' + ''[[wikt:-ennial#Suffix|-ennial]]'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived [[annual plant|annuals]] and [[biennial plant|biennials]]. The term is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth (secondary growth in girth) from trees and shrubs, which are also technically perennials.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>

Perennials{{mdash}}especially small [[flowering plant]]s{{mdash}}that grow and bloom over the spring and summer, die back every autumn and winter, and then return in the spring from their [[rootstock]] or other overwintering structure, are known as [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] perennials. However, depending on the rigours of local climate (temperature, moisture, organic content in the soil, microorganisms), a plant that is a perennial in its native habitat, or in a milder garden, may be treated by a gardener as an annual and planted out every year, from seed, from cuttings, or from divisions. Tomato vines, for example, live several years in their natural tropical/subtropical habitat but are grown as annuals in [[temperate]] regions because their above-ground biomass doesn't survive the winter.

There is also a class of [[evergreen]] perennials which lack woody stems, such as ''[[Bergenia]]'' which retain a mantle of leaves throughout the year. An intermediate class of plants is known as [[subshrub]]s, which retain a vestigial woody structure in winter, e.g. ''[[Penstemon]]''.

The symbol for a perennial plant, based on ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], is represented by the symbol: [[Image:Jupiter symbol.svg|14px|♃]], which is also the [[astronomical symbol]] for the planet [[Jupiter]].<ref>Stearn, William T. "Botanical Latin" (four editions, 1966-92)</ref>

==Life cycle and structure ==
Perennial plants are most commonly:
*Herbaceous - plants that have foliage and stems that die to the ground at the end of the growing season and which show only primary growth.
*Evergreen - with persistent foliage without woody stems.
*Woody - plants with persistent above ground stems that survive from one growing season to the next, with primary and secondary growth, or growth in width protected by an outer cortex.<ref name="McManusMcManus2021">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qBwSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The First-Time Gardener: Growing Plants and Flowers: All the Know-How You Need to Plant and Tend Outdoor Areas Using Eco-friendly Methods]''. Quarto Publishing Group USA; 2 February 2021. {{ISBN|978-0-7603-6874-9}}. p. 18–.</ref>

They can be short-lived (only a few years) or long-lived. They include a wide assortment of plant groups from non-flowering plants like [[fern]]s and [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] to the highly diverse flowering plants like [[orchid]]s, [[grass]]es, and [[woody plant]]s. Plants that flower and fruit only once and then die are termed [[monocarpic]] or [[semelparous]], these species may live for many years before they flower, <ref name="FuscoMinelli2019">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 The Biology of Reproduction]''. Cambridge University Press; 10 October 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-108-49985-9}}. p. 77–.</ref> for example, [[Agave americana|century plant]] can live for 80 years and grow 30 meters tall before flowering and dying.<ref name="LackEvans2001">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LOl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 Instant Notes in Plant Biology]''. Taylor & Francis; 15 June 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-135-32307-3}}. p. 175–.</ref> However, most perennials are [[polycarpic]] (or iteroparous), flowering over many seasons in their lifetime.<ref name="Bailey2004">Jill Bailey. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=77L1O7hefV0C&pg=PA132 The Facts on File Dictionary of Ecology and the Environment]''. Infobase Publishing; 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-4381-0941-1}}. p. 132–.</ref> Perennials invest more resources than annuals into roots, crowns, and other structures that allow them to live from one year to the next. They often have a competitive advantage because they can commence their growth and leaf out earlier in the growing season, and can grow taller than annuals, in doing so they can better compete for space and collect more light.<ref name="Vogel2016">John P. Vogel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=otKbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 Genetics and Genomics of Brachypodium]''. Springer; 17 February 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-319-26944-3}}. p. 315–.</ref>

Perennials typically grow structures that allow them to adapt to living from one year to the next through a form of [[vegetative reproduction]] rather than seeding. These structures include [[bulb]]s, [[tuber]]s, woody crowns, [[rhizome]]s, [[Turion (botany)|turion]]s, woody stems, or [[Crown (botany)|crowns]] which allows them to survive periods of [[dormancy]] over cold or dry seasons; these structures typically store [[carbohydrate]]s which are used once the dormancy period is over and new growth begins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3oaqR_owy4C&pg=PA98 |title=Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology |date=2011-06-07 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-5000-1 |language=en}}</ref> In [[climate]]s that are warm all year long, perennials may grow continuously.<ref name="Miller2009">Lynden B. Miller. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fHubd2-LIM4C&pg=PA87 Parks, Plants, and People: Beautifying the Urban Landscape]''. Norton; 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-393-73203-0}}. p. 87–.</ref> [[Annual plant|Annuals]] which complete their life cycle in one growing season, in contrast with perennials, produce seeds as the next generation and die;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waxman |first=Michael F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhpSk9IJT4IC&pg=PA84 |title=The Agrochemical and Pesticides Safety Handbook |date=1998-05-22 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4925-1 |language=en}}</ref> the seeds may survive cold or dry periods or germinate soon after dispersal depending on the climate.

Some perennials retain their foliage year-round; these are [[evergreen]] perennials. [[Deciduous]] perennials shed all their leaves part of the year,<ref name="OwensLund2009">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P9upCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 Forests And Forest Plants - Volume III]''. EOLSS Publications; 24 February 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-905839-40-7}}. p. 153–.</ref> they include herbaceous and woody plants; herbaceous plants have stems that lack hard, fibrous growth, while woody plants have stems with buds that survive above ground during dormancy,<ref name="DiSabato-Aust2017">Tracy DiSabato-Aust. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uHEKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 The Well-Tended Perennial Garden: The Essential Guide to Planting and Pruning Techniques, Third Edition]''. Timber Press; 22 February 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-60469-707-0}}. p. 134–.</ref> some perennials are semi-deciduous, meaning they lose some of their leaves in either winter or summer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annuals, Biennials, Perennials: What's the Difference?|url=https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15639|access-date=2021-02-08|website=ANR Blogs|language=en-us}}</ref> Deciduous perennials shed their leaves when growing conditions are no longer suitable for photosynthesis, such as when it is too cold or dry. In many parts of the world, seasonality is expressed as wet and dry periods rather than warm and cold periods, and deciduous perennials lose their leaves in the dry season.<ref name="Kozlowski2012">T.T. Kozlowski. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jUa5fkLlV-4C&pg=PA88 Shedding of Plants Parts]''. Elsevier; 2 December 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-323-14560-2}}. p. 88–.</ref>

Some perennial plants are protected from [[wildfire]]s because they have underground roots that produce adventitious shoots, bulbs, [[Crown (botany)|crown]]s, or [[Underground stem|stem]]s;<ref name="Wagle1981">R. F. Wagle. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xLRMAQAAMAAJ Fire, Its Effects on Plant Succession and Wildlife in the Southwest: Some Effects of Fire on Plant Succession and Variability in the Southwest from a Wildlife Management Viewpoint]''. School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona; 1981. p. 5.</ref> other perennials like trees and shrubs may have thick [[Bark (botany)|cork layer]]s that protect the stems. [[Herbaceous]] perennials from temperate and alpine regions of the world can tolerate the cold during winters.

Perennial plants may remain dormant for long periods and then recommence growth and reproduction when the environment is more suitable, while most annual plants complete their life cycle during one growing period, and [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s have two growing periods.

The [[meristem]] of perennial plants communicates with the hormones produced due to environmental situations (i.e., seasons), reproduction, and stage of development to begin and halt the ability to grow or flower. There is also a distinction between the ability to grow and the actual task of growth. For example, most trees regain the ability to grow during winter but do not initiate physical growth until the spring and summer months. The start of dormancy can be seen in perennials plants through withering flowers, loss of leaves on trees, and halting of reproduction in both flowering and budding plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007-05-01|title=Plant dormancy in the perennial context|journal=Trends in Plant Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=5|pages=217–223|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2007.03.012|pmid=17416545|issn=1360-1385|last1=Rohde|first1=Antje|last2=Bhalerao|first2=Rishikesh P.}}</ref>

Perennials species may produce relatively large seeds that have the advantage of generating larger [[seedling]]s that can better compete with other plants. Perennials also produce seeds over many years.

==Cultivation==
Perennials that are cultivated include: woody plants like [[fruit tree]]s grown for their edible fruits; shrubs and trees grown as landscaping [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]]s; herbaceous food crops like [[asparagus]], [[rhubarb]], [[Strawberry|strawberries]]; and subtropical plants not hardy in colder areas such as [[tomato]]es, [[eggplant]], and [[coleus]] (which are treated as annuals in colder areas).<ref name="Janick1986">Jules Janick. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ivvpqNXK8dkC&pg=PA44 Horticultural Science]''. W. H. Freeman; 15 February 1986 {{ISBN|978-0-7167-1742-3}} p. 44</ref> Perennials also include plants grown for their flowering and other ornamental value including: bulbs (like tulips, narcissus, and gladiolus); and lawn grass, and other [[groundcovers]], (such as [[Vinca|periwinkle]]{{efn|Some groundcovers, such as the periwinkle, (''[[Vinca major]]''), amongst others, are [[environmental weeds]] in some areas. They may be invasive in regions where are they are not native because their ability for rapid spread chokes out native plant species and alters habitats. For ''Vinca'', areas affected include parts of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, especially coastal California.<ref name="calipc">{{cite web |last1=Cal-IPC |title=''Vinca major'' Profile |url=https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/vinca-major-profile/ |website=California Invasive Plant Council |access-date=17 June 2021 |date=2017-03-20}}</ref><ref name="crc">{{cite book |last1=Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management |title=CRC Weed management Guide: Periwinkle - Vinca major |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-920932-71-8 |url=https://www.aabr.org.au/images/stories/resources/ManagementGuides/WeedGuides/wmg_periwinkle.pdf |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="HEAR">{{cite web |last1=Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) |title=''Vinca major'' information from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) |url=http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/vinca_major/ |website=www.hear.org |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>}} and [[dichondra repens|''Dichondra'']]).{{sfn|Janick|1986|p=51}}

Each type of plant must be separated differently; for example, plants with fibrous root systems like daylilies, Siberian iris or grasses can be pried apart with two garden forks inserted back to back, or cut by knives. However, plants such as bearded irises have a root system of rhizomes; these root systems should be planted with the top of the rhizome just above ground level, with leaves from the following year showing. The point of dividing perennials is to increase the amount of a single breed of plant in your garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extension.psu.edu/dividing-perennials|title=Dividing Perennials|website=extension.psu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref> In the United States more than 900 million dollars worth of potted herbaceous perennial plants were sold in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/Census_of_Horticulture_Specialties/hortic_2_0007_0007.pdf|title=Table 7. Potted Herbaceous Perennial Plants Sold: 2019|website=www.nass.usda.gov}}</ref>

[[Image:RIMG0163uf.JPG|right|thumb|''[[Dahlia]]'' plants are tender perennials that originate from climates that are warm all year round and need special care to survive cold winters.]]

==Benefits in agriculture==
[[Image:Switchgrass roots.jpg|right|thumb|500px|[[Panicum virgatum|Switchgrass]] is a deep-rooted perennial. These roots are more than 3 meters long.]]
Although most of humanity is fed by the re-sowing of the seeds of [[Annual plant|annual]] grain crops, (either naturally or by the manual efforts of man), [[perennial crop]]s provide numerous benefits.<ref>Glover et al. [http://www.landinstitute.org/pages/Glover-et-al-2007-Sci-Am.pdf Future Farming: A return to roots?] Retrieved on 2008-11-11.</ref> Perennial plants often have deep, extensive root systems which can hold soil to prevent [[erosion]], capture dissolved [[nitrogen]] before it can contaminate ground and surface water, and out-compete weeds (reducing the need for [[herbicide]]s). These potential benefits of perennials have resulted in new attempts to increase the seed yield of perennial species,<ref>Moffat 1996 [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/274/5292/1469.pdf] Retrieved on 2008-11-14</ref> which could result in the creation of new perennial grain crops.<ref>Cox et al. 2000 [http://www.landinstitute.org/pages/Bioscience_PerennialGrains.pdf] Retrieved on 2008-11-14</ref> Some examples of new perennial crops being developed are [[perennial rice]] and [[intermediate wheatgrass]]. The [[The Land Institute|Land Institute]] estimates that profitable, productive perennial grain crops will take at least 25 years to achieve.

==Location==
{{stereo image
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|caption = Seeds from various perennial flowers
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Perennial plants dominate many natural [[ecosystem]]s on land and in fresh water, with only a very few (e.g. ''[[Zostera]]'') occurring in shallow sea water. [[Herbaceous]] perennial plants are particularly dominant in conditions too fire-prone for trees and shrubs, e.g., most plants on [[prairie]]s and [[steppe]]s are perennials; they are also dominant on [[tundra]] too cold for tree growth. Nearly all [[forest]] plants are perennials, including the trees and shrubs.

Perennial plants are usually better long-term competitors, especially under stable, resource-poor conditions. This is due to the development of larger [[root]] systems which can access water and soil nutrients deeper in the soil and to earlier emergence in the spring. Annual plants have an advantage in disturbed environments because of their faster growth and reproduction rates.<ref name="Monsen1994">Stephen B. Monsen. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qHEF25TIg34C&pg=PA342 Proceedings--ecology and Management of Annual Rangelands]''. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1994. p. 342–.</ref>

==Types==
* Examples of [[evergreen]] perennials include ''[[Begonia]]'', [[banana]], and woody plants like [[Pine]]s, and [[Holly]].
* Examples of [[deciduous]] perennials include [[goldenrod]], [[Mentha|mint]], and woody plants like [[maple]]s and [[Syringa vulgaris|lilac]]s.
* Examples of [[monocarpic]] perennials include ''[[Agave]]'' and some species of ''[[Streptocarpus]]''.
* Examples of [[Woody plant|woody]] perennials include woody [[vine]]s, shrubs, and trees such as [[maple]], [[pine]], and [[apple]] trees.
* Examples of [[herbaceous]] perennials used in agriculture include [[alfalfa]], ''[[Thinopyrum intermedium]]'', and [[Red clover]].

==List of perennials==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}

===Perennial flowers===
Perennials grown for their decorative flowers include very many species and types. Examples include
* [[Dahlia]]
* [[Kniphofia]]
* [[Hollyhock]]
* [[Lupin]]

===Perennial fruits===
The majority of fruit bearing plants are perennial even in temperate climates. Examples include
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* [[Apple]]
* [[Blackcurrant]]
* [[Blueberry]]
* [[Blackberry]]
* [[Ribes|Currant]]
* [[Grape]]
* [[Pear]]
* [[Plum]]
* [[Raspberries]]
* [[Strawberry]]

{{div col end}}

===Perennial herbs===
Many [[herb]]s are perennial including these examples:
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* [[Fennel]]
* [[Mentha|Mint]]
* [[Rosemary]]
* [[Salvia officinalis|Sage]]
* [[Thyme]]
{{div col end}}

===Perennial vegetables===
Many vegetable plants can grow as perennials in tropical climates, but die in cold weather. Examples of some of the more completely perennial vegetables are:

{{div col|colwidth=33em}}

* [[Asparagus]]
* [[Chives]]
* [[Globe artichoke]]
* [[Jerusalem artichoke]]
* [[Leek]]
* [[New Zealand spinach]]
* [[Rhubarb]]
* [[Sorrel]]
* [[Rakkyo]]
* [[Sea kale]]
* [[Kale]]
* [[Sweet potato]]
{{div col end}}

===Aquatic plants===
{{main|Aquatic plant}}
Many aquatic plants are perennial even though many do not have woody tissue. Examples include
* [[Crassula helmsii]] - New Zealand Stonecrop
* [[Pontederia cordata]] - Pickerell weed
* [[Stratiotes aloides]] - Water Soldier which sinks to the bottom of the pond in winter
* [[Utricularia vulgaris]] - Common bladderwort which produces turions as its overwintering stage

==See also==
* {{Anl|Annual plant}}
* {{Anl|Biennial plant}}
* {{Anl|Herbaceous plant}}
* {{Anl|Herbchronology}}
* {{Anl|Perennial grain}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120704232205/http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map]
* [http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/perennials/ Gardening with Perennials]
* [http://www.kallus.com/aroids/ediblecuisine.htm Edible Aroids]
* [http://www.pfaf.org Plants for a Future]
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{{二次利用|date=13 November 2022}}
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Perennial plants| ]]

Perennial plant - Revision history

imported>Fire at 14:07, 3 January 2023