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2023-01-06T03:39:06Z

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'''Overmedication''' is an [[overutilization]] of [[medication]] wherein a [[patient]] takes voluntarily, or is prescribed, unnecessary or excessive medications. While not strictly a medical condition, common symptoms may include: slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, and poor motor skills. Hence it is a risk factor for falls, especially among the elderly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3. Adverse Effects of Overmedication {{!}} ATrain Education |url=https://www.atrainceu.com/content/3-adverse-effects-overmedication |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.atrainceu.com}}</ref> Children with behavior problems are also at risk of overmedication, with parents wanting an easy fix, and drug companies and doctors often obliging.

==Overmedication in the elderly==
A report in 2018 by [[Human Rights Watch]], found that every week in American nursing homes, around 180,000 residents are given antipsychotic drugs who do not have the diagnosis for which the drugs are approved. Most of these people have behavioral issues or some form of dementia. The drugs are often administered without informed consent. The reason these drugs are administered is for the sedative effect, which makes the patients docile and easier to manage.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-02-05 |title="They Want Docile": How Nursing Homes in the United States Overmedicate People with Dementia |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/05/they-want-docile/how-nursing-homes-united-states-overmedicate-people-dementia |language=en}}</ref>

==Overmedication in children==
The overmedication of children has dramatically risen with those between the ages of 2 and 5 years old who are being prescribed [[atypical antipsychotics]] for [[bipolar disorders]], [[developmental disabilities]], [[ADHD]], and behavior disorders.<ref name="InterviewRobbins">{{cite news |title=The overmedication of our youth: An interview with Brent Dean Robbins, PhD |url=https://www.apadivisions.org/division-32/publications/newsletters/humanistic/2012/04/drugging-our-children |work=Society for Humanistic Psychology Newsletter |date=April 2012 }}</ref> Drug companies have benefited considerably with profits made in sales for drugs such as [[stimulants]] for [[hyperactive]] children, with half a million children in the United States receiving medication.<ref name="DefiningDiagnosis">{{cite journal|last1=Gittelman|first1=Martin|title=Introduction: Refining Diagnosis and Behavioral Intervention: Key to Preventing Overmedication|journal=International Journal of Mental Health|date=1979|volume=8|issue=1|pages=3–9|jstor=41350662|doi=10.1080/00207411.1979.11448816}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|reason=See WP:MEDDATE|date=August 2016}} Children have become more involved with [[technology]] resulting in less play time outside and less time spent with parents. The long hours children spend with technology has impacted their [[attachment theory|attachment]] development, [[sensory perception|sensory]] and [[motor development]], along with socialization skills, in return causing behavioral and [[psychological disorders]] and [[learning disabilities]] being diagnosed by [[psychotropic medication]].<ref name="Unplug">{{cite journal|last1=Rowan|first1=Cris|title= Unplug—Don't Drug: A Critical Look at the Influence of Technology on Child Behavior with an Alternative Way of Responding Other Than Evaluation and Drugging|journal= Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry|date=2010|volume=12|page=61|doi=10.1891/1559-4343.12.1.60|s2cid=58689722}}</ref>

If parents monitor their child's behavior and regulate their environment, it can help to prevent any future [[affective disorders]]. Medication is often prescribed to these children; however, it alone will not teach a child to create more valuable relationships at home or in the community. Other forms of [[Health intervention|intervention]] can be applied to supplement the effects of medication therapy and teach the child self-regulatory behaviors and healthy coping skills.<ref name="NurturingChildrens">{{cite journal|last1=Luvmour|first1=Josette|title=Nurturing Children's Well-Being: A Developmental Response to Trends of Overdiagnosis and Overmedication|journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology|date=2011|volume=51 |issue=3|pages=350–368|doi=10.1177/0022167810386958|s2cid=146359625}}</ref> The increase of [[psychiatric]] medication of children may be a result of the declining support for caregiving, leading to [[psychopathology]] in which drugs are oftentimes the go to method of treatment.<ref name="InterviewRobbins" /> Families do not always have knowledge regarding or the means to pursue other methods of intervention such as one-on-one therapy with the child, family therapy and parenting counseling that can teach effective parenting strategies to meet their child's specific needs. There is debate that healthcare professionals have been put under pressure to perform proficiently causing the influence of piecemeal [[polypharmacy]].<ref name="Overzealous">{{cite journal |last1=Zakriski |first1=Audrey L. |last2=Wheeler |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Burda |first3=Jeffrey |last4=Shields |first4=Ann |title=Justifiable Psychopharmacology or Overzealous Prescription? Examining Parental Reports of Lifetime Prescription Histories of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |date=February 2005 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=16–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00111.x |pmid=32806815 }}</ref>

==Overprescription==
A related issue is '''overprescription''', which occurs when doctors give prescription drugs to patients who do not need them. [[Antibiotics]] are a common example,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Dennis |title=U.S. Doctors Still Over-Prescribing Drugs: Survey |url=https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20161205/us-doctors-still-over-prescribing-drugs-survey |work=WebMD |date=5 December 2016 }}</ref> as are [[Opioid|narcotic painkiller]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mozes |first1=Alan |title=Nearly All U.S. Doctors 'Overprescribe' Addictive Narcotic Painkillers: Survey |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/news/20160325/nearly-all-us-doctors-overprescribe-addictive-narcotic-painkillers-survey |work=WebMD |date=25 March 2016 }}</ref> Aggressive marketing by drug companies is sometimes cited as a reason for overprescription.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Franklin |first1=Cory |title=America's epidemic of over-prescribing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/20/healthcare-drugspolicy |work=The Guardian |date=20 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Undiagnosing medical conditions to prevent overprescribing==
Some diagnoses do not hold important clinical implications. These conditions do not require treatment. When they are treated, there is the potential for harm but little potential for benefit. The ERASE algorithm can help clinicians to Evaluate diagnoses through the consideration of Resolved conditions, Ageing normally and Selecting appropriate targets to Eliminate unnecessary diagnoses and associated medicines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Amy |last2=Etherton-Beer |first2=Christopher |title=Undiagnosing to prevent overprescribing |journal=Maturitas |date=May 2019 |volume=123 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.02.010 |pmid=31027680 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Undiagnosing relies on accurate and comprehensive medical records to inform a thorough review of diagnoses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hosking |first1=Sarah M. |last2=Etherton-Beer |first2=Christopher |last3=Page |first3=Amy T. |title=Undiagnosing: Correcting the medical record to prevent over-intervention |journal=Case Reports in Women's Health |date=1 July 2019 |volume=23 |pages=e00133 |doi=10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00133 |pmid=31384565 |pmc=6664263 }}</ref>

== Medication overuse headaches ==
{{Main|Medication overuse headache}}
Medication overuse headaches, also known as rebound headaches, are caused by the overuse of [[Analgesics|pain-relieving drugs]] for [[headaches]], such as [[migraine headaches]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Medicating Kids |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/ |work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=PBS |date=10 April 2001 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/managing-your-healthcare/diabetes/articles/2010/10/07/overmedication-are-americans-taking-too-many-drugs |title=Overmedication: Are Americans Taking Too Many Drugs? |first1=Deborah |last1=Kotz |date=7 October 2010 |work=U.S. News & World Report }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2009-07-28/health-care-in-crisis-overmedicating-americabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |title=Health Care in Crisis: Overmedicating America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710081149/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2009-07-28/health-care-in-crisis-overmedicating-americabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-date=10 July 2012 |first1=Ed |last1=Wallace |date=28 July 2009 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Herzberg |first1=David L. (David Lowell) |title='The Pill You Love Can Turn on You': Feminism, Tranquilizers, and the Valium Panic of the 1970s |journal=American Quarterly |date=2006 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=79–103 |doi=10.1353/aq.2006.0026 |id={{Project MUSE|195709}} |jstor=40068349 |s2cid=144572392 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pletcher |first1=Steven D. |title=Rethinking Pain Management in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery |journal=JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery |date=1 August 2017 |volume=143 |issue=8 |pages=794–795 |doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2017.0344 |pmid=28542678 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Pamala D. |title=Effective pain management in older patients |journal=AORN Journal |date=January 2000 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=205–208 |doi=10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62184-4 |id={{GALE|A59035029}} |pmid=10686653 }}

{{Unnecessary health care}}
{{二次利用|date=4 September 2022}}
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Medical error]]
[[Category:Unnecessary health care]]

Overmedication - Revision history

imported>Fire at 03:39, 6 January 2023