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{{Short description|Planned series of chemical reactions to produce desired product(s)}}

As a topic of [[chemistry]], '''chemical synthesis ('''or '''combination)''' is the artificial execution of [[chemical reaction]]s to obtain one or several [[product (chemistry)|product]]s.<ref name=vogel /> This occurs by [[physics|physical]] and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern [[laboratory]] uses, the process is [[reproducible]] and reliable.

A chemical synthesis involves one or more [[chemical compound|compounds]] (known as ''[[reagent]]s'' or ''reactants'') that will experience a transformation when subjected to certain conditions. [[List of reactions|Various reaction types]] can be applied to formulate a desired product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel, such as a [[chemical reactor]] or a simple [[round-bottom flask]]. Many reactions require some form of processing ("[[work-up (chemistry)|work-up]]") or [[List of purification methods in chemistry|purification procedure]] to isolate the final product.<ref name=vogel>{{cite book|last1=Vogel|first1=A.I.|last2=Tatchell|first2=A.R.|last3=Furnis|first3=B.S.|last4=Hannaford|first4=A.J.|last5=Smith|first5=P.W.G.|year=1996|title=Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry|edition=5th|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=0-582-46236-3}}</ref>

The amount produced by chemical synthesis is known as the ''[[Yield (chemistry)|reaction yield]]''. Typically, yields are expressed as a [[mass]] in [[gram]]s (in a laboratory setting) or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity that could be produced based on the [[limiting reagent]]. A ''[[side reaction]]'' is an unwanted chemical reaction occurring which reduces the desired yield. The word ''synthesis'' was used first in a chemical context by the chemist [[Hermann Kolbe]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kolbe|first=H.|year=1845|title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss der gepaarten Verbindungen|journal=Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie|volume=54|issue=2|pages=145–188|doi=10.1002/jlac.18450540202|issn=0075-4617|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426998}}</ref>

==Strategies==
Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that are more complicated than simply converting a [[reactant]] A to a reaction product B directly. For '''multistep synthesis''', a chemical compound is synthesized by a series of individual chemical reactions, each with its own work-up.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carey|first1=Francis A.|last2=Sundberg|first2=Richard J.|year=2013|title=Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis|publisher=Springer}}</ref> For example, a laboratory synthesis of [[Paracetamol#Synthesis|paracetamol]] can consist of three sequential parts. For [[cascade reaction]]s, multiple chemical transformations occur within a single reactant, for [[multi-component reaction]]s as many as 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and for a "[[telescopic synthesis]]" one reactant experiences multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates.

==Organic synthesis==
{{main|Organic synthesis|biochemistry}}

[[Organic synthesis]] is a special type of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of [[organic compound]]s. For the [[total synthesis]] of a complex product, multiple procedures in sequence may be required to synthesize the product of interest, requiring a large amount of time. Skill in organic synthesis is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as [[Robert Burns Woodward]] a [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]]. If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds, it is considered a purely synthetic process. If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to new compounds, the synthesis is described as a [[semisynthetic]] process.

==Inorganic synthesis==
Inorganic synthesis and organometallic synthesis are applied to the preparation of compounds with significant non-organic content. An illustrative example is the preparation of the anti-cancer drug [[cisplatin]] from [[potassium tetrachloroplatinate]].<ref name=Alderden>{{cite journal|last1=Alderden|first1=Rebecca A.|last2=Hall|first2=Matthew D.|last3=Hambley|first3=Trevor W.|title=The Discovery and Development of Cisplatin|journal=[[J. Chem. Educ.]]|date=1 May 2006|volume=83|issue=5|page=728|doi=10.1021/ed083p728|bibcode=2006JChEd..83..728A}}</ref>

[[File:Cisplatin synthesis.svg|center|600px]]

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Beilstein database]]
* [[Chemical engineering]]
* [[Click chemistry]]
* [[Electrosynthesis]]
* ''[[Methods in Organic Synthesis]]''
* [[Organic synthesis]]
* [[Peptide synthesis]]
* [[Total synthesis]]
* [[Automated synthesis]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://synarchive.com/ The Organic Synthesis Archive]
* [https://organicchemistrydata.org/hansreich/resources/syntheses Natural product syntheses]

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{{二次利用|date=2 November 2022}}
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[[Category:Chemical synthesis| ]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

Chemical synthesis - Revision history

imported>Fire at 07:30, 3 January 2023