Cannabis in pregnancy - Revision history

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2025-08-02T11:09:59Z

Marked this version for translation

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	{{short description\|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}}		{{short description\|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}}
	{{Cannabis sidebar}}		{{Cannabis sidebar}}
	'''Cannabis consumption in pregnancy''' is an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.		'''Cannabis consumption in pregnancy''' is an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.

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	Cannabis is the most commonly used controlled substance among pregnant women.		Cannabis is the most commonly used controlled substance among pregnant women.

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	==Endocannabinoid system==		==Endocannabinoid system==
	{{See also\|Endocannabinoid system}}		{{See also\|Endocannabinoid system}}
	The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. According to Sun and Dey (2012), endocannabinoid signaling plays a role in "female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition". Karusu ''et al'' (2011) said that a "clear correlation ... in the actual reproductive tissues of miscarrying versus healthy women has yet to be established. However, the adverse effects of marijuana smoke and THC on reproductive functions point to processes that are modulated by ECS.".		The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. According to Sun and Dey (2012), endocannabinoid signaling plays a role in "female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition". Karusu ''et al'' (2011) said that a "clear correlation ... in the actual reproductive tissues of miscarrying versus healthy women has yet to be established. However, the adverse effects of marijuana smoke and THC on reproductive functions point to processes that are modulated by ECS.".

			<!--T:4-->
	Recent data indicates that endometrial expression of cannabinoid receptors in marijuana smoking mothers is higher than non-smokers. Keimpema and colleagues (2011) said, "Prenatal cannabis exposure can lead to growth defects during formation of the nervous system"; "[c]annabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors ... By indiscriminately prolonging the "switched-on" period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks". A report prepared for the [[Australian National Council on Drugs]] concluded cannabis and other [[cannabinoid]]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as they may interact with the endocannabinoid system.		Recent data indicates that endometrial expression of cannabinoid receptors in marijuana smoking mothers is higher than non-smokers. Keimpema and colleagues (2011) said, "Prenatal cannabis exposure can lead to growth defects during formation of the nervous system"; "[c]annabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors ... By indiscriminately prolonging the "switched-on" period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks". A report prepared for the [[Australian National Council on Drugs]] concluded cannabis and other [[cannabinoid]]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as they may interact with the endocannabinoid system.

	==Evidence==		==Evidence== <!--T:5-->

			<!--T:6-->
	{{asof\|2023}} the rising use of cannabis during pregnancy, and the rise in cannabis potency, has become an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.		{{asof\|2023}} the rising use of cannabis during pregnancy, and the rise in cannabis potency, has become an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.

	===Mental and cognitive===		===Mental and cognitive=== <!--T:7-->

			<!--T:8-->
	Cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on the [[mental health]] and [[cognitive deficit\|cognitive performance]] of offspring. The THC exposure resulting from cannabis use interferes with fetal brain development and the male offspring of users are more susceptible to psychotic illness.		Cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on the [[mental health]] and [[cognitive deficit\|cognitive performance]] of offspring. The THC exposure resulting from cannabis use interferes with fetal brain development and the male offspring of users are more susceptible to psychotic illness.

	=== Epigenetics ===		=== Epigenetics === <!--T:9-->

			<!--T:10-->
	THC exposure in rats during the prenatal developmental phase may cause [[epigenetic]] changes in gene expression, but there is limited knowledge about the risk for psychiatric disorders because of ethical barriers to studying the developing human brain. A 2015 review found that cannabis use by pregnant mothers corresponded to impaired brain maturation in their children, and that those children were more predisposed to [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s; these results do not demonstrate causality.		THC exposure in rats during the prenatal developmental phase may cause [[epigenetic]] changes in gene expression, but there is limited knowledge about the risk for psychiatric disorders because of ethical barriers to studying the developing human brain. A 2015 review found that cannabis use by pregnant mothers corresponded to impaired brain maturation in their children, and that those children were more predisposed to [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s; these results do not demonstrate causality.

	=== Confounding factors ===		=== Confounding factors === <!--T:11-->

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	The [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] stated in 2018 that further research is required to "disentangle" effects of cannabis use from a mother's concomitant drug use and other environmental factors.		The [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] stated in 2018 that further research is required to "disentangle" effects of cannabis use from a mother's concomitant drug use and other environmental factors.

	== Developmental observations ==		== Developmental observations == <!--T:13-->

			<!--T:14-->
	Developmental observations suggest that CB1 receptors develop only gradually during the [[Postpartum period\|postnatal period]], which block for the [[Psychoactive effect\|psychoactive]] effects of cannabinoid treatment in the young organism. Therefore, it is suggested that children may respond positively to medicinal applications of cannabinoids without undesirable central effects. Clinical results have been reported in [[pediatric oncology]] and in case studies of children with severe [[Neurological disorder\|neurological disease]] or [[Traumatic brain injury\|brain trauma]], and [[cystic fibrosis]] (CF) suggesting cannabinoid treatment for [[Child\|children]] or [[Young adult\|young adults]], in order to achieve an improvement of their health condition including improved food intake and reduced [[Inflammation\|inflammatory]] exacerbations.		Developmental observations suggest that CB1 receptors develop only gradually during the [[Postpartum period\|postnatal period]], which block for the [[Psychoactive effect\|psychoactive]] effects of cannabinoid treatment in the young organism. Therefore, it is suggested that children may respond positively to medicinal applications of cannabinoids without undesirable central effects. Clinical results have been reported in [[pediatric oncology]] and in case studies of children with severe [[Neurological disorder\|neurological disease]] or [[Traumatic brain injury\|brain trauma]], and [[cystic fibrosis]] (CF) suggesting cannabinoid treatment for [[Child\|children]] or [[Young adult\|young adults]], in order to achieve an improvement of their health condition including improved food intake and reduced [[Inflammation\|inflammatory]] exacerbations.

			<!--T:15-->
	== Morning sickness/hyperemesis gravidarum ==		== Morning sickness/hyperemesis gravidarum ==
	[[Hyperemesis gravidarum\|Hyperemesis Gravidarum]] (HG), is a debilitating ailment characterized by severe [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[malnutrition]], and [[weight loss]] during pregnancy, and occurs to 1-2% of pregnant women [[Earth\|globally]]. It is a perplexing female mystery for the present-day medical establishment. The frustration is mostly felt by women who are survivors of HG, desperately searching for a cure and increased understanding of this disease. Several pregnant women have revealed their personal experience with cannabis, having used it to relieve symptoms of HG, who would otherwise have become severely [[Emaciation\|emaciated]], [[Dehydration\|dehydrated]], and malnourished due to persistent, uncontrollable vomiting and the inability to eat and [[drink]] in their pregnancy.		[[Hyperemesis gravidarum\|Hyperemesis Gravidarum]] (HG), is a debilitating ailment characterized by severe [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[malnutrition]], and [[weight loss]] during pregnancy, and occurs to 1-2% of pregnant women [[Earth\|globally]]. It is a perplexing female mystery for the present-day medical establishment. The frustration is mostly felt by women who are survivors of HG, desperately searching for a cure and increased understanding of this disease. Several pregnant women have revealed their personal experience with cannabis, having used it to relieve symptoms of HG, who would otherwise have become severely [[Emaciation\|emaciated]], [[Dehydration\|dehydrated]], and malnourished due to persistent, uncontrollable vomiting and the inability to eat and [[drink]] in their pregnancy.

			<!--T:16-->
	== Society and culture ==		== Society and culture ==
	It is a common misconception that cannabis use in pregnancy is low risk; a 2015 study found that 70% of women in the [[United States]] assume that using cannabis 1-2 times a week while pregnant is safe.		It is a common misconception that cannabis use in pregnancy is low risk; a 2015 study found that 70% of women in the [[United States]] assume that using cannabis 1-2 times a week while pregnant is safe.

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	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Drugs in pregnancy]]		*[[Drugs in pregnancy]]
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	{{Cannabis}}		{{Cannabis}}
	{{Pregnancy}}		{{Pregnancy}}

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	[[Category:Obstetrics]]		[[Category:Obstetrics]]
	[[Category:Cannabis and health\|Pregnancy]]		[[Category:Cannabis and health\|Pregnancy]]

Fire at 08:54, 2 August 2025

2025-08-02T08:54:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 2 August 2025
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	{{short description\|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}}		{{short description\|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}}
	{{Cannabis sidebar}}		{{Cannabis sidebar}}
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	The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. According to Sun and Dey (2012), endocannabinoid signaling plays a role in "female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition". Karusu ''et al'' (2011) said that a "clear correlation ... in the actual reproductive tissues of miscarrying versus healthy women has yet to be established. However, the adverse effects of marijuana smoke and THC on reproductive functions point to processes that are modulated by ECS.".		The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. According to Sun and Dey (2012), endocannabinoid signaling plays a role in "female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition". Karusu ''et al'' (2011) said that a "clear correlation ... in the actual reproductive tissues of miscarrying versus healthy women has yet to be established. However, the adverse effects of marijuana smoke and THC on reproductive functions point to processes that are modulated by ECS.".

	Recent data indicates that endometrial expression of cannabinoid receptors in marijuana smoking mothers is higher than non-smokers. Keimpema and colleagues (2011) said, "Prenatal cannabis exposure can lead to growth defects during formation of the nervous system"; "[c]annabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors ... By indiscriminately prolonging the "switched-on" period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks". A report prepared for the [[Australian National Council on Drugs]] concluded cannabis and other [[cannabinoid]]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as they may interact with the endocannabinoid system.~~ublisher=Australian National Council on Drugs \|isbn=978-1-877018-12-1}}{{page needed\|date=February 2014}}</ref>~~		Recent data indicates that endometrial expression of cannabinoid receptors in marijuana smoking mothers is higher than non-smokers. Keimpema and colleagues (2011) said, "Prenatal cannabis exposure can lead to growth defects during formation of the nervous system"; "[c]annabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors ... By indiscriminately prolonging the "switched-on" period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks". A report prepared for the [[Australian National Council on Drugs]] concluded cannabis and other [[cannabinoid]]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as they may interact with the endocannabinoid system.

	==Evidence==		==Evidence==
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	[[Category:Drugs and pregnancy]]		[[Category:Drugs and pregnancy]]
	{{二次利用\|date=17 July 2025, at 18:05}}		{{二次利用\|date=17 July 2025, at 18:05}}
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Fire: Created page with "{{short description|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}} {{Cannabis sidebar}} '''Cannabis consumption in pregnancy''' is an important public health issue. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation. Cannabis is the most commonly used controlled substance among pregnant women. ==Endocannabinoid system== {{See al..."

2025-08-02T08:42:22Z

Created page with "{{short description|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}} {{Cannabis sidebar}} '''Cannabis consumption in pregnancy''' is an important public health issue. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation. Cannabis is the most commonly used controlled substance among pregnant women. ==Endocannabinoid system== {{See al..."

New page

{{short description|Effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy}}
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
'''Cannabis consumption in pregnancy''' is an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.

Cannabis is the most commonly used controlled substance among pregnant women.

==Endocannabinoid system==
{{See also|Endocannabinoid system}}
The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. According to Sun and Dey (2012), endocannabinoid signaling plays a role in "female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition". Karusu ''et al'' (2011) said that a "clear correlation ... in the actual reproductive tissues of miscarrying versus healthy women has yet to be established. However, the adverse effects of marijuana smoke and THC on reproductive functions point to processes that are modulated by ECS.".

Recent data indicates that endometrial expression of cannabinoid receptors in marijuana smoking mothers is higher than non-smokers. Keimpema and colleagues (2011) said, "Prenatal cannabis exposure can lead to growth defects during formation of the nervous system"; "[c]annabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors ... By indiscriminately prolonging the "switched-on" period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks". A report prepared for the [[Australian National Council on Drugs]] concluded cannabis and other [[cannabinoid]]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as they may interact with the endocannabinoid system.ublisher=Australian National Council on Drugs |isbn=978-1-877018-12-1}}{{page needed|date=February 2014}}</ref>

==Evidence==

{{asof|2023}} the rising use of cannabis during pregnancy, and the rise in cannabis potency, has become an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.

===Mental and cognitive===

Cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on the [[mental health]] and [[cognitive deficit|cognitive performance]] of offspring. The THC exposure resulting from cannabis use interferes with fetal brain development and the male offspring of users are more susceptible to psychotic illness.

=== Epigenetics ===

THC exposure in rats during the prenatal developmental phase may cause [[epigenetic]] changes in gene expression, but there is limited knowledge about the risk for psychiatric disorders because of ethical barriers to studying the developing human brain. A 2015 review found that cannabis use by pregnant mothers corresponded to impaired brain maturation in their children, and that those children were more predisposed to [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s; these results do not demonstrate causality.

=== Confounding factors ===

The [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] stated in 2018 that further research is required to "disentangle" effects of cannabis use from a mother's concomitant drug use and other environmental factors.

== Developmental observations ==

Developmental observations suggest that CB1 receptors develop only gradually during the [[Postpartum period|postnatal period]], which block for the [[Psychoactive effect|psychoactive]] effects of cannabinoid treatment in the young organism. Therefore, it is suggested that children may respond positively to medicinal applications of cannabinoids without undesirable central effects. Clinical results have been reported in [[pediatric oncology]] and in case studies of children with severe [[Neurological disorder|neurological disease]] or [[Traumatic brain injury|brain trauma]], and [[cystic fibrosis]] (CF) suggesting cannabinoid treatment for [[Child|children]] or [[Young adult|young adults]], in order to achieve an improvement of their health condition including improved food intake and reduced [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] exacerbations.

== Morning sickness/hyperemesis gravidarum ==
[[Hyperemesis gravidarum|Hyperemesis Gravidarum]] (HG), is a debilitating ailment characterized by severe [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[malnutrition]], and [[weight loss]] during pregnancy, and occurs to 1-2% of pregnant women [[Earth|globally]]. It is a perplexing female mystery for the present-day medical establishment. The frustration is mostly felt by women who are survivors of HG, desperately searching for a cure and increased understanding of this disease. Several pregnant women have revealed their personal experience with cannabis, having used it to relieve symptoms of HG, who would otherwise have become severely [[Emaciation|emaciated]], [[Dehydration|dehydrated]], and malnourished due to persistent, uncontrollable vomiting and the inability to eat and [[drink]] in their pregnancy.

== Society and culture ==
It is a common misconception that cannabis use in pregnancy is low risk; a 2015 study found that 70% of women in the [[United States]] assume that using cannabis 1-2 times a week while pregnant is safe.

==See also==
*[[Drugs in pregnancy]]
*[[N-Acylethanolamine|N-acylethanolamine (NAE)]]

{{Cannabis}}
{{Pregnancy}}

[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Cannabis and health|Pregnancy]]
[[Category:Drugs and pregnancy]]
{{二次利用|date=17 July 2025, at 18:05}}