imported>Fire: Created page with "{{Short description|Any specific format for medications, specific to a dose and route}} '''Dosage forms''' (also called '''unit doses''') are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose (biochemistry)|..."

2023-01-06T05:41:56Z

Created page with "{{Short description|Any specific format for medications, specific to a dose and route}} '''Dosage forms''' (also called '''unit doses''') are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose (biochemistry)|..."

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{{Short description|Any specific format for medications, specific to a dose and route}}
'''Dosage forms''' (also called '''unit doses''') are [[medication|pharmaceutical drug]] products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of [[active ingredient]]s and inactive components ([[excipient]]s), in a particular configuration (such as a [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsule]] shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular [[dose (biochemistry)|dose]]. For example, two products may both be [[amoxicillin]], but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term '''unit dose''' can also sometimes encompass non-reusable ''packaging'' as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unit+dose|title=unit dose|website=thefreedictionary.com}}</ref>), although the FDA distinguishes that by ''unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing"''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074377.htm|title=Compliance Policy Guides - CPG Sec 430.100 Unit Dose Labeling for Solid and Liquid Oral Dosage Forms|first=Office of Regulatory|last=Affairs|website=www.fda.gov}}</ref> Depending on the context, ''multi(ple) unit dose'' can refer to distinct drug products ''packaged'' together, or to a ''single'' drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term '''dosage form''' can also sometimes refer ''only'' to the [[pharmaceutical formulation]] of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear overlap of these terms and certain variants and qualifiers within the pharmaceutical industry, caution is often advisable when conversing with someone who may be unfamiliar with another person's use of the term.

Depending on the method/route of administration, dosage forms come in several types. These include many kinds of liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms. Common dosage forms include [[pill (pharmacy)|pill]], [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablet]], or capsule, [[drink]] or [[syrup]], among many others.

When one drug product (for example, one tablet, one capsule, one syrup) contains more than one drug (more than one [[active ingredient]]), that product is a [[combination drug]] (fixed-dose combination; FDC).

In [[naturopathy]], dosages can take the form of [[Decoction|decoctions]] and [[Herbal tea|herbal teas]], as well as the more conventional methods previously mentioned.

The [[route of administration]] (ROA) for [[drug delivery]] is dependent on the dosage form of the [[chemical substance|substance]] in question. Various dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since some [[medical condition]]s such as being unconscious can restrict ROA. For example, persistent [[nausea]], especially with [[vomiting]], may make it difficult to use an [[oral administration|oral]] dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to use an alternative route such as [[inhalational]], [[Cheek|buccal]], [[sublingual]], [[human nose|nasal]], [[suppository]] or [[parenteral]] instead. Additionally, a specific dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like [[chemical stability]] or [[pharmacokinetic]]s. As an example, [[insulin]] cannot be given orally because upon being administered in this manner, it is extensively [[metabolized]] in the [[gastrointestinal tract]] (GIT) before reaching the [[blood stream]], and is thereby incapable of sufficiently reaching its therapeutic target destinations. The oral and intravenous doses of a drug such as [[paracetamol]] will differ for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12366870|title=Doctors 'missed' fatal overdoses|date=4 February 2011|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

== Oral ==
[[File:Etizest-1 MD Blister Pill opened.jpeg|thumb|Tablet in [[blister pack]]]]
[[File:Embalaje monodosis de medicamentos.jpg|thumb|single unit [[Packet (container)|packet]]s with full identification (text and bar codes)]]

* [[Pill (pharmacy)|Pills]], i.e. tablets or capsules
* Liquids such as syrups, solutions, [[Elixir|elixers]], [[Emulsion|emulsions]], and [[Tincture|tinctures]]
* Liquids such as decoctions and herbal teas
* [[orally disintegrating tablet|Orally disintegrating tablets]]
* [[Throat lozenge|Lozenges]] or candy ([[Electuary|electuaries]])
* [[Thin film drug delivery|Thin films]] (e.g., [[Listerine|Listerine Pocketpaks]], [[Nitroglycerin (medication)|nitroglycerin]]) to be placed on top of or underneath the tongue as well as against the cheek
* [[Powder (substance)|Powders]] or [[Effervescent tablet|effervescent powder or tablets]], often instructed to be mixed into a food item
* Plants or seeds prepared in various ways such as a [[cannabis edible]]
* Pastes such as high fluoride [[toothpaste|toothpastes]]
* Gases such as [[Oxygen therapy|oxygen]] (can also be delivered through the nose)

== Ophthalmic ==
[[File:Ögondroppar2.jpg|thumb|[[vial]]s of eye drops for single use]]

* [[Eye drops]]
* [[Lotion|Lotions]]
* Ointments
* Emulsions

== Inhalation ==
* [[Aerosol spray|Aerosolized]] medication
* [[Dry-powder inhaler|Dry-powder Inhalers]] or [[Metered-dose inhaler|metered dose inhalers]]
* [[Nebulizer]]-administered medication
* [[Smoking]]
* [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|Vaporizer]]-administered medication

=== Unintended ingredients ===
Talc is an [[excipient]] often used in pharmaceutical tablets that may end up being crushed to a powder against medical advice or for recreational use. Also, [[illicit drug]]s that occur as white powder in their pure form are often [[Cutting agent|cut]] with cheap [[talc]]. Natural talc is cheap but contains [[asbestos]] while asbestos-free talc is more expensive. Inhaled talc that has asbestos is generally accepted as being able to cause lung cancer if it is inhaled. The evidence about asbestos-free talc is less clear, according to the [[American Cancer Society]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Talcum Powder and Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Injection ==
[[File:Atropine injection ampoule.JPG|thumb|An [[ampoule]] containing atropine injection 1mL/0.5mg]]

=== Parenteral ===
* [[Intradermal|Intradermally]]-administered (ID)
* [[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneously]]-administered (SC)
* [[Intramuscular|Intramuscularly]]-administered (IM)
* [[Intraosseous]] administration (IO)
* [[Intraperitoneal|Intraperitoneally]]-administered (IP)
* [[Intravenous|intravenously]]-administered (IV)
* [[Intracavernous injection|Intracavernously]]-administered (ICI)

These are usually solutions and suspensions.

=== Unintended ingredients ===

==== Safe ====
[[Eye drops]] (normal saline in disposable packages) are distributed to syringe users by [[needle exchange programs]].

==== Unsafe ====
The injection of talc from crushed pills has been associated with [[pulmonary talcosis]] in intravenous drug users.<ref name="pmid6655726">{{Cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=LL.|date=Dec 1983|title=Pulmonary "mainline" granulomatosis: talcosis secondary to intravenous heroin abuse with characteristic x-ray findings of asbestosis.|journal=J Natl Med Assoc|volume=75|issue=12|pages=1225–8|pmc=2561715|pmid=6655726}}</ref>

== Topical ==
* [[Cream (pharmaceutical)|Creams]], [[liniments]], balms (such as lip balm or antiperspirants and deodorants), lotions, or ointments, etc.
* [[Gel|Gels]] and [[Hydrogel|hydrogels]]
* [[Ear drop]]s
* [[Transdermal patch|Transdermal]] and [[Dermal patch|dermal patches]] to be applied to the skin
* Powders

===Unintended use===
* It is not safe to calculate divided doses by cutting and weighing medical skin patches, because there's no guarantee that the substance is evenly distributed on the patch surface.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Michael R. |title=The danger with cutting medication patches: Institute for Safe Medication Practices |journal=Pharmacy Today |date=1 March 2013 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=88 |doi=10.1016/S1042-0991(15)31507-3 |url=https://www.pharmacytoday.org/article/S1042-0991(15)31507-3/fulltext |access-date=17 May 2022 |language=English |issn=1042-0991}}</ref> For example, [[fentanyl]] transdermal patches are designed to slowly release the substance over 3 days. It is well known that cut fentanyl transdermal consumed orally have cause overdoses and deaths.
* Single [[Blotting_paper#Drugs|blotting papers]] for illicit drugs injected from solvents in syringes may also cause uneven distribution across the surface.

== Other ==
* [[Intravaginal administration]]
** [[Vaginal ring]]s
** Capsules and tablets
** Suppositories
* [[Rectal administration]] (enteral)
** Suppositories
** Suspensions and solutions in the form of [[Enema|enemas]]
** Gels
* Urethral
* [[Nasal spray|Nasal sprays]]

==See also==
* [[Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals]]
* [[Drug delivery]]
* [[Route of administration]]
* [[Pharmaceutical packaging]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Dosage forms}}
*[http://www.irisys.com Dosage From Development]

{{Dosage forms|state=expanded}}
{{二次利用|date=13 December 2022}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dosage Form}}
[[Category:Dosage forms| ]]
[[Category:Pharmacokinetics]]

Dosage form - Revision history