Fire: Created page with "{{short description|Route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth}} {{Infobox medical intervention | name = Oral medication | synonym = By mouth, per os (PO) | image = Oral administration.jpg | caption = Oral administration of a tablet | alt = | pronounce = | specialty = | synonyms = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | CPT = | Me..."

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Created page with "{{short description|Route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth}} {{Infobox medical intervention | name = Oral medication | synonym = By mouth, per os (PO) | image = Oral administration.jpg | caption = Oral administration of a tablet | alt = | pronounce = | specialty =  | synonyms = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | CPT = | Me..."

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{{short description|Route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth}}
{{Infobox medical intervention
| name = Oral medication
| synonym = By mouth, per os (PO)
| image = Oral administration.jpg
| caption = Oral administration of a tablet
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| ICD10 =
| ICD9 =
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[[File:Adminstering oral medication.jpg|thumb|A health professional demonstrates how to offer oral medication to a dummy.]]
[[File:120310-F-XC314-001 (6979611329).jpg|thumb|Oral administration of a liquid]]

'''Oral administration''' is a [[route of administration]] whereby a substance is taken through the [[Human mouth|mouth]], swallowed, and then processed via the [[digestive system]]. This is a common route of administration for many medications.

Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as injection. However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the [[digestive system]], or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pharmapproach.com/oral-administration-of-drugs-advantages-and-disadvantages/|title=Oral Administration of Drugs: Advantages and Disadvantages|access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref>

==Terminology==
''Per os'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɜr|ˈ|oʊ|s}}; ''P.O.'') is an adverbial phrase meaning literally from Latin "through the mouth" or "by mouth". The expression is used in medicine to describe a treatment that is taken orally (but not used [[Oral medicine|''in'' the mouth]] such as, for example, [[caries]] prophylaxis).<ref>{{cite book|title=Hunnius Pharmazeutisches Wörterbuch|year=1998|edition=8th|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|language=de|location=Berlin|isbn=3-11-015793-4|page=1048}}</ref> The abbreviation ''P.O.'' is often used on [[medical prescription]]s.

==Scope==
Oral administration includes:
* [[Buccal administration|Buccal]], dissolved inside the cheek
* [[Sublabial administration|Sublabial]], dissolved under the lip
* [[Sublingual administration]] (SL), dissolved under the tongue, but due to rapid absorption many consider SL a parenteral route

Enteral medications come in various forms, including<ref name=IQWiG-oral>{{cite web|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|title=Oral medications|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0005195/|work=Informed Health Online|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> oral solid dosage (OSD) forms:<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8HBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=Good Design Practices for GMP Pharmaceutical Facilities|last2=Signore|first2=Andrew A.|date=2016-08-19|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5891-2|language=en}}</ref>

* Tablets to swallow, chew or dissolve in water or under the tongue
* Capsules and chewable capsules (with a coating that dissolves in the stomach or bowel to release the medication there)
* Time-release or sustained-release tablets and capsules (which release the medication gradually)
* Powders or granules

and oral liquid dosage forms:<ref>{{Cite book|last1=McCabe-Sellers|first1=Beverly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UH76Uw1RHcC&pg=PA6|title=Handbook of Food-Drug Interactions|last2=Frankel|first2=Eric H.|last3=Wolfe|first3=Jonathan J.|date=2003-04-29|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-49024-2|language=en}}</ref>

* Teas
* Drops
* Liquid medications or syrups

==Facilitating methods==
Concomitant ingestion of [[water]] facilitates in swallowing tablets and capsules.<ref name=mosby>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oral+administration+of+medication TheFreeDictionary > oral administration of medication] Citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009</ref> If the substance has disagreeable [[taste]], addition of a [[Flavoring|flavor]] may facilitate [[ingestion]].<ref name=mosby/> Substances that are harmful to the [[human tooth|teeth]] are preferably given through a [[drinking straw|straw]].<ref name=mosby/>

==See also==
*[[Nothing by mouth]]
*[[List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions]]
*[[List of Latin phrases]]
*[[Medical prescription]]
*[[Thin-film drug delivery]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/oral-drug-administration Oral drug administration] – ScienceDirect

{{Dosage forms}}
{{二次利用|date=4 November 2023}}
[[Category:Medical terminology]]
[[Category:Routes of administration]]

Oral administration - Revision history