Calcium supplement - Revision history

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2024-02-04T11:15:36Z

Marked this version for translation

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, 4 February 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<languages />		<languages />
	<translate>		<translate>
			<!--T:1-->
	{{サプリメント}}		{{サプリメント}}
	{{Pathnav\|Dietary supplement\|Mineral (nutrient)\|frame=1}}		{{Pathnav\|Dietary supplement\|Mineral (nutrient)\|frame=1}}
	{{ミネラル}}		{{ミネラル}}
	~~<!--T:1-->~~
	{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}		{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}
	{{Infobox drug		{{Infobox drug

Fire at 11:15, 4 February 2024

2024-02-04T11:15:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, 4 February 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<languages />		<languages />
	<translate>		<translate>
	{{~~Template:~~ミネラル}}		{{サプリメント}}
			{{Pathnav\|Dietary supplement\|Mineral (nutrient)\|frame=1}}
			{{ミネラル}}
	<!--T:1-->		<!--T:1-->
	{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}		{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}

Fire at 09:44, 15 January 2024

2024-01-15T09:44:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 15 January 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<languages />		<languages />
	<translate>		<translate>
			{{Template:ミネラル}}
	<!--T:1-->		<!--T:1-->
	{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}		{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2024-01-15T03:45:11Z

Marked this version for translation

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 15 January 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<languages />		<languages />
	<translate>		<translate>
			<!--T:1-->
	{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}		{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}
	{{Infobox drug		{{Infobox drug
Line 56:		Line 57:
	}}		}}

			<!--T:2-->
	<!-- Definition and medical uses -->		<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
	'''Calcium supplements''' are [[salts]] of [[calcium]] used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. By mouth they are used to treat and prevent [[low blood calcium]], [[osteoporosis]], and [[rickets]]. By [[intravenous\|injection into a vein]] they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in [[muscle spasms]] and for [[high blood potassium]] or [[magnesium toxicity]].		'''Calcium supplements''' are [[salts]] of [[calcium]] used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. By mouth they are used to treat and prevent [[low blood calcium]], [[osteoporosis]], and [[rickets]]. By [[intravenous\|injection into a vein]] they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in [[muscle spasms]] and for [[high blood potassium]] or [[magnesium toxicity]].

			<!--T:3-->
	<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->		<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->
	Common side effects include [[constipation]] and nausea. When taken by mouth [[high blood calcium]] is uncommon. Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from dietary sources, appear to increase the risk of [[kidney stones]]. Adults generally require about a gram of calcium a day. Calcium is particularly [[Calcium in biology\|important]] for [[bone]]s, [[muscles]], and [[nerves]].		Common side effects include [[constipation]] and nausea. When taken by mouth [[high blood calcium]] is uncommon. Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from dietary sources, appear to increase the risk of [[kidney stones]]. Adults generally require about a gram of calcium a day. Calcium is particularly [[Calcium in biology\|important]] for [[bone]]s, [[muscles]], and [[nerves]].

			<!--T:4-->
	<!-- History and culture -->		<!-- History and culture -->
	The medical use of calcium supplements began in the 19th century. It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]]. It is available as a [[generic medication]]. In 2020, it was the 204th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions. Versions are also sold together with [[vitamin D]]. In 2020, the combination, [[calcium/vitamin D]] was the 215th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.		The medical use of calcium supplements began in the 19th century. It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]]. It is available as a [[generic medication]]. In 2020, it was the 204th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions. Versions are also sold together with [[vitamin D]]. In 2020, the combination, [[calcium/vitamin D]] was the 215th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.

	==Health effects==		==Health effects== <!--T:5-->
	===Bone health===		===Bone health===
	In healthy people, calcium [[dietary supplement\|supplementation]] is not necessary for maintaining [[bone mineral density]], and carries risks that outweigh any benefits. Calcium intake is not significantly associated with hip fracture risk in either men or women. [[United States Preventive Services Task Force\|The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force]] recommends against a daily supplement of calcium or vitamin D. Although a slight increase in bone mineral density occurred in healthy children from calcium supplementation, using additional dietary calcium is not justified, according to a 2006 review.		In healthy people, calcium [[dietary supplement\|supplementation]] is not necessary for maintaining [[bone mineral density]], and carries risks that outweigh any benefits. Calcium intake is not significantly associated with hip fracture risk in either men or women. [[United States Preventive Services Task Force\|The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force]] recommends against a daily supplement of calcium or vitamin D. Although a slight increase in bone mineral density occurred in healthy children from calcium supplementation, using additional dietary calcium is not justified, according to a 2006 review.

	===Cardiovascular impact===		===Cardiovascular impact=== <!--T:6-->
	There is good evidence that 1,000 mg to 1,500 mg of daily calcium supplementation can effect a modest reduction in blood pressure in adults who do not have a blood pressure condition, suggesting that achieving adequate calcium levels may have role in preventing [[high blood pressure]].		There is good evidence that 1,000 mg to 1,500 mg of daily calcium supplementation can effect a modest reduction in blood pressure in adults who do not have a blood pressure condition, suggesting that achieving adequate calcium levels may have role in preventing [[high blood pressure]].

	===Cancer===		===Cancer=== <!--T:7-->
	The US [[National Cancer Institute]] does not recommend the use of calcium supplements for lowering the risk of cancer. There is weak evidence calcium supplementation might have a preventative effect against developing [[colorectal]] adenomatous [[polyp (medicine)\|polyp]]s, but the evidence is not sufficient to recommend such supplementation.		The US [[National Cancer Institute]] does not recommend the use of calcium supplements for lowering the risk of cancer. There is weak evidence calcium supplementation might have a preventative effect against developing [[colorectal]] adenomatous [[polyp (medicine)\|polyp]]s, but the evidence is not sufficient to recommend such supplementation.

	==Side effects==		==Side effects== <!--T:8-->

			<!--T:9-->
	Excessive consumption of calcium carbonate antacids/dietary supplements (such as Tums) over a period of weeks or months can cause [[milk-alkali syndrome]], with symptoms ranging from [[hypercalcemia]] to potentially fatal kidney failure. What constitutes "excessive" consumption is not well known and, it is presumed, varies a great deal from person to person. Persons consuming more than 10 grams/day of CaCO<sub>3</sub> (=4 g Ca) are at risk of developing milk-alkali syndrome, but the condition has been reported in at least one person consuming only 2.5 grams/day of CaCO<sub>3</sub> (=1 g Ca), an amount usually considered moderate and safe.		Excessive consumption of calcium carbonate antacids/dietary supplements (such as Tums) over a period of weeks or months can cause [[milk-alkali syndrome]], with symptoms ranging from [[hypercalcemia]] to potentially fatal kidney failure. What constitutes "excessive" consumption is not well known and, it is presumed, varies a great deal from person to person. Persons consuming more than 10 grams/day of CaCO<sub>3</sub> (=4 g Ca) are at risk of developing milk-alkali syndrome, but the condition has been reported in at least one person consuming only 2.5 grams/day of CaCO<sub>3</sub> (=1 g Ca), an amount usually considered moderate and safe.

			<!--T:10-->
	A 2023 systematic review found that calcium supplementation is not associated with myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure admission, and cardiovascular/all-cause mortality.		A 2023 systematic review found that calcium supplementation is not associated with myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure admission, and cardiovascular/all-cause mortality.

			<!--T:11-->
	Calcium supplements may contribute to the development of [[kidney stones]].		Calcium supplements may contribute to the development of [[kidney stones]].

			<!--T:12-->
	Acute calcium poisoning is rare, and difficult to achieve without administering calcium intravenously. For example, the oral [[median lethal dose]] (LD<sup>50</sup>) for rats for [[calcium carbonate]] and [[calcium chloride]] are 6.45 and 1.4 g/kg, respectively.		Acute calcium poisoning is rare, and difficult to achieve without administering calcium intravenously. For example, the oral [[median lethal dose]] (LD<sup>50</sup>) for rats for [[calcium carbonate]] and [[calcium chloride]] are 6.45 and 1.4 g/kg, respectively.

	== Interactions ==		== Interactions == <!--T:13-->

			<!--T:14-->
	Calcium supplements by mouth diminish the absorption of [[thyroxine]] when taken within four to six hours of each other. Thus, people taking both calcium and thyroxine run the risk of inadequate thyroid hormone replacement and thence [[hypothyroidism]] if they take them simultaneously or near-simultaneously.		Calcium supplements by mouth diminish the absorption of [[thyroxine]] when taken within four to six hours of each other. Thus, people taking both calcium and thyroxine run the risk of inadequate thyroid hormone replacement and thence [[hypothyroidism]] if they take them simultaneously or near-simultaneously.

	==Types==		==Types== <!--T:15-->
	The intravenous formulations of calcium include calcium chloride and [[calcium gluconate]]. The forms that are taken by mouth include [[calcium acetate]], calcium carbonate, [[calcium citrate]], calcium gluconate, [[calcium lactate]], and [[calcium phosphate]].		The intravenous formulations of calcium include calcium chloride and [[calcium gluconate]]. The forms that are taken by mouth include [[calcium acetate]], calcium carbonate, [[calcium citrate]], calcium gluconate, [[calcium lactate]], and [[calcium phosphate]].

			<!--T:16-->
	* The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly used dietary supplements is very similar. This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.		* The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly used dietary supplements is very similar. This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.
	* Different kinds of juices boosted with calcium are widely available.		* Different kinds of juices boosted with calcium are widely available.
Line 101:		Line 111:
	* [[Calcium lactate]] has similar absorption as calcium carbonate, but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are less concentrated forms of calcium and are not practical oral supplements.		* [[Calcium lactate]] has similar absorption as calcium carbonate, but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are less concentrated forms of calcium and are not practical oral supplements.

			<!--T:17-->
	[[Vitamin D]] is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone in the body, which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption.		[[Vitamin D]] is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone in the body, which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption.

	==Labeling==		==Labeling== <!--T:18-->
	For U.S. dietary supplement and food labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed in milligrams and as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). The weight is for the calcium part of the compound – for example, calcium citrate – in the supplement. For calcium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but in May 2016 it was revised to 1000–1300 mg. A table of the pre-change adult Daily Values and references for the revision are provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]]. Food and supplement companies had until July 2018 to comply with the labeling change.		For U.S. dietary supplement and food labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed in milligrams and as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). The weight is for the calcium part of the compound – for example, calcium citrate – in the supplement. For calcium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but in May 2016 it was revised to 1000–1300 mg. A table of the pre-change adult Daily Values and references for the revision are provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]]. Food and supplement companies had until July 2018 to comply with the labeling change.


	== External links ==		== External links == <!--T:19-->
	* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium }}		* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium }}
	* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium%20carbonate \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium carbonate}}		* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium%20carbonate \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium carbonate}}
	* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/814-80-2 \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium lactate}}		* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/814-80-2 \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium lactate}}

			<!--T:20-->
	{{Dietary supplement}}		{{Dietary supplement}}

			<!--T:21-->
	{{Portal bar\|Medicine}}		{{Portal bar\|Medicine}}

			<!--T:22-->
	{{二次利用\|date=2 January 2024}}		{{二次利用\|date=2 January 2024}}
	[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]		[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]

Fire at 03:45, 15 January 2024

2024-01-15T03:45:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 15 January 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
			<languages />
			<translate>
	{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}		{{Short description\|Dietary mineral supplement}}
	{{Infobox drug		{{Infobox drug
Line 118:		Line 120:
	[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]		[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
	[[Category:Dietary supplements]]		[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
			</translate>

Fire: /* External links */

2024-01-15T03:44:18Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:44, 15 January 2024
Line 109:		Line 109:
	* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium%20carbonate \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium carbonate}}		* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium%20carbonate \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium carbonate}}
	* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/814-80-2 \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium lactate}}		* {{cite web\| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/814-80-2 \| publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = Calcium lactate}}
	* {{cite web\| url = https://probigbox.com/index.php/2021/01/03/top-11-best-foods-rich-in-calcium/\| work = Drug Information Portal\| title = foods rich in calcium\| date = 3 January 2021}}{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}

	{{Dietary supplement}}		{{Dietary supplement}}

Fire: /* Types */

2024-01-15T03:39:13Z

Types

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 15 January 2024
Line 88:		Line 88:

	==Types==		==Types==
	The intravenous formulations of calcium include calcium chloride and [[calcium gluconate]].~~<ref name=AHFS2017/>~~ The forms that are taken by mouth include [[calcium acetate]], calcium carbonate, [[calcium citrate]], calcium gluconate, [[calcium lactate]], and [[calcium phosphate]].		The intravenous formulations of calcium include calcium chloride and [[calcium gluconate]]. The forms that are taken by mouth include [[calcium acetate]], calcium carbonate, [[calcium citrate]], calcium gluconate, [[calcium lactate]], and [[calcium phosphate]].

	* The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly used dietary supplements is very similar. This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.		* The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly used dietary supplements is very similar. This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.

Fire at 03:38, 15 January 2024

2024-01-15T03:38:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:38, 15 January 2024
Line 55:		Line 55:

	<!-- Definition and medical uses -->		<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
	'''Calcium supplements''' are [[salts]] of [[calcium]] used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. By mouth they are used to treat and prevent [[low blood calcium]], [[osteoporosis]], and [[rickets]].~~<ref name=AHFS2017/>~~ By [[intravenous\|injection into a vein]] they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in [[muscle spasms]] and for [[high blood potassium]] or [[magnesium toxicity]].		'''Calcium supplements''' are [[salts]] of [[calcium]] used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. By mouth they are used to treat and prevent [[low blood calcium]], [[osteoporosis]], and [[rickets]]. By [[intravenous\|injection into a vein]] they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in [[muscle spasms]] and for [[high blood potassium]] or [[magnesium toxicity]].

	<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->		<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->
	Common side effects include [[constipation]] and nausea. When taken by mouth [[high blood calcium]] is uncommon.~~<ref name=AHFS2017/>~~ Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from dietary sources, appear to increase the risk of [[kidney stones]]. Adults generally require about a gram of calcium a day. Calcium is particularly [[Calcium in biology\|important]] for [[bone]]s, [[muscles]], and [[nerves]].		Common side effects include [[constipation]] and nausea. When taken by mouth [[high blood calcium]] is uncommon. Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from dietary sources, appear to increase the risk of [[kidney stones]]. Adults generally require about a gram of calcium a day. Calcium is particularly [[Calcium in biology\|important]] for [[bone]]s, [[muscles]], and [[nerves]].

	<!-- History and culture -->		<!-- History and culture -->

Fire at 03:38, 15 January 2024

2024-01-15T03:38:05Z

Show changes

Fire: Created page with "{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{Short description|Dietary mineral supplement}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | INN = | type = | IUPAC_name = | image = 500 mg calcium supplements with vitamin D.jpg | alt = | caption = 500 milligram calcium supplements made from calcium carbonate | synonyms = | pronounc..."

2024-01-14T01:21:19Z

Created page with "{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{Short description|Dietary mineral supplement}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | INN = | type = | IUPAC_name = | image = 500 mg calcium supplements with vitamin D.jpg | alt = | caption = 500 milligram calcium supplements made from calcium carbonate  | synonyms = | pronounc..."

New page

{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Short description|Dietary mineral supplement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox drug
| drug_name =
| INN =
| type =
| IUPAC_name =
| image = 500 mg calcium supplements with vitamin D.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 500 milligram calcium supplements made from [[calcium carbonate]]

| synonyms =
| pronounce =
| tradename = Alka-Mints, Calcet, Tums, others
| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|calcium-salts}}
| MedlinePlus =
| DailyMedID = Calcium
| pregnancy_AU = 
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_US = A
| pregnancy_category= and C
| routes_of_administration = by mouth, intravenous
| legal_AU = 
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_CA = 
| legal_DE = 
| legal_NZ = 
| legal_UK = 
| legal_US = 
| legal_UN = 
| legal_status = 

| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| metabolites =
| onset =
| elimination_half-life =
| duration_of_action =
| excretion =

| CAS_number = 543-90-8
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 95KC50Z1L0
| class =
| ATCvet =
| ATC_prefix = A12
| ATC_suffix = AA
| PubChem =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID = none

| chemical_formula =
| molecular_weight =
}}


'''Calcium supplements''' are [[salts]] of [[calcium]] used in a number of conditions.<ref name=AHFS2017/> Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet.<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 9789241547659 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl-access=free |page=497 }}</ref><ref name=BNF69/> By mouth they are used to treat and prevent [[low blood calcium]], [[osteoporosis]], and [[rickets]].<ref name=AHFS2017/> By [[intravenous|injection into a vein]] they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in [[muscle spasms]] and for [[high blood potassium]] or [[magnesium toxicity]].<ref name=WHO2008/><ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|pages=215–216}}</ref>


Common side effects include [[constipation]] and nausea.<ref name=AHFS2017/> When taken by mouth [[high blood calcium]] is uncommon.<ref name=AHFS2017/> Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from dietary sources, appear to increase the risk of [[kidney stones]].<ref name=AHFS2017/> Adults generally require about a gram of calcium a day.<ref name=AHFS2017/> Calcium is particularly [[Calcium in biology|important]] for [[bone]]s, [[muscles]], and [[nerves]].<ref name=AHFS2017>{{cite web|title=Calcium Salts|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/calcium-salts.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041341/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/calcium-salts.html|archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>


The medical use of calcium supplements began in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Tegethoff FW |title=Calcium Carbonate: From the Cretaceous Period into the 21st Century |date=2012 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=9783034882453 |page=308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSMGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172603/https://books.google.ca/books?id=eSMGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF69/> In 2020, it was the 204th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2020 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website = ClinCalc | access-date = 7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Calcium – Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Calcium | access-date = 7 October 2022}}</ref> Versions are also sold together with [[vitamin D]].<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|pages=694, 703|edition=69}}</ref> In 2020, the combination, [[calcium/vitamin D]] was the 215th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300" /><ref>{{cite web | title = Calcium; Vitamin D – Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/CalciumVitaminD | access-date = 7 October 2022}}</ref>

==Health effects==
===Bone health===
In healthy people, calcium [[dietary supplement|supplementation]] is not necessary for maintaining [[bone mineral density]], and carries risks that outweigh any benefits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reid IR, Bristow SM, Bolland MJ | title = Calcium supplements: benefits and risks | journal = Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 278 | issue = 4 | pages = 354–368 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26174589 | doi = 10.1111/joim.12394 | type = Review | s2cid = 4679930 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Calcium intake is not significantly associated with hip fracture risk in either men or women.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Baron JA, Burckhardt P, Li R, Spiegelman D, Specker B, Orav JE, Wong JB, Staehelin HB, O'Reilly E, Kiel DP, Willett WC | display-authors = 6 | title = Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 86 | issue = 6 | pages = 1780–1790 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18065599 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1780 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[United States Preventive Services Task Force|The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force]] recommends against a daily supplement of calcium or vitamin D.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyer VA | title = Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 158 | issue = 9 | pages = 691–696 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23440163 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00603 | s2cid = 23008867 | doi-access = }}</ref> Although a slight increase in bone mineral density occurred in healthy children from calcium supplementation, using additional dietary calcium is not justified, according to a 2006 review.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Winzenberg TM, Shaw K, Fryer J, Jones G | title = Calcium supplementation for improving bone mineral density in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2006 | issue = 2 | pages = CD005119 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16625624 | pmc = 8865374 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005119.pub2 }}</ref>

===Cardiovascular impact===
There is good evidence that 1,000 mg to 1,500 mg of daily calcium supplementation can effect a modest reduction in blood pressure in adults who do not have a blood pressure condition, suggesting that achieving adequate calcium levels may have role in preventing [[high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Cormick MS, Belizán JM | title = Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD010037 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 35014026 | pmc = 8748265 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010037.pub4 | type = Systematic review }}</ref>

===Cancer===
The US [[National Cancer Institute]] does not recommend the use of calcium supplements for lowering the risk of cancer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcium and Cancer Prevention: Strengths and Limits of the Evidence|publisher=National Cancer Institute|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/prevention/calcium|access-date=2 November 2014|date=4 May 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043647/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/prevention/calcium|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> There is weak evidence calcium supplementation might have a preventative effect against developing [[colorectal]] adenomatous [[polyp (medicine)|polyp]]s, but the evidence is not sufficient to recommend such supplementation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J | title = Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2008 | issue = 1 | pages = CD003548 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18254022 | pmc = 8719254 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003548.pub4 | type = Review }}</ref>

==Side effects==

Excessive consumption of calcium carbonate antacids/dietary supplements (such as Tums) over a period of weeks or months can cause [[milk-alkali syndrome]], with symptoms ranging from [[hypercalcemia]] to potentially fatal kidney failure. What constitutes "excessive" consumption is not well known and, it is presumed, varies a great deal from person to person. Persons consuming more than 10 grams/day of CaCO3 (=4 g Ca) are at risk of developing milk-alkali syndrome,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH | title = Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome | journal = The American Journal of the Medical Sciences | volume = 331 | issue = 5 | pages = 233–242 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16702792 | doi = 10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001 | s2cid = 45802184 }}</ref> but the condition has been reported in at least one person consuming only 2.5 grams/day of CaCO3 (=1 g Ca), an amount usually considered moderate and safe.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Picolos MK, Orlander PR | title = Calcium carbonate toxicity: the updated milk-alkali syndrome; report of 3 cases and review of the literature | journal = Endocrine Practice | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 272–280 | date = 2005 | pmid = 16006300 | doi = 10.4158/EP.11.4.272 | name-list-style = amp }}</ref>

A 2023 systematic review found that calcium supplementation is not associated with myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure admission, and cardiovascular/all-cause mortality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sim MG, Teo YN, Teo YH, Syn NL, Li TY, Yeo LL, Kong WK, Tan BY, Yip JW, Wong RC, Poh KK, Yeo TC, Sharma VK, Chai P, Chan MY, Sia CH | display-authors = 6 | title = Association Between Calcium Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal = Heart, Lung & Circulation | pages = S1443–9506(23)04281–6 | date = September 2023 | volume = 32 | issue = 10 | pmid = 37743221 | doi = 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.07.008 | s2cid = 262224167 }}</ref>

Calcium supplements may contribute to the development of [[kidney stones]].<ref name=AHFS2017/>

Acute calcium poisoning is rare, and difficult to achieve without administering calcium intravenously. For example, the oral [[median lethal dose]] (LD50) for rats for [[calcium carbonate]] and [[calcium chloride]] are 6.45<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Lewis RJ |date= 1996 |title= Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials|url= https://archive.org/details/saxsdangerouspro0000lewi |url-access= registration |edition= 9th|publisher= Van Nostrand Reinhold |location= New York, NY |page= 635 |isbn= 978-0-471-37858-7}}</ref> and 1.4 g/kg,<ref>{{Cite book |title = ITII. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual |publisher = The International Technical Information Institute |date =1988 |location = Tokyo, Japan |page = 101}}</ref> respectively.

== Interactions ==

Calcium supplements by mouth diminish the absorption of [[thyroxine]] when taken within four to six hours of each other.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh N, Singh PN, Hershman JM | title = Effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of levothyroxine | journal = JAMA | volume = 283 | issue = 21 | pages = 2822–2825 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10838651 | doi = 10.1001/jama.283.21.2822 | doi-access = }}</ref> Thus, people taking both calcium and thyroxine run the risk of inadequate thyroid hormone replacement and thence [[hypothyroidism]] if they take them simultaneously or near-simultaneously.<ref name="WeightSupplements">{{Cite web |title=Calcium May Help With Weight Loss |access-date=10 July 2007 |url=http://www.rxalternativemedicine.com/headlines_news.php#headline77 | vauthors = Harding A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703153023/http://www.rxalternativemedicine.com/headlines_news.php#headline77 |archive-date=3 July 2007 }}</ref>{{medrs|date=December 2012}}

==Types==
The intravenous formulations of calcium include calcium chloride and [[calcium gluconate]].<ref name=AHFS2017/> The forms that are taken by mouth include [[calcium acetate]], calcium carbonate, [[calcium citrate]], calcium gluconate, [[calcium lactate]], and [[calcium phosphate]].<ref name=AHFS2017/>

* The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly used dietary supplements is very similar.<ref name="Weaver">{{Cite book| veditors = Bowman BA, Russell RM | vauthors = Weaver CM |chapter= 29 Calcium|title= Present Knowledge in Nutrition | edition = 9th |volume = I| page= 377|publisher= ILSI Press|date= 2006 | isbn = 978-1-57881-198-4 }}</ref> This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.
* Different kinds of juices boosted with calcium are widely available.
* [[Calcium carbonate]] is the most common and least expensive calcium supplement. It should be taken with food, and depends on low pH levels (acidic) for proper absorption in the intestine.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Remington J |title = Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy|publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|date = 2005|page = 1338|isbn = 978-0-7817-4673-1}}</ref> Some studies suggests that the absorption of calcium from calcium carbonate is similar to the absorption of calcium from milk.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Y, Martin BR, Weaver CM | title = Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soymilk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 135 | issue = 10 | pages = 2379–2382 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16177199 | doi = 10.1093/jn/135.10.2379 | url = http://jn.nutrition.org/content/135/10/2379.full.pdf | url-status = live | doi-access = free | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184611/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/135/10/2379.full.pdf | archive-date = 18 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martini L, Wood RJ | title = Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 76 | issue = 6 | pages = 1345–1350 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12450902 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1345 | name-list-style = amp | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Antacid]]s frequently contain calcium carbonate, and are a commonly used, inexpensive calcium supplement.
* [[Coral calcium]] is a salt of calcium derived from fossilized coral reefs. Coral calcium is composed of calcium carbonate and trace minerals. Claims for health benefits unique to coral calcium have been discredited.
* [[Calcium citrate]] can be taken without food and is the supplement of choice for individuals with achlorhydria or who are taking histamine-2 blockers or proton-pump inhibitors.<ref name = "osgknm">{{cite journal | vauthors = Straub DA | title = Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications | journal = Nutrition in Clinical Practice | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 286–296 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17507729 | doi = 10.1177/0115426507022003286 }}</ref> Calcium citrate is about 21% elemental calcium. One thousand mg will provide 210 mg of calcium. It is more expensive than calcium carbonate and more of it must be taken to get the same amount of calcium.
* [[Calcium phosphate]] costs more than calcium carbonate, but less than calcium citrate. [[microcrystalline hydroxyapatite]] (MH) is one of several forms of calcium phosphate used as a dietary supplement. Hydroxyapatite is about 40% calcium.
* [[Calcium lactate]] has similar absorption as calcium carbonate,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin BR, Weaver CM, Heaney RP, Packard PT, Smith DL | title = Calcium absorption from three salts and CaSO(4)-fortified bread in premenopausal women | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 13 | pages = 3874–3876 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12059174 | doi = 10.1021/jf020065g }}</ref> but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are less concentrated forms of calcium and are not practical oral supplements.<ref name = "osgknm"/>

[[Vitamin D]] is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone in the body, which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Combs G |title=The Vitamins |page=[https://archive.org/details/vitaminsfundamen0000comb/page/161 161] |publisher=Academic Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-12-183490-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/vitaminsfundamen0000comb/page/161}}</ref>

==Labeling==
For U.S. dietary supplement and food labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed in milligrams and as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). The weight is for the calcium part of the compound – for example, calcium citrate – in the supplement. For calcium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but in May 2016 it was revised to 1000–1300 mg.<ref name="Regulations.gov">{{Cite web|title=Regulations.gov|url=https://www.regulations.gov/document/FDA-2012-N-1210-0875|access-date=18 January 2023|website=www.regulations.gov}}</ref> A table of the pre-change adult Daily Values and references for the revision are provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]]. Food and supplement companies had until July 2018 to comply with the labeling change.<ref name="Regulations.gov"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Calcium }}
* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/calcium%20carbonate | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Calcium carbonate}}
* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/814-80-2 | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Calcium lactate}}
* {{cite web| url = https://probigbox.com/index.php/2021/01/03/top-11-best-foods-rich-in-calcium/| work = Drug Information Portal| title = foods rich in calcium| date = 3 January 2021}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Dietary supplement}}

{{Portal bar|Medicine}}

{{二次利用|date=2 January 2024}}
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]