Herbal tea - Revision history

imported>Fire: Created page with "{{Short description|Beverage made from infusing or decocting plant material in hot water}} [[Steeping "Hibiscus Delight", made from hibiscus flowers, rose hips, orange peel, green tea, and red raspberry leaf.{{Cite web|title=Hibiscus Delight (Loose Leaf Tea Blend) – 1/2 lb |website=Lone Star Botanicals|url=https://www.lonestarbotanicals.com/product/hibiscus-delight-loose-leaf-tea-blend-1-2-lb/|access-date=2021-08-04}}
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Created page with "{{Short description|Beverage made from infusing or decocting plant material in hot water}} thumb|[[Steeping "Hibiscus Delight", made from hibiscus flowers, rose hips, orange peel, green tea, and red raspberry leaf.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hibiscus Delight (Loose Leaf Tea Blend) – 1/2 lb |website=Lone Star Botanicals|url=https://www.lonestarbotanicals.com/product/hibiscus-delight-loose-leaf-tea-blend-1-2-lb/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</re..."

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{{Short description|Beverage made from infusing or decocting plant material in hot water}}
[[File:Hibiscus Delight tisane.jpg|thumb|[[Steeping]] "Hibiscus Delight", made from hibiscus flowers, rose hips, orange peel, green tea, and red raspberry leaf.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hibiscus Delight (Loose Leaf Tea Blend) – 1/2 lb |website=Lone Star Botanicals|url=https://www.lonestarbotanicals.com/product/hibiscus-delight-loose-leaf-tea-blend-1-2-lb/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref>]]

'''Herbal teas''', also known as '''herbal infusions''' and less commonly<ref name=ngram>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=herb+teas%2Cherbal+teas%2Ctisanes&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cherb%20teas%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cherbal%20teas%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctisanes%3B%2Cc0 |title=Google Ngram Viewer |access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> called '''tisanes''' (UK and US {{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|z|æ|n}}, US also {{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|z|ɑː|n}}),<ref name=cam>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tisane?a=british |title=tisane |website=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary |date=2018-05-23 |access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> are beverages made from the [[infusion]] or [[decoction]] of [[herb]]s, [[spice]]s, or other [[plant]] material in hot water. Oftentimes '''herb tea''', or the plain term '''''tea''''', is used as a reference to all sorts of herbal teas. Many herbs are used in [[herbal medicine]]. Some herbal blends contain actual [[tea]] (e.g., the Indian classic [[masala chai]]).

The term "herbal" tea is often used in contrast to the so-called ''true'' [[tea]]s (e.g., [[black tea|black]], [[green tea|green]], [[white tea|white]], [[yellow tea|yellow]], [[oolong]]), which are prepared from the cured leaves of the tea plant, ''[[Camellia sinensis]]''. Unlike true teas (which are also available [[decaffeinated]]), most tisanes do not naturally contain [[caffeine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/herbal-tea |title=Herbal tea |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Center|first=Garfield Medical|title=Different Types of Tea and Caffeine Content|url=https://www.garfieldmedicalcenter.com/GMC-Blog/2016/October/Different-Types-of-Tea-and-Caffeine-Content.aspx|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Garfield Medical Center}}</ref> There are a number of plants, however, that ''do'' contain caffeine or another [[stimulant]], like [[theobromine]], [[cocaine]] or [[ephedrine]]. Some have the opposite effect, acting as a [[sedative]]. Some common [[Infusion|infusions]] have specific names such as {{Not a typo|''[[coffee]]''}}, [[Mate (drink)|''mate'']] (yerba mate), and [[rooibos|''rooibos'']] (red bush).

== Etymology ==
[[File:LE POINT DE VUE11n4000.jpg|thumb|Herbal tea in a glass [[teapot]] and [[Teacup|cup]]]]
Some feel{{clarify|date=December 2021}} that the term ''tisane'' is more correct than ''herbal tea'' or that the latter is even misleading, but most dictionaries record that the word ''tea'' is also used to refer to other plants beside the [[Camellia sinensis|tea plant]] and to beverages made from these other plants.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tea |title=tea |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tea|title=tea|dictionary=Lexico|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119112348/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tea|url-status=dead}}</ref> In any case, the term ''herbal tea'' is very well established and much more common than ''tisane''.<ref name=ngram/>

The word ''tisane'' was rare in its modern sense before the 20th century, when it was borrowed in the modern sense from French. (This is why some people feel it should be pronounced {{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|z|ɑː|n}} as in French, but the original English pronunciation {{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|z|æ|n}} continues to be more common in US English and especially in UK English.)<ref name=cam/>

The word had already existed in late [[Middle English]] in the sense of "medicinal drink" and had already been borrowed from French ([[Old French]]). The Old French word came from the Latin word {{lang|la|ptisana}}, which came from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|πτισάνη}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|ptisánē}}), which meant "peeled" barley, in other words [[pearl barley]], and a drink made from this that is similar to modern [[barley water]].<ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/tisane|title=tisane|dictionary=Lexico|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927014241/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tisane|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Composition ==
{{See also|List of plants used in herbalism|List of culinary herbs and spices}}

Herbal teas can be made with fresh or dried flowers, fruit, leaves, seeds or roots. They are made by pouring boiling water over the plant parts and letting them steep for a few minutes. The herbal tea is then strained, sweetened if desired, and served. Many companies produce herbal [[tea bag]]s for such infusions.

<gallery>
File:Zingiber Ginger Coconut Rooibos - Teavana tisane.jpg|This retail mixture contains [[rooibos]], [[coconut]], [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]], [[apple]], [[cardamom]], [[black pepper]] and [[almond]].
File:Elderberries.jpeg|Dried [[Sambucus|elderberries]] ready to be [[Steeping|steeped]] into tea
File:2016 1212 Coffee blossom tea.jpg|Coffee blossom tea
File:Mr. Ollivanders Magic Potion fruit tisane.jpg|[[Apple]], [[rose hip]]s, [[orange (fruit)|orange]] [[zest (ingredient)|zest]], [[papaya]], [[peppermint]], [[liquorice]] root, [[cymbopogon|lemon grass]], [[cinnamon]], [[blackcurrant]]s, [[rose]] and [[Malvaceae|mallow]] blossoms.
File:Bebida de ginseng.jpg|Bottled [[ginseng tea]].
File:Rooibos tisane tea bag close up.jpg|Close-up of a rooibos blend in a [[tea bag]] being [[steeping|steeped]].
</gallery>

== Varieties ==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2018}}
While varieties of tisanes can be made from any edible plant material, below is a list of those commonly used for such:
* [[Anise]] tea, made from either the seeds or the leaves
* [[Centella asiatica|Asiatic penny-wort]] leaf, in [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[Artichoke]] tea
* [[Aegle marmelos|Bael fruit]] tea<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manjeshwar, Harshith, Nandhini, Farhan|first=Shrinath Baliga, P. Bhat, Joseph, Fazal|date=August 2011|title=Phytochemistry and medicinal uses of the bael fruit (''Aegle marmelos'' Correa): A concise review|journal=Food Research International|volume= 44| issue = 7|pages= 1768–1775|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.008}}</ref>
* [[Bee balm]]
* [[Boldo]], used in South America
* [[Burdock]]; the seeds, leaves, and roots have been used
* [[Cannabis tea]], used in the preparation of [[bhang]]
* [[Caraway]], tea made from the seeds
* [[Nepeta|Catnip]], tea used as a relaxant, [[sedative]], and to calm
* [[Chamomile]]
* Che dang, bitter tea made from ''Ilex {{not a typo|causue}}'' leaves
* [[Chinese knotweed]] tea
* [[Chrysanthemum tea]], made from dried flowers
* [[Cinnamon]]
* [[Coca tea]], infusion made from [[coca]] leaves. Contains trace amounts of [[cocaine]] and similar alkaloids.<ref name="ncbi_alkaloids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jenkins AJ, Llosa T, Montoya I, Cone EJ |title=Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=179–89 |year=1996 |pmid=8819993 |pmc=2705900 |doi=10.1016/0379-0738(95)01860-3}}</ref> In some countries where coca is illegal, products marketed as "coca tea" are supposed to be ''decocainized'', i.e., the pharmacologically active components have been removed from the leaf using the same chemicals used in manufacturing cocaine.
* [[Cacao bean]] tea
**[[Hot cocoa]] is not an herbal tea because the plant material is dissolved in water (or milk), but [[cacao bean]] can be used to make a tea.
* [[Coffee-leaf tea]], [[coffee cherry tea|coffee fruit tea]], and coffee blossom tea are herbal teas made using the leaves, fruits and flowers of the [[coffee]] plant
* [[Coffee|Coffee bean tea]], or simply coffee, a tisane made from [[coffee bean|the seeds of the coffee plant]]
* [[Cerasse]], bitter [[Jamaica]]n herb
* [[Citrus]] peel, including [[bergamot orange|bergamot]], [[lemon]] and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] peel
* [[Dandelion coffee]]
* [[Dill]] tea
* [[Dried lime tea]], made from [[dried lime]]s common in [[western Asia]]
* [[Echinacea]] tea
* [[Elderberry]]
* [[European mistletoe]] (''Viscum album''), (steep in cold water for 2–6 hours)
* [[Essiac|Essiac tea]], blended herbal tea
* [[Fennel]]
* [[Gentian]]
* [[Ginger root]] can be made into herbal tea, known in the [[Philippines]] as ''[[salabat]]''
* [[Ginseng]], a common tea in China and Korea, commonly used as a stimulant and as a caffeine substitute
* [[Goji]]
* [[Ilex guayusa|Guayusa]], caffeinated tree of the [[holly]] genus, native to the [[Amazon rainforest]].
* [[Crataegus|Hawthorn]]
* [[Hibiscus]] (often blended with [[rose hip]]), a common tea in the Middle East or Asia
* [[Honeybush]], similar to [[rooibos]] and grows in a nearby area of [[South Africa]], but tastes slightly sweeter. Has a low tannin content, no caffeine.
* [[Marrubium vulgare|Horehound]]
* [[Houttuynia]]
* [[Hydrangea]] tea, dried leaves of hydrangeas; considerable care must be taken because most species contain a toxin. The "safe" hydrangeas belong to the ''[[Hydrangea serrata]]'' Amacha ("sweet tea") cultivar group.<ref>C.J. van Gelderen; D.M. van Gelderen. 2004. Encyclopedia of Hydrangeas. Timber Press. 280 p.</ref>
* [[Jiaogulan]] (also known as ''xiancao'' or "poor man's ginseng")
* [[Kapor tea]], dried leaves of [[Epilobium angustifolium|fireweed]]
* [[Kava]] root, from the South Pacific, can be made into a tea for stomach upsets and other minor illnesses. The traditional form is a water-based suspension of kava roots.
* [[Kratom]], dried leaves of the kratom tree.
* [[Kuzuyu]], a thick white Japanese tea made by adding [[kudzu]] flour to hot water
* [[Labrador tea]], made from the shrub by the same name, found in the northern part of North America
* [[Lemon balm]]
* Lemon and ginger tea
* [[Cymbopogon|Lemongrass]]
* [[Luo han guo]]
* [[Licorice]] root
* [[Lime Blossom|Lime blossom]], dried flowers of the [[Tilia|lime tree]] (''tilia'' in [[Latin]]).
* [[Mate_(drink)|Mate]] South American caffeinated tea made from yerba mate
* [[Mentha|Mint]] (mint tea), especially [[peppermint]] (also mixed with [[green tea]])
[[Maghrebi mint tea]]
[[Filipendula ulmaria|Meadowsweet]] herb
**[[Korean mint tea]]
* [[Moringa oleifera|Moringa]]
* [[Sideritis syriaca|Mountain tea]], common in the Balkans and other areas of the Mediterranean region. Made from a variety of the ''[[Sideritis syriaca]]'' plant which grows in warm climates above 3,000 feet. Records of its use date back 2,000 years.
* [[Neem]] leaf
* [[Urtica|Nettle]] leaf
* [[New Jersey tea]]
* [[Noni]] tea
* [[Oksusu cha]], traditional roasted [[maize|corn]] tea found in Korea
* [[Olive leaf]] tea
* [[Osmanthus fragrans|Osmanthus]] tea, dried flowers of the sweet olive tree, are used alone or blended with tea leaves in China.
* [[Pandanus amaryllifolius|Pandan]] tea
* [[Patchouli]] tea
* [[Mentha pulegium|Pennyroyal]] leaf, an [[abortifacient]]
* [[Pine#Food|Pine]] tea, or ''tallstrunt'', made from needles of pine trees
* [[Poppy tea]], consumed for its sedative and [[analgesic]] properties
* [[Qishr]], Yemeni drink with coffee husks and ginger
* [[Red clover]] tea
* Red [[raspberry]] leaf
* [[Barley tea]], East Asian drink with roasted [[barley]]
* Roasted [[wheat]], used in [[Postum]], a coffee substitute
* [[Rooibos]] (red bush), a reddish plant used to make an infusion and grown in [[South Africa]]. In the US it is sometimes called red tea. It has many of the [[antioxidant]] characteristics of [[green tea]], but because it does not come from tea leaves, it has no [[caffeine]].
* [[Rose hip]] (often blended with [[hibiscus]])
* [[Roselle (plant)|Roselle]] petals (species of hibiscus; known by other names including ''bissau'' and ''dah''), consumed in the [[Sahel]] and elsewhere
* [[Rosemary]]
* [[Sagebrush]], [[California sagebrush]]
* [[Common sage|Sage]]
* [[Sakurayu]], Japanese herbal tea made with pickled cherry blossom petals
* [[Salvia]]
* [[Sassafras]] roots were steeped to make tea and were used in the flavoring of [[root beer]] until being banned by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration|FDA]].
* Scorched [[rice]], known as ''[[hyeonmi cha]]'' in Korea
* [[Scutellaria barbata|Skullcap]]
* Serendib (tea), tea from [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Soba#Other uses of the word soba|Sobacha]]
* [[Spearmint]]
* [[Lindera benzoin|Spicebush]] (''Lindera benzoin'') leaves used to make a tea by some native peoples of eastern North America
* [[Spruce#Uses|Spruce]] tea, made from needles of spruce trees
* [[Staghorn sumac]], fruit can be made into a lemonade
* [[Stevia]], can be used to make herbal tea, or as a sweetener in other beverages
* [[St. John's wort]]
* [[Thyme]], contains [[thymol]]
* [[Tulsi]], or [[holy basil]]
* [[Turmeric]] tea
* ''[[Uncaria tomentosa]]'', commonly known as cat's claw
* [[Valerian (plant)|Valerian]] is used as a sedative.<ref name=medscape>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boullata JI, Nace AM |title=Safety issues with herbal medicine |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=257–69 |year=2000 |pmid=10730682 |doi=10.1592/phco.20.4.257.34886 |s2cid=36757144 }}</ref>
* [[Verbena|Verbena (vervain)]]
* [[Wax gourd]] in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
* [[Wong Lo Kat]], a recipe for herbal tea from Guangdong, China since the Qing Dynasty
* [[Galium odoratum|Woodruff]]
* [[Yarrow]]

== Health risks ==
{{See also|List of herbs with known adverse effects|Tea_bag#Controversies_regarding_the_use_of_plastic_in_teabags|label2=Controversies regarding the use of plastic in teabags}}

While most herbal teas are safe for regular consumption, some herbs have [[toxin|toxic]] or [[allergy|allergenic]] effects. Among the greatest causes of concern are:
* [[Comfrey]], which contains [[alkaloid]]s which may be harmful to the [[liver]] from chronic use, and particularly is not recommended during pregnancy or when [[prescription drug]]s are used; comfrey is not recommended for oral use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comfrey|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/comfrey.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=5 January 2018|date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
* [[Lobelia]], which contains alkaloids and has [[traditional medicine]] uses for smoking cessation, may cause nausea, vomiting, or dizziness at high doses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lobelia|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/lobelia.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=5 January 2018|date=3 January 2018}}</ref>

Herbal teas can also have different effects from person to person, and this is further compounded by the problem of potential misidentification. The deadly [[foxglove]], for example, can be mistaken for the much more benign (but still relatively toxic to the liver) comfrey. Care must be taken not to use any [[poisonous plants]].

The US does not require herbal teas to have any evidence concerning their efficacy, but does treat them technically as food products and require that they be safe for consumption.

Fruit or fruit-flavored tea is usually acidic and thus may contribute to erosion of [[tooth enamel]].<ref name="O'Toole2018">{{cite journal |last1= O'Toole|first1= S.|last2= Mullan|first2= F.|title= The role of the diet in tooth wear|journal= British Dental Journal|volume= 224|issue= 5|pages= 379–383|year= 2018|doi= 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.127|pmid= 29471309|s2cid= 3797429|url= https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-role-of-the-diet-in-tooth-wear(7a470d3f-b003-4383-831e-24f14fcdd600).html}}</ref>

=== Contamination ===
{{See also|Health effects of pesticides}}
Depending on the source of the herbal ingredients, herbal teas, like any crop, may be contaminated with [[pesticide]]s or [[heavy metals]].<ref name=NaithaniKakkar2004 /><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 16228893 | year = 2005 | last1 = Naithani | first1 = V | last2 = Kakkar | first2 = P | title = Evaluation of heavy metals in Indian herbal teas | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 197–203 | doi = 10.1007/s00128-005-0738-4 | journal = Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology| s2cid = 41011619 }}</ref>
According to Naithani & Kakkar (2004), "all herbal preparations should be checked for toxic chemical residues to allay consumer fears of exposure to known neuro-toxicant pesticides and to aid in promoting global acceptance of these products".<ref name=NaithaniKakkar2004>{{cite journal | pmid = 16268119 | year = 2004 | last1 = Naithani | first1 = V | last2 = Kakkar | first2 = P | title = An evaluation of residual organochlorine pesticides in popular Indian herbal teas | volume = 59 | issue = 8 | pages = 426–30 | doi = 10.3200/AEOH.59.8.426-430 | journal = Archives of Environmental Health | s2cid = 31026817 }}</ref>

=== During pregnancy ===
In addition to the issues mentioned above which are toxic to all people, several medicinal herbs are considered [[abortifacient]]s, and if consumed by a [[pregnancy|pregnant]] individual could cause [[miscarriage]]. These include common ingredients like [[nutmeg]], [[mace (spice)|mace]], [[papaya]], [[bitter melon]], [[verbena]], [[saffron]], [[Ulmus rubra|slippery elm]], and possibly [[pomegranate]]. It also includes more obscure herbs, like [[mugwort]], [[Ruta graveolens|rue]], [[Mentha pulegium|pennyroyal]], [[Daucus carota|wild carrot]], [[Caulophyllum thalictroides|blue cohosh]], [[tansy]], and [[juniperus sabina|savin]].{{medcn|date=April 2016}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Drink}}
* [[List of hot beverages]]
* [[Tea culture]]
* [[Health effects of tea]]
* [[Tincture]], the often more concentrated plant extracts made in pure grain alcohol, glycerin, or vinegar
* [[Yerba mate]]
* [[Hot chocolate]]
* [[Coffee substitute]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Tisanes|lcfirst=yes}}
{{wikiversity-inline|infusion maker}}
* [https://www.mydraw.com/templates-infographics-tea-types-infographic Variety of Teas] review from https://www.mydraw.com/

{{Herbal teas}}
{{Teas}}
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[[Category:Herbal tea| ]]