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Created page with "{{Short description|Pharmacological drug nomenclature}} '''Drug nomenclature''' is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs. In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which a..."

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{{Short description|Pharmacological drug nomenclature}}
'''Drug nomenclature''' is the [[nomenclature|systematic naming]] of [[drug]]s, especially [[pharmaceutical drug]]s. In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: [[chemical nomenclature|chemical names]], the most important of which is the [[IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry|IUPAC name]]; [[trademark distinctiveness#Generic terms|generic or nonproprietary names]], the most important of which are [[international nonproprietary name]]s (INNs); and trade names, which are [[brand|brand names]].<ref name=UCB>{{cite web | url = http://www.ucb.com/rd/info-centre/drug-naming | title = How drugs are named | publisher = [[UCB (company)|UCB]] | date = 2011-12-09 | access-date = 2013-01-01 }}</ref> Under the INN system, generic names for drugs are constructed out of [[affix]]es and stems that classify the drugs into useful categories while keeping related names distinguishable.<ref name=AMA>{{cite web | url = https://www.ama-assn.org/about/united-states-adopted-names/united-states-adopted-names-naming-guidelines | title = United States Adopted Names naming guidelines | publisher = [[American Medical Association]] | access-date = 22 January 2021 }}</ref> A marketed drug might also have a company code or [[list of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes|compound code]].<ref name=Pipeline>{{cite web | url = https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/experimental-compound-codes | title = Experimental Compound Codes | date = 23 October 2006 | access-date = 20 November 2015 | last = Lowe | first = Derek | publisher = Science | author-link = Derek Lowe (chemist) }}</ref>

==Legal regulation==
Drug names are often subject to legal regulation, including approval for new drugs (to avoid confusion with existing drugs) and on packaging to establish clear rules about [[adulterant]]s and fraudulent or misleading labeling. A national [[Formulary (pharmacy)|formulary]]<ref name="UCB" /> is often designated to define drug names (and purity standards) for regulatory purposes. The legally approved names in various countries include:
* [[Australian Approved Name]]
* [[British Approved Name]]
* [[Dénomination Commune Française]] (France)
* [[Denominazione Comune Italiana]] (Italy, generic name)
* [[Japanese Accepted Name]]
* [[United States Adopted Name]]

The [[World Health Organization]] administers the [[international nonproprietary name]] list.

A company or person developing a drug can apply for a generic (nonproprietary) name through their national formulary or directly to the WHO INN Programme.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn/stembook&publication=who-emp-rht-tsn-2018-1 |publisher=The World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2021}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In order to minimize confusion, many of the national naming bodies have policies of maintaining harmony between national nonproprietary names and INNs.<ref name=AMA /> The European Union has mandated this harmonization for all member states <ref name = EUmand>{{cite web |title=DIRECTIVE 2001/83/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2001L0083:20070126:en:PDF |publisher=The European Parliament |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> In the United States, the developer applies to United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council, and a USAN negotiator applies to the INN on the developer's behalf.<ref name = AMA />

==Chemical names==
The chemical names are the [[scientific name]]s, based on the [[molecular geometry|molecular structure]] of the drug. There are various systems of [[chemical nomenclature]] and thus various chemical names for any one substance. The most important is the [[IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry|IUPAC name]]. Chemical names are typically very long and too complex to be commonly used in referring to a drug in speech or in prose documents.<ref name=UCB /> For example, "1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol" is a chemical name for [[propranolol]]. Sometimes, a company that is developing a drug might give the drug a company code,<ref name=Pipeline/> which is used to identify the drug while it is in development. For example, CDP870 was [[UCB (company)|UCB]]’s company code for [[certolizumab pegol]]; UCB later chose "Cimzia" as its trade name.<ref name=UCB /> Many of these codes, although not all, have [[list of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes|prefixes that correspond to the company name]].

==Nonproprietary (generic) names==
{{anchor|Generic names}}

Generic names are used for a variety of reasons. They provide a clear and unique identifier for active chemical substances, appearing on all drug labels, advertising, and other information about the substance. Relatedly, they help maintain clear differentiation between proprietary and nonproprietary aspects of reality, which people trying to sell proprietary things have an [[incentive]] to [[obfuscation|obfuscate]]; they help people [[apples and oranges|compare apples to apples]]. They are used in scientific descriptions of the chemical, in discussions of the chemical in the [[scientific literature]] and descriptions of [[clinical trial]]s.<ref name = AMA/> Generic names usually indicate via their stems what drug class the drug belongs to.<ref name=Merck>{{cite web | url = http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/drugs/trade-name_and_generic_drugs/overview_of_generic_drugs_and_drug_naming.html | title = Overview of Generic Drugs and Drug Naming | publisher = [[Merck & Co.]] | date = 2007-04-01 | access-date = 2013-01-01 | last = Silverman | first = HM }}</ref> For example, one can tell that [[aciclovir]] is an [[antiviral drug]] because its name ends in the ''-vir'' suffix.

===History===
The earliest roots of [[standardization]] of generic names for drugs began with [[pharmacopoeia#City pharmacopoeia|city pharmacopoeias]], such as the London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Hamburg, and Berlin Pharmacopoeias. The [[history of chemistry|fundamental advances in chemistry during the 19th century]] made that era the first time in which what we now call [[chemical nomenclature]], a huge profusion of names based on atoms, functional groups, and molecules, was necessary or conceivable. In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th, city pharmacopoeias were unified into [[pharmacopoeia#National pharmacopoeia|national pharmacopoeias]] (such as the [[British Pharmacopoeia]], [[United States Pharmacopeia]], Pharmacopoeia Germanica (PhG or PG), Italian Pharmacopeia, and [[Japanese Pharmacopoeia]]) and [[formulary (pharmacy)|national formularies]] (such as the [[British National Formulary]], the [[Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary]], and the National Formulary of India). International pharmacopeias, such as the [[European Pharmacopoeia]] and the [[The International Pharmacopoeia|International Pharmacopoeia]] of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), have been the next level.

In 1953 the WHO created the [[International Nonproprietary Name]] (INN) system, which issues INNs in various languages, including Latin, English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Arabic. Several countries also have national-level systems for creating [[generic drug]] names, including the [[British Approved Name]] (BAN) system, the Australian Approved Name (AAN) system, the [[United States Adopted Name]] (USAN) system (which is mostly the same as the [[United States Pharmacopeia]] (USP) system), and the [[Japanese Accepted Name]] (JAN) system. At least several of these national-level Approved Name/Adopted Name/Accepted Name systems were not created until the 1960s, after the INN system already existed. In the 21st century, increasing [[globalization]] is encouraging maximal rationalization for new generic names for drugs, and there is an increasing expectation that new USANs, BANs, and JANs will not differ from new INNs without special justification.

During the first half of the 20th century, generic names for drugs were often coined by [[contraction (grammar)|contracting]] the chemical names into fewer syllables. Such contraction was partially, informally, locally standardized, but it was not universally consistent. In the second half of the 20th century, the nomenclatural systems moved away from such contraction toward the present system of stems and affixes that show chemical relationships.

[[Biopharmaceutical]]s have posed a challenge in nonproprietary naming because unlike smaller molecules made with [[total synthesis]] or [[semisynthesis]], there is less assurance of complete [[fungibility]] between products from different manufacturers. Just as [[wine]] may vary by [[strain (biology)|strain]] of yeast and year of grape harvest, so each product can be subtly different because living organisms are an integral part of production. The WHO MedNet community continually works to augment its system for biopharmaceuticals to ensure continued fulfillment of the goals served by having nonproprietary names.<ref name="who_inn_bio">{{Citation |author=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=INN and Biologicals |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/inn_bio/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015071355/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/inn_bio/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=2016-06-16 |postscript=.}}</ref> In recent years the development of the Biological Qualifier system has been an example.<ref name="who_inn_bio"/>

The [[prefix]]es and [[infix]]es have no pharmacological significance and are used to separate the drug from others in the same class. [[Suffix]]es or [[word stem|stems]] may be found in the middle or more often the end of the drug name, and normally suggest the action of the drug. Generic names often have suffixes that define what class the drug is.<ref name=AMA />

===List of stems and affixes===

More comprehensive lists can be found at the National Library of Medicine's Drug Information Portal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/jsp/drugportal/DrugNameGenericStems.jsp |title=Drug Information Portal > Generic Name Stems |publisher=National Library of Medicine |access-date=2017-07-25 }}</ref> or in Appendix VII of the USP Dictionary.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! scope="col" | Stem
! scope="col" | Drug class
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Example
|-
| -vir || [[Antiviral drug]]<ref name=AMA /> || [[aciclovir]], [[oseltamivir]]
|-
| -cillin || [[Penicillin]]-derived [[Antibacterial|antibiotic]]s || [[penicillin]], [[carbenicillin]], [[oxacillin]]<ref name=drugs>{{cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/penicillin.html | publisher = [[Drugs.com]] | access-date = 2013-01-01 | date = 2010-12-15 | title = Penicillin }}</ref>
|-
| cef- || [[Cephem]]-type antibiotics || [[cefazolin]]
|-
| -mab || [[Monoclonal antibodies]]<ref name=AMA/> || [[trastuzumab]], [[ipilimumab]]
|-
| -ximab || [[fusion protein#Chimeric protein drugs|Chimeric]] antibody, in which the design of the therapeutic antibody incorporates parts of multiple different antibodies, for example, in the case of infliximab, variable (binding) regions from a mouse anti-TNF antibody and constant regions from human antibodies (to reduce the likelihood of the patient developing their own antibodies against the therapeutic antibody) <ref name = AMA/> || [[infliximab]]
|-
| -zumab || [[humanized antibody]]<ref name=EBSCO>{{cite book | chapter-url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/reference-entries/21251596/zumab | title = Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary/medical Terminology: A Systems Approach | page = 2371 | isbn = 0803613245 | vauthors = Gylys BA, Wedding ME | year = 2005 | chapter = -zumab | publisher = Medicus Media }}</ref> || [[natalizumab]], [[bevacizumab]]
|-
| -anib || [[Angiogenesis inhibitors]]<ref name=<ref5>{{cite web |title=Anib |url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/endswith/anib |website=Drug Information Portal |access-date=7 July 2020 |ref=5}}</ref> || [[Pazopanib]], [[Vandetanib]]
|-
| -ciclib || [[Cyclin-dependent kinase 4]]/[[CDK6]] inhibitors || [[palbociclib]], [[ribociclib]]
|-
| -degib || [[hedgehog signaling pathway]] inhibitors<ref name=<ref6>{{cite web |title=Degib |url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/endswith/degib |website=Drug Information Portal |access-date=7 July 2020 |ref=6}}</ref> || [[Vismodegib]], [[Sonidegib]]
|-
| -denib || [[IDH1]] and [[IDH2]] inhibitors<ref name=<ref7>{{cite web |title=Denib |url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/endswith/denib |website=Drug Information Portal |access-date=7 July 2020 |ref=7}}</ref> || [[Enasidenib]], [[Ivosidenib]]
|-
| -lisib || [[Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase]] inhibitors || [[alpelisib]], [[buparlisib]]
|-
| -parib || [[PARP inhibitor]] || [[olaparib]], [[veliparib]]
|-
| -rafenib || [[BRAF inhibitor]]s<ref name=<ref8>{{cite web |title=Rafenib |url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/endswith/rafenib |website=Drug Information Portal |access-date=7 July 2020 |ref=8}}</ref> || [[Sorafenib]], [[Vemurafenib]]
|-
| -tinib || [[Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor]]s<ref name=AMA /> || [[erlotinib]], [[crizotinib]]
|-
| -zomib || [[proteasome inhibitor]]s<ref name=<ref9>{{cite web |title=Zomib |url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/endswith/zomib |website=Drug Information Portal |access-date=7 July 2020 |ref=9}}</ref> || [[bortezomib]], [[carfilzomib]]
|-
| -vastatin || [[HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor]]<ref name=AMA /> || [[atorvastatin]]
|-
| -prazole || [[Proton-pump inhibitor]]<ref name=AMA /> || [[omeprazole]]
|-
| -lukast || [[Leukotriene]] [[receptor antagonist]]s<ref name=AMA /> || [[zafirlukast]], [[montelukast]]
|-
| -grel- || [[Platelet]] aggregation inhibitor<ref name=AMA /> || [[clopidogrel]], [[ticagrelor]]
|-
| -axine || [[Dopamine]] and [[serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]]<ref name=AMA /> || [[venlafaxine]]
|-
| -olol || [[Beta-blockers]] || [[metoprolol]], [[atenolol]]
|-
| -oxetine || [[Antidepressant]] related to [[fluoxetine]]<ref name=AMA /> || [[duloxetine]], [[reboxetine]]
|-
| -sartan || [[Angiotensin receptor]] antagonists<ref name=AMA /> || [[losartan]], [[valsartan]]
|-
| -pril || [[Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor]]<ref name=AMA /> || [[captopril]], [[lisinopril]]
|-
| -oxacin || [[Quinolone antibiotic|Quinolone-derived antibiotics]] || [[levofloxacin]], [[moxifloxacin]]
|-
| -barb- || [[Barbiturate]]s || [[Phenobarbital]], [[secobarbital]]
|-
| -xaban || [[Direct Xa inhibitor]] || [[apixaban]], [[rivaroxaban]]
|-
| -afil || Inhibitor of [[PDE5]] with vasodilator action || [[sildenafil]], [[tadalafil]]
|-
| -prost- || [[Prostaglandin analogue]] || [[latanoprost]], [[unoprostone]]
|-
| [[-ine]] || [[Alkaloid]]s and organic bases|| [[atropine]], [[quinine]]
|-
| -tide || [[Peptides]] and [[glycopeptides]] || [[Nesiritide]], [[Octreotide]]
|-
| -vec || [[Gene Therapy]] vectors || [[Alipogene tiparvovec]]
|-
| -ast || [[Anti-asthmatic]] || [[zafirlukast]], [[seratrodast]]
|-
| -caine || [[local anesthetic]] ||[[benzocaine]]
|-
| -dipine || [[Calcium channel blocker]] derived from [[dihydropyridine]] || [[amlodipine]], [[nifedipine]], [[felodipine]]
|-
| -tidine || [[H2 receptor antagonist]] || [[cimetidine]], [[ranitidine]], [[famotidine]]
|-
| -setron || [[5-HT3 antagonist]] || [[ondansetron]], [[granisetron]], [[palonosetron]]
|}

===Example breakdown of a drug name===
If the name of the drug solanezumab were to be broken down, it would be divided into two parts like this: solane-zumab. -Zumab is the suffix for humanized monoclonal antibody.<ref name=EBSCO /> Monoclonal antibodies by definition contain only a single antibody clone and have binding specificity for one particular epitope.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.piercenet.com/method/antibody-production-immunogen-preparation|title=Antibody Production (Immunogen Preparation)|website=www.piercenet.com}}</ref> In the case of solanezumab, the antibody is designed to bond to the [[Beta amyloid|amyloid-β]] [[peptide]]s which make up [[amyloid|protein plaques]] on the [[neuron]]s of people with [[Alzheimer's disease]].

See also [[Time release technology#List of abbreviations|Time release technology > List of abbreviations]] for formulation suffixes.

===Combination drug products===
For combination drug products—those with two or more drugs combined into a single [[dosage form]]—single nonproprietary names beginning with "co-" exist in both [[British Approved Name]] (BAN) form and in a formerly maintained [[United States Pharmacopeia|USP]] name called the pharmacy equivalent name (PEN). Otherwise the two names are simply both given, joined by hyphens or slashes. For example, suspensions combining [[trimethoprim]] and [[sulfamethoxazole]] are called either [[trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] or co-trimoxazole. Similarly, [[co-codamol]] is [[codeine]]-[[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), and co-triamterzide is [[triamterene]]-[[hydrochlorothiazide]]. The USP ceased maintaining PENs, but the similar "co"-prefixed BANs are still current.

===Pronunciation===
Most commonly, a nonproprietary drug name has one widely agreed pronunciation in each language. For example, ''[[doxorubicin]]'' is consistently {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|ɒ|k|s|oʊ-|ˈ|r|uː|b|ᵻ|s|ɪ|n}} in English.<ref name="MW_Medical">{{Citation |author=Merriam-Webster |author-link=Merriam-Webster |title=Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/medical/ |postscript=.}}</ref><ref name="OxfordDictionaries">{{Citation |author=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=OxfordDictionaries.com |title=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010516042450/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 16, 2001 |postscript=.}}</ref> Trade names almost always have one accepted pronunciation, because the sponsoring company who coined the name has an intended pronunciation for it.

However, it is also common for a nonproprietary drug name to have two pronunciation variants, or sometimes three. For example, for [[paracetamol]], both {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|iː|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}} and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}}<ref name="OxfordDictionaries"/> are common, and one [[medical dictionary]] gives {{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˌ|r|æ|s|ᵻ|ˈ|t|æ|m|ɒ|l}}.<ref name="Dorlands">{{Citation |author=Elsevier |author-link=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://dorlands.com/ |postscript=.}}</ref>

Some of the variation comes from the fact that some stems and affixes have pronunciation variants. For example, the aforementioned third (and least common) pronunciation for ''[[paracetamol]]'' reflects the treatment of the ''[[acetyl|acet]]'' affix as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|ᵻ|t}} rather than {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|iː|t}} (both are accepted for ''[[acetyl]]''<ref name="Dorlands"/><ref name="MW_Medical"/>).

The [[World Health Organization]] does not give suggested pronunciations for its [[International Nonproprietary Name|INNs]], but familiarity with the typical sounds and spellings of the stems and affixes often points to the widely accepted pronunciation of any given INN. For example, ''[[abciximab]]'' is predictably {{IPAc-en|æ|b|ˈ|s|ɪ|k|s|ᵻ|m|æ|b}}, because for INNs ending in ''[[Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies#Substem for target|-ciximab]]'', the {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|k|s|ᵻ|m|æ|b}} sound is familiar. The [[United States Pharmacopeia]] gives suggested pronunciations for most [[United States Adopted Name|USANs]] in its ''USP Dictionary'', which is published in annual editions. [[Medical dictionary|Medical dictionaries]] give pronunciations of many drugs that are both commonly used and have been commercially available for a decade or more, although many newer drugs or less common drugs are not entered. Pharmacists also have access to pronunciations from various [[clinical decision support system]]s such as [[Lexi-comp]].

==Drug brands{{anchor|Trade names}}==
For drugs that make it all the way through development, testing, and regulatory acceptance, the [[pharmaceutical company]] then gives the drug a '''trade name''', which is a standard term in the pharmaceutical industry for a [[brand#Brand name|brand name]] or [[trademark]] name. For example, [[Lipitor]] is [[Pfizer]]'s trade name for [[atorvastatin]], a [[cholesterol]]-lowering medication. Many drugs have multiple trade names, reflecting marketing in different countries, manufacture by different companies, or both. Thus the trade names for atorvastatin include not only Lipitor (in the U.S.) but also Atocor (in India).

==Publication policies for nonproprietary and proprietary names==

In the [[scientific literature]], there is a set of strong conventions for drug nomenclature regarding the [[letter case]] and placement of nonproprietary and [[Proprietary drug|proprietary]] names, as follows:
* Nonproprietary names begin in lowercase; trade names begin with a capital.
* Unbiased mentions of a drug place the nonproprietary name first and follow it with the trade name in parentheses, if relevant (for example, "[[doxorubicin]] (Adriamycin)").
** This pattern is important for the scientific literature, where [[conflict of interest]] is disclosed or avoided. The authors reporting on a study are not endorsing any particular brand of drug. They will often state which brand was used, for methodologic validity (fully disclosing all details that might possibly affect [[reproducibility]]), but they do so in a way that makes clear the absence of endorsement.

For example, the 2015 [[American Society of Hematology]] (ASH) publication policies say,<ref name="hematology_2015">{{cite web | url=http://www.hematology.org/Annual-Meeting/Abstracts/3282.aspx | title=Information for Late-Breaking Abstract Authors | publisher=American Society of Hematology | date=2014 | access-date=23 November 2015 | archive-date=24 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124083900/http://www.hematology.org/Annual-Meeting/Abstracts/3282.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> "Non-proprietary (generic/scientific) names should be used and should be lowercase."<ref name="hematology_2015" /> ... "[T]he first letter of the name of a proprietary drug should be capitalized."<ref name="hematology_2015" /> ... "If necessary, you may include a proprietary name in parentheses directly following the generic name after its first mention."<ref name="hematology_2015" />

Valid exceptions to the general pattern occur when a nonproprietary name starts a sentence (and thus takes a capital), when a proprietary name has [[CamelCase|intercapping]] (for example, GoLYTELY, MiraLAX), or when [[Tall Man lettering|tall-man letters]] are used within nonproprietary names to prevent confusion of similar names (for example, [[Prednisone|predniSONE]] versus [[Prednisolone|predniSOLONE]]).

===Examples===

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|+ Sample of different drug names
! Chemical Name !! Generic Name !! Example Brand Name
|-
| ''N''-acetyl-''p''-aminophenol || [[paracetamol]]<br />[[acetaminophen]] (US, JP) || [[Tylenol (brand)|Tylenol]]
|-
| (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid || [[ibuprofen]] || [[Motrin]]
|-
| (2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-13-[(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-11-[<nowiki>[</nowiki>3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one || [[azithromycin]] || [[Zithromax]]
|-
| ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene) -1-piperidinecarboxylate||[[loratadine]]||Claritin
|-
| 2-acetoxybenzoic acid || [[aspirin|acetylsalicylic acid]] || Aspirin
|-
| 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol || [[guaifenesin]] || Mucinex
|-
| 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-''N'',''N''-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride||[[diphenhydramine]]||[[Benadryl]]
|-
| 3-[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-phenol hydrochloride||[[oxymetazoline]]||[[Visine]]
|-
| (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2-ylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid||[[atorvastatin calcium]]||Lipitor
|-
| 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one tartrate (1:1) hydrate (2:5)||[[hydrocodone/paracetamol|acetaminophen and hydrocodone]]||Vicodin
|}

==See also==
* [[Drug class]]
* [[Drug development]]
* [[Generic brand]]
* [[Pharmaceutical code]]
* [[Regulation of therapeutic goods]]
* [[List of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{二次利用|date=26 September 2022}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Drug nomenclature}}
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Pharmaceuticals policy]]
[[Category:Pharmacological classification systems]]

Drug nomenclature - Revision history