Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor - Revision history

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2024-03-12T08:34:21Z

Marked this version for translation

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 12 March 2024
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	<languages />		<languages />
	<translate>		<translate>
			<!--T:1-->
	{{Short description\|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}}		{{Short description\|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}}
	[[Image:Incretins and DPP 4 inhibitors.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1]]		[[Image:Incretins and DPP 4 inhibitors.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1]]

			<!--T:2-->
	'''Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4''' ('''DPP-4 inhibitors''' or '''gliptins''') are a class of [[oral hypoglycemic]]s that [[Enzyme inhibitors\|block]] the [[enzyme]] [[dipeptidyl peptidase-4]] (DPP-4). They can be used to treat [[diabetes mellitus type 2]].		'''Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4''' ('''DPP-4 inhibitors''' or '''gliptins''') are a class of [[oral hypoglycemic]]s that [[Enzyme inhibitors\|block]] the [[enzyme]] [[dipeptidyl peptidase-4]] (DPP-4). They can be used to treat [[diabetes mellitus type 2]].

			<!--T:3-->
	The first agent of the class – [[sitagliptin]] – was approved by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration\|FDA]] in 2006.		The first agent of the class – [[sitagliptin]] – was approved by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration\|FDA]] in 2006.

			<!--T:4-->
	[[Glucagon]] increases [[blood glucose]] levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase [[incretin]] levels ([[GLP-1]] and [[gastric inhibitory polypeptide\|GIP]]), which inhibit [[glucagon]] release, which in turn increases [[insulin]] secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases [[blood glucose]] levels.		[[Glucagon]] increases [[blood glucose]] levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase [[incretin]] levels ([[GLP-1]] and [[gastric inhibitory polypeptide\|GIP]]), which inhibit [[glucagon]] release, which in turn increases [[insulin]] secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases [[blood glucose]] levels.

			<!--T:5-->
	A 2018 [[meta-analysis]] found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, [[myocardial infarction]] or [[stroke]] in patients with type 2 diabetes.		A 2018 [[meta-analysis]] found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, [[myocardial infarction]] or [[stroke]] in patients with type 2 diabetes.

	==Examples==		==Examples== <!--T:6-->
	Drugs belonging to this class are:		Drugs belonging to this class are:
	* [[Sitagliptin]] (FDA approved 2006, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] as [[Januvia]])		* [[Sitagliptin]] (FDA approved 2006, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] as [[Januvia]])
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	* [[Prusogliptin]]		* [[Prusogliptin]]

			<!--T:7-->
	Other chemicals which may inhibit DPP-4 include:		Other chemicals which may inhibit DPP-4 include:
	* [[Berberine]], an [[alkaloid]] found in plants of the genus ''[[Berberis]]'', inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 which may at least partly explains its antihyperglycemic activity.		* [[Berberine]], an [[alkaloid]] found in plants of the genus ''[[Berberis]]'', inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 which may at least partly explains its antihyperglycemic activity.

	==Adverse effects==		==Adverse effects== <!--T:8-->
	In those already taking [[sulphonylurea]]s, there is an increased risk of [[hypoglycemia\|low blood sugar]] when taking a medicine in the DPP-4 drug class.		In those already taking [[sulphonylurea]]s, there is an increased risk of [[hypoglycemia\|low blood sugar]] when taking a medicine in the DPP-4 drug class.

			<!--T:9-->
	Adverse effects include nasopharyngitis, [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[heart failure]], hypersensitivity and skin reactions.		Adverse effects include nasopharyngitis, [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[heart failure]], hypersensitivity and skin reactions.

			<!--T:10-->
	The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that the type 2 diabetes medicines like [[sitagliptin]], [[saxagliptin]], [[linagliptin]], and [[alogliptin]] may cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. FDA has added a new Warning and Precaution about this risk to the labels of all medicines in this drug class, called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. However, studies assessing risk of rheumatoid arthritis among DPP-4 inhibitor users have been inconclusive.		The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that the type 2 diabetes medicines like [[sitagliptin]], [[saxagliptin]], [[linagliptin]], and [[alogliptin]] may cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. FDA has added a new Warning and Precaution about this risk to the labels of all medicines in this drug class, called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. However, studies assessing risk of rheumatoid arthritis among DPP-4 inhibitor users have been inconclusive.

			<!--T:11-->
	A 2014 review found increased risk of [[heart failure]] with saxagliptin and alogliptin, prompting the FDA in 2016 to add warnings to the relevant drug labels.		A 2014 review found increased risk of [[heart failure]] with saxagliptin and alogliptin, prompting the FDA in 2016 to add warnings to the relevant drug labels.

			<!--T:12-->
	A 2018 meta analysis showed that use of DPP-4 inhibitors was associated with a 58% increased risk of developing acute pancreatitis compared with placebo or no treatment.		A 2018 meta analysis showed that use of DPP-4 inhibitors was associated with a 58% increased risk of developing acute pancreatitis compared with placebo or no treatment.

			<!--T:13-->
	A 2018 observational study suggested an elevated risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (specifically, ulcerative colitis), reaching a peak after three to four years of use and decreasing after more than four years of use.		A 2018 observational study suggested an elevated risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (specifically, ulcerative colitis), reaching a peak after three to four years of use and decreasing after more than four years of use.

			<!--T:14-->
	A 2020 Cochrane systematic review did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal [[myocardial infarction]], non-fatal [[stroke]] or [[Chronic kidney disease\|end-stage renal disease]] when comparing [[metformin]] monotherapy to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.		A 2020 Cochrane systematic review did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal [[myocardial infarction]], non-fatal [[stroke]] or [[Chronic kidney disease\|end-stage renal disease]] when comparing [[metformin]] monotherapy to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

	===Cancer===		===Cancer=== <!--T:15-->
	In response to a report of precancerous changes in the pancreases of rats and organ donors treated with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, the United States FDA and the European Medicines Agency each undertook independent reviews of all clinical and preclinical data related to the possible association of DPP-4 inhibitors with pancreatic cancer. In a joint letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, the agencies stated that they had not yet reached a final conclusion regarding a possible causative relationship.		In response to a report of precancerous changes in the pancreases of rats and organ donors treated with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, the United States FDA and the European Medicines Agency each undertook independent reviews of all clinical and preclinical data related to the possible association of DPP-4 inhibitors with pancreatic cancer. In a joint letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, the agencies stated that they had not yet reached a final conclusion regarding a possible causative relationship.

			<!--T:16-->
	A 2014 meta-analysis found no evidence for increased [[pancreatic cancer]] risk in people treated with DPP-4 inhibitors, but owing to the modest amount of data available, was not able to completely exclude possible risk.		A 2014 meta-analysis found no evidence for increased [[pancreatic cancer]] risk in people treated with DPP-4 inhibitors, but owing to the modest amount of data available, was not able to completely exclude possible risk.

	==Combination drugs==		==Combination drugs== <!--T:17-->
	Some DPP-4 inhibitor drugs have received approval from the FDA to be used with [[metformin]] concomitantly with additive effect to increase the level of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) which also decreases [[hepatic]] [[gluconeogenesis\|glucose production]].		Some DPP-4 inhibitor drugs have received approval from the FDA to be used with [[metformin]] concomitantly with additive effect to increase the level of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) which also decreases [[hepatic]] [[gluconeogenesis\|glucose production]].

	== See also ==		== See also == <!--T:18-->
	* [[Development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors]]		* [[Development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors]]


			<!--T:19-->
	{{Oral hypoglycemics}}		{{Oral hypoglycemics}}
	{{Enzyme inhibition}}		{{Enzyme inhibition}}

			<!--T:20-->
	{{二次利用\|date=1 February 2024}}		{{二次利用\|date=1 February 2024}}
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor}}
	[[Category:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors\| ]]		[[Category:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors\| ]]
	</translate>		</translate>

Fire at 08:34, 12 March 2024

2024-03-12T08:34:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 12 March 2024
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			<languages />
			<translate>
	{{Short description\|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}}		{{Short description\|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}}
	[[Image:Incretins and DPP 4 inhibitors.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1]]		[[Image:Incretins and DPP 4 inhibitors.svg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1]]
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor}}
	[[Category:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors\| ]]		[[Category:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors\| ]]
			</translate>

Fire: /* Examples */

2024-03-12T08:32:09Z

Examples

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:32, 12 March 2024
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	==Examples==		==Examples==
	Drugs belonging to this class are:		Drugs belonging to this class are:
	* [[Sitagliptin]]~~<ref>{{UTGlucagon\|sitagliptin}}</ref>~~ (FDA approved 2006, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] as [[Januvia]])		* [[Sitagliptin]] (FDA approved 2006, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] as [[Januvia]])
	* [[Vildagliptin]]~~<ref>{{UTGlucagon\|vildagliptin}}</ref>~~ (EU approved 2007, marketed in the EU by [[Novartis]] as Galvus)		* [[Vildagliptin]] (EU approved 2007, marketed in the EU by [[Novartis]] as Galvus)
	* [[Saxagliptin]] (FDA approved in 2009, marketed as [[Onglyza]])		* [[Saxagliptin]] (FDA approved in 2009, marketed as [[Onglyza]])
	* [[Linagliptin]] (FDA approved in 2011, marketed as Tradjenta by [[Eli Lilly and Company]] and [[Boehringer Ingelheim]])		* [[Linagliptin]] (FDA approved in 2011, marketed as Tradjenta by [[Eli Lilly and Company]] and [[Boehringer Ingelheim]])

Fire: Created page with "{{Short description|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}} DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 '''Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4''' ('''DPP-4 inhibitors''' or '''gliptins''') are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. The first agent of the class – sitagliptin – w..."

2024-03-12T08:22:54Z

Created page with "{{Short description|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}} thumb|300px|right|DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 '''Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4''' ('''DPP-4 inhibitors''' or '''gliptins''') are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. The first agent of the class – sitagliptin – w..."

New page

{{Short description|Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug}}
[[Image:Incretins and DPP 4 inhibitors.svg|thumb|300px|right|DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1]]

'''Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4''' ('''DPP-4 inhibitors''' or '''gliptins''') are a class of [[oral hypoglycemic]]s that [[Enzyme inhibitors|block]] the [[enzyme]] [[dipeptidyl peptidase-4]] (DPP-4). They can be used to treat [[diabetes mellitus type 2]].

The first agent of the class – [[sitagliptin]] – was approved by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] in 2006.

[[Glucagon]] increases [[blood glucose]] levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase [[incretin]] levels ([[GLP-1]] and [[gastric inhibitory polypeptide|GIP]]), which inhibit [[glucagon]] release, which in turn increases [[insulin]] secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases [[blood glucose]] levels.

A 2018 [[meta-analysis]] found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, [[myocardial infarction]] or [[stroke]] in patients with type 2 diabetes.

==Examples==
Drugs belonging to this class are:
* [[Sitagliptin]]<ref>{{UTGlucagon|sitagliptin}}</ref> (FDA approved 2006, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] as [[Januvia]])
* [[Vildagliptin]]<ref>{{UTGlucagon|vildagliptin}}</ref> (EU approved 2007, marketed in the EU by [[Novartis]] as Galvus)
* [[Saxagliptin]] (FDA approved in 2009, marketed as [[Onglyza]])
* [[Linagliptin]] (FDA approved in 2011, marketed as Tradjenta by [[Eli Lilly and Company]] and [[Boehringer Ingelheim]])
* [[Gemigliptin]] (approved in Korea in 2012, marketed by [[LG Chem|LG Life Sciences]]) Marketed as Zemiglo
* [[Anagliptin]] (approved in Japan as Suiny in 2012, marketed by Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. and [[Kowa (company)|Kowa Company, Ltd.]])
* [[Teneligliptin]] (approved in Japan as Tenelia in 2012)
* [[Alogliptin]] (FDA approved 2013 as Nesina/ Vipidia, marketed by [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]])
* [[Trelagliptin]] (approved for use in Japan as Zafatek/ Wedica in 2015)
* [[Omarigliptin]] (MK-3102) (approved as Marizev in Japan in 2015, developed by [[Merck & Co.]]; research showed that omarigliptin can be used as once-weekly treatment and generally well tolerated throughout the base and extension studies)
* [[Evogliptin]] (approved as Suganon/ Evodine for use in South Korea)
* [[Gosogliptin]] (approved as Saterex for use in Russia)
* [[Dutogliptin]] (PHX- 1149 free base, being developed by [[Phenomix Corporation]]), Phase III
* [[Retagliptin]] (SP-2086), approved in China.
*[[Denagliptin]]
* [[Cofrogliptin]] (HSK- 7653, compound 2)
* [[Fotagliptin]]
* [[Prusogliptin]]

Other chemicals which may inhibit DPP-4 include:
* [[Berberine]], an [[alkaloid]] found in plants of the genus ''[[Berberis]]'', inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 which may at least partly explains its antihyperglycemic activity.

==Adverse effects==
In those already taking [[sulphonylurea]]s, there is an increased risk of [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]] when taking a medicine in the DPP-4 drug class.

Adverse effects include nasopharyngitis, [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[heart failure]], hypersensitivity and skin reactions.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that the type 2 diabetes medicines like [[sitagliptin]], [[saxagliptin]], [[linagliptin]], and [[alogliptin]] may cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. FDA has added a new Warning and Precaution about this risk to the labels of all medicines in this drug class, called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. However, studies assessing risk of rheumatoid arthritis among DPP-4 inhibitor users have been inconclusive.

A 2014 review found increased risk of [[heart failure]] with saxagliptin and alogliptin, prompting the FDA in 2016 to add warnings to the relevant drug labels.

A 2018 meta analysis showed that use of DPP-4 inhibitors was associated with a 58% increased risk of developing acute pancreatitis compared with placebo or no treatment.

A 2018 observational study suggested an elevated risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (specifically, ulcerative colitis), reaching a peak after three to four years of use and decreasing after more than four years of use.

A 2020 Cochrane systematic review did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal [[myocardial infarction]], non-fatal [[stroke]] or [[Chronic kidney disease|end-stage renal disease]] when comparing [[metformin]] monotherapy to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

===Cancer===
In response to a report of precancerous changes in the pancreases of rats and organ donors treated with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, the United States FDA and the European Medicines Agency each undertook independent reviews of all clinical and preclinical data related to the possible association of DPP-4 inhibitors with pancreatic cancer. In a joint letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, the agencies stated that they had not yet reached a final conclusion regarding a possible causative relationship.

A 2014 meta-analysis found no evidence for increased [[pancreatic cancer]] risk in people treated with DPP-4 inhibitors, but owing to the modest amount of data available, was not able to completely exclude possible risk.

==Combination drugs==
Some DPP-4 inhibitor drugs have received approval from the FDA to be used with [[metformin]] concomitantly with additive effect to increase the level of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) which also decreases [[hepatic]] [[gluconeogenesis|glucose production]].

== See also ==
* [[Development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors]]

{{Oral hypoglycemics}}
{{Enzyme inhibition}}

{{二次利用|date=1 February 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor}}
[[Category:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors| ]]