Calcium lactate - Revision history

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2024-04-21T05:29:22Z

Marked this version for translation

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	'''Calcium lactate''' is a white crystalline [[salt (chemistry)\|salt]] with formula {{chem\|C\|6\|H\|10\|Ca\|O\|6}}, consisting of two [[lactic acid\|lactate]] [[anion]]s {{chem\|H\|3\|C}}(CHOH){{chem\|CO\|2\|−}} for each [[calcium]] [[cation]] {{chem\|Ca\|2+}}. It forms several [[hydrate]]s, the most common being the pentahydrate {{chem\|C\|6\|H\|10\|Ca\|O\|6}}·5{{chem\|H\|2\|O}}.		'''Calcium lactate''' is a white crystalline [[salt (chemistry)\|salt]] with formula {{chem\|C\|6\|H\|10\|Ca\|O\|6}}, consisting of two [[lactic acid\|lactate]] [[anion]]s {{chem\|H\|3\|C}}(CHOH){{chem\|CO\|2\|−}} for each [[calcium]] [[cation]] {{chem\|Ca\|2+}}. It forms several [[hydrate]]s, the most common being the pentahydrate {{chem\|C\|6\|H\|10\|Ca\|O\|6}}·5{{chem\|H\|2\|O}}.

			<!--T:3-->
	Calcium lactate is used in medicine, mainly to treat [[hypocalcaemia\|calcium deficiencies]]; and as a [[food additive]] with [[E number]] of '''E327'''. Some [[cheese crystals]] consist of calcium lactate.		Calcium lactate is used in medicine, mainly to treat [[hypocalcaemia\|calcium deficiencies]]; and as a [[food additive]] with [[E number]] of '''E327'''. Some [[cheese crystals]] consist of calcium lactate.

			<!--T:4-->
	==Properties==		==Properties==
	The lactate ion is [[chirality (chemistry)\|chiral]], with two [[enantiomer]]s, D (−,''R'') and L (+,''S''). The L isomer is the one normally synthesized and metabolized by living organisms, but some bacteria can produce the D form or convert the L to D. Thus calcium lactate also has D and L isomers, where all anions are of the same type.		The lactate ion is [[chirality (chemistry)\|chiral]], with two [[enantiomer]]s, D (−,''R'') and L (+,''S''). The L isomer is the one normally synthesized and metabolized by living organisms, but some bacteria can produce the D form or convert the L to D. Thus calcium lactate also has D and L isomers, where all anions are of the same type.

			<!--T:5-->
	Some synthesis processes yield a mixture of the two in equal parts, resulting in the DL ([[racemic]]) salt. Both the L and the DL forms occur as crystals on the surface of aging Cheddar cheese.		Some synthesis processes yield a mixture of the two in equal parts, resulting in the DL ([[racemic]]) salt. Both the L and the DL forms occur as crystals on the surface of aging Cheddar cheese.

			<!--T:6-->
	The solubility of calcium L-lactate in water increases significantly in presence of d-[[gluconate]] ions, from 6.7 [[gram\|g]]/[[deciliter\|dl]]) at 25 °C to 9.74 g/dl or more. Paradoxically, while the solubility of calcium L-lactate increases with temperature from 10 °C (4.8 g/dl) to 30 °C (8.5 g/dl), the concentration of free {{chem\|Ca\|2+}} ions decreases by almost one half. This is explained as the lactate and calcium ions becoming less hydrated and forming a complex {{chem\|C\|3\|H\|5\|O\|3\|Ca\|+}}.		The solubility of calcium L-lactate in water increases significantly in presence of d-[[gluconate]] ions, from 6.7 [[gram\|g]]/[[deciliter\|dl]]) at 25 °C to 9.74 g/dl or more. Paradoxically, while the solubility of calcium L-lactate increases with temperature from 10 °C (4.8 g/dl) to 30 °C (8.5 g/dl), the concentration of free {{chem\|Ca\|2+}} ions decreases by almost one half. This is explained as the lactate and calcium ions becoming less hydrated and forming a complex {{chem\|C\|3\|H\|5\|O\|3\|Ca\|+}}.

			<!--T:7-->
	The DL (racemic) form of the salt is much less soluble in water than the pure L or D isomers, so that a solution that contains as little as 25% of the D form will deposit racemic DL-lactate crystals instead of L-lactate.		The DL (racemic) form of the salt is much less soluble in water than the pure L or D isomers, so that a solution that contains as little as 25% of the D form will deposit racemic DL-lactate crystals instead of L-lactate.

			<!--T:8-->
	The pentahydrate loses water in a dry atmosphere between 35 and 135 °C, being reduced to the [[anhydrous]] form and losing its crystalline character. The process is reversed at 25 °C and 75% [[relative humidity]].		The pentahydrate loses water in a dry atmosphere between 35 and 135 °C, being reduced to the [[anhydrous]] form and losing its crystalline character. The process is reversed at 25 °C and 75% [[relative humidity]].

			<!--T:9-->
	==Preparation==		==Preparation==
	Calcium lactate can be prepared by the reaction of [[lactic acid]] with [[calcium carbonate]] or [[calcium hydroxide]].		Calcium lactate can be prepared by the reaction of [[lactic acid]] with [[calcium carbonate]] or [[calcium hydroxide]].

			<!--T:10-->
	Since the 19th century, the salt has been obtained industrially by [[fermentation]] of [[carbohydrate]]s in the presence of calcium mineral sources such as [[calcium carbonate]] or [[calcium hydroxide]]. Fermentation may produce either D or L lactate, or a racemic mixture of both, depending on the type of organism used.		Since the 19th century, the salt has been obtained industrially by [[fermentation]] of [[carbohydrate]]s in the presence of calcium mineral sources such as [[calcium carbonate]] or [[calcium hydroxide]]. Fermentation may produce either D or L lactate, or a racemic mixture of both, depending on the type of organism used.

			<!--T:11-->
	==Uses==		==Uses==
	===Medicine===		===Medicine===
	Calcium lactate has several uses in human and [[veterinary medicine]].		Calcium lactate has several uses in human and [[veterinary medicine]].

			<!--T:12-->
	Calcium lactate is used in medicine as an [[antacid]].		Calcium lactate is used in medicine as an [[antacid]].

			<!--T:13-->
	It is also used to treat [[hypocalcaemia]] (calcium deficiencies). It can be absorbed at various [[pH]]s, thus it does not need to be taken with food. However, in this use it has been found to be less convenient than [[calcium citrate]]. Calcium lactate contains 13% elemental calcium.		It is also used to treat [[hypocalcaemia]] (calcium deficiencies). It can be absorbed at various [[pH]]s, thus it does not need to be taken with food. However, in this use it has been found to be less convenient than [[calcium citrate]]. Calcium lactate contains 13% elemental calcium.

			<!--T:14-->
	In the early 20th century, oral administration of calcium lactate dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of [[tetany]] in humans and dogs with [[parathyroid]] insufficiency or who underwent [[parathyroidectomy]].		In the early 20th century, oral administration of calcium lactate dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of [[tetany]] in humans and dogs with [[parathyroid]] insufficiency or who underwent [[parathyroidectomy]].

			<!--T:15-->
	The compound is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.		The compound is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.

			<!--T:16-->
	Calcium lactate (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble [[fluoride]] ingestion and [[hydrofluoric acid]].		Calcium lactate (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble [[fluoride]] ingestion and [[hydrofluoric acid]].

			<!--T:17-->
	===Food industry===		===Food industry===
	The compound is a food additive classified by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration\|FDA]] as [[Generally Recognized as Safe]] (GRAS), for uses as a [[firming agent]], a [[flavor enhancer]] or [[flavoring agent]], a [[leavening agent]], a [[nutritional supplement]], and a [[Stabilizer (food)\|stabilizer]] and [[thickener]].		The compound is a food additive classified by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration\|FDA]] as [[Generally Recognized as Safe]] (GRAS), for uses as a [[firming agent]], a [[flavor enhancer]] or [[flavoring agent]], a [[leavening agent]], a [[nutritional supplement]], and a [[Stabilizer (food)\|stabilizer]] and [[thickener]].

			<!--T:18-->
	Calcium lactate is also known as cheese lactate because it coagulates milk, making the [[chhena]] used in the production of [[paneer]] cheese. Chhena is also used to make various sweets and other milk proteins.		Calcium lactate is also known as cheese lactate because it coagulates milk, making the [[chhena]] used in the production of [[paneer]] cheese. Chhena is also used to make various sweets and other milk proteins.

			<!--T:19-->
	Calcium lactate is an ingredient in some [[baking powder]]s containing [[sodium acid pyrophosphate]]. It provides calcium in order to delay leavening.		Calcium lactate is an ingredient in some [[baking powder]]s containing [[sodium acid pyrophosphate]]. It provides calcium in order to delay leavening.

			<!--T:20-->
	Calcium lactate is added to sugar-free foods to prevent [[tooth decay]]. When added to [[chewing gum]] containing [[xylitol]], it increases the [[remineralisation of teeth\|remineralization]] of [[tooth enamel]].		Calcium lactate is added to sugar-free foods to prevent [[tooth decay]]. When added to [[chewing gum]] containing [[xylitol]], it increases the [[remineralisation of teeth\|remineralization]] of [[tooth enamel]].

			<!--T:21-->
	The compound is also added to fresh-cut fruits, such as [[cantaloupe]]s, to keep them firm and extend their shelf life, without the bitter taste caused by [[calcium chloride]], which can also be used for this purpose.		The compound is also added to fresh-cut fruits, such as [[cantaloupe]]s, to keep them firm and extend their shelf life, without the bitter taste caused by [[calcium chloride]], which can also be used for this purpose.

			<!--T:22-->
	Calcium lactate is used in [[molecular gastronomy]] as a flavorless [[fat]]-soluble agent for plain and reverse [[spherification]]. It reacts with [[sodium alginate]] to form a skin around the food item.		Calcium lactate is used in [[molecular gastronomy]] as a flavorless [[fat]]-soluble agent for plain and reverse [[spherification]]. It reacts with [[sodium alginate]] to form a skin around the food item.

			<!--T:23-->
	===Animal feeds===		===Animal feeds===
	Calcium lactate may be added to animal rations as a source of calcium.		Calcium lactate may be added to animal rations as a source of calcium.

			<!--T:24-->
	===Chemistry===		===Chemistry===
	The compound was formerly an intermediate in the preparation of lactic acid for food and medical uses. The impure acid from various sources was converted to calcium lactate, purified by crystallization, and then converted back to acid by treatment with [[sulfuric acid]], which precipitated the calcium as [[calcium sulfate]]. This method yielded a purer product than would be obtained by distillation of the original acid. Recently [[ammonium lactate]] has been used as an alternative to calcium in this process.		The compound was formerly an intermediate in the preparation of lactic acid for food and medical uses. The impure acid from various sources was converted to calcium lactate, purified by crystallization, and then converted back to acid by treatment with [[sulfuric acid]], which precipitated the calcium as [[calcium sulfate]]. This method yielded a purer product than would be obtained by distillation of the original acid. Recently [[ammonium lactate]] has been used as an alternative to calcium in this process.

			<!--T:25-->
	===Water treatment===		===Water treatment===
	Calcium lactate has been considered as a [[Coagulation (water treatment)\|coagulant]] for removing suspended solids from water, as a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable alternative to [[aluminum chloride]] {{chem\|Al\|Cl\|3}}.		Calcium lactate has been considered as a [[Coagulation (water treatment)\|coagulant]] for removing suspended solids from water, as a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable alternative to [[aluminum chloride]] {{chem\|Al\|Cl\|3}}.

			<!--T:26-->
	===Bioconcrete===		===Bioconcrete===
	Addition of calcium lactate substantially increases the compressive strength and reduces water permeability of [[bioconcrete]], by enabling bacteria such as ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'', ''[[Bacillus cohnii]]'', ''[[Bacillus pseudofirmus]]'' and ''[[Sporosarcina pasteurii]]'' to produce more [[calcite]].		Addition of calcium lactate substantially increases the compressive strength and reduces water permeability of [[bioconcrete]], by enabling bacteria such as ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'', ''[[Bacillus cohnii]]'', ''[[Bacillus pseudofirmus]]'' and ''[[Sporosarcina pasteurii]]'' to produce more [[calcite]].

			<!--T:27-->
	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Calcium supplement]]		* [[Calcium supplement]]
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	{{Mineral supplements}}		{{Mineral supplements}}

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	{{二次利用\|date=4 April 2024}}		{{二次利用\|date=4 April 2024}}
	[[Category:Calcium compounds]]		[[Category:Calcium compounds]]

Fire at 05:29, 21 April 2024

2024-04-21T05:29:10Z

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Fire: /* Medicine */

2024-04-21T05:20:41Z

Medicine

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:20, 21 April 2024
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	In the early 20th century, oral administration of calcium lactate dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of [[tetany]] in humans and dogs with [[parathyroid]] insufficiency or who underwent [[parathyroidectomy]].		In the early 20th century, oral administration of calcium lactate dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of [[tetany]] in humans and dogs with [[parathyroid]] insufficiency or who underwent [[parathyroidectomy]].

	The compound is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.~~<ref name=":0" />~~		The compound is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.

	Calcium lactate (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble [[fluoride]] ingestion~~<ref name=tyle>Carolyn A. Tylenda (2011): "Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (Update)". DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN\|9781437930771}}</ref>{{rp\|p165}}~~ and [[hydrofluoric acid]].		Calcium lactate (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble [[fluoride]] ingestion and [[hydrofluoric acid]].

	===Food industry===		===Food industry===

Fire: Created page with "{{chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 476998694 | ImageFile =calcium lactate.png | ImageSize = | PIN =Calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate) | OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list | calcium lactate 5-hydrate | calcium lactate | 2-hydroxypropanoic acid | calcium salt pentahydrate }} |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 12592 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}..."

2024-04-21T05:20:06Z

Created page with "{{chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 476998694 | ImageFile =calcium lactate.png | ImageSize = | PIN =Calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate) | OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list | calcium lactate 5-hydrate | calcium lactate | 2-hydroxypropanoic acid | calcium salt pentahydrate }} |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 12592 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}..."

New page

{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 476998694
| ImageFile =calcium lactate.png
| ImageSize =
| PIN =Calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate)
| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list
| calcium lactate 5-hydrate
| calcium lactate
| 2-hydroxypropanoic acid
| calcium salt pentahydrate
}}
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 12592
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 2URQ2N32W3
| InChI = 1/2C3H6O3.Ca/c2*1-2(4)3(5)6;/h2*2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
| InChIKey = MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-NUQVWONBAM
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2C3H6O3.Ca/c2*1-2(4)3(5)6;/h2*2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo =814-80-2
| PubChem =13144
| EC_number = 212-406-7
| DrugBank = DB13231
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 2106111
| SMILES = [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C.[O-]C(=O)C(O)C
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula =C6H10CaO6
| MolarMass =218.22 g/mol
| Appearance = white or off-white powder, slightly [[efflorescent]]
| Density = 1.494 g/cm3
| MeltingPtC = 240
| MeltingPt_notes = (anhydrous) 120 °C (pentahydrate)
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility = L-lactate, anhydrous, g/100 mL: 4.8 (10 °C), 5.8 (20 °C), 6.7 (25 °C), 8.5 (30 °C); 7.9 g/100 mL (30 °C)
| SolubleOther = very soluble in [[methanol]], insoluble in [[ethanol]]
| pKa = 6.0-8.5
| RefractIndex = 1.470
}}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = A12
| ATCCode_suffix = AA05
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|319}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|264|280|305+351+338|337+313}}
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt = Not applicable
| AutoignitionPt = No data
| NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
}}
}}

'''Calcium lactate''' is a white crystalline [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] with formula {{chem|C|6|H|10|Ca|O|6}}, consisting of two [[lactic acid|lactate]] [[anion]]s {{chem|H|3|C}}(CHOH){{chem|CO|2|−}} for each [[calcium]] [[cation]] {{chem|Ca|2+}}. It forms several [[hydrate]]s, the most common being the pentahydrate {{chem|C|6|H|10|Ca|O|6}}·5{{chem|H|2|O}}.

Calcium lactate is used in medicine, mainly to treat [[hypocalcaemia|calcium deficiencies]]; and as a [[food additive]] with [[E number]] of '''E327'''. Some [[cheese crystals]] consist of calcium lactate.

==Properties==
The lactate ion is [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral]], with two [[enantiomer]]s, D (−,''R'') and L (+,''S''). The L isomer is the one normally synthesized and metabolized by living organisms, but some bacteria can produce the D form or convert the L to D. Thus calcium lactate also has D and L isomers, where all anions are of the same type.

Some synthesis processes yield a mixture of the two in equal parts, resulting in the DL ([[racemic]]) salt. Both the L and the DL forms occur as crystals on the surface of aging Cheddar cheese.

The solubility of calcium L-lactate in water increases significantly in presence of d-[[gluconate]] ions, from 6.7 [[gram|g]]/[[deciliter|dl]]) at 25 °C to 9.74 g/dl or more. Paradoxically, while the solubility of calcium L-lactate increases with temperature from 10 °C (4.8 g/dl) to 30 °C (8.5 g/dl), the concentration of free {{chem|Ca|2+}} ions decreases by almost one half. This is explained as the lactate and calcium ions becoming less hydrated and forming a complex {{chem|C|3|H|5|O|3|Ca|+}}.

The DL (racemic) form of the salt is much less soluble in water than the pure L or D isomers, so that a solution that contains as little as 25% of the D form will deposit racemic DL-lactate crystals instead of L-lactate.

The pentahydrate loses water in a dry atmosphere between 35 and 135 °C, being reduced to the [[anhydrous]] form and losing its crystalline character. The process is reversed at 25 °C and 75% [[relative humidity]].

==Preparation==
Calcium lactate can be prepared by the reaction of [[lactic acid]] with [[calcium carbonate]] or [[calcium hydroxide]].

Since the 19th century, the salt has been obtained industrially by [[fermentation]] of [[carbohydrate]]s in the presence of calcium mineral sources such as [[calcium carbonate]] or [[calcium hydroxide]]. Fermentation may produce either D or L lactate, or a racemic mixture of both, depending on the type of organism used.

==Uses==
===Medicine===
Calcium lactate has several uses in human and [[veterinary medicine]].

Calcium lactate is used in medicine as an [[antacid]].

It is also used to treat [[hypocalcaemia]] (calcium deficiencies). It can be absorbed at various [[pH]]s, thus it does not need to be taken with food. However, in this use it has been found to be less convenient than [[calcium citrate]]. Calcium lactate contains 13% elemental calcium.

In the early 20th century, oral administration of calcium lactate dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of [[tetany]] in humans and dogs with [[parathyroid]] insufficiency or who underwent [[parathyroidectomy]].

The compound is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.<ref name=":0" />

Calcium lactate (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble [[fluoride]] ingestion<ref name=tyle>Carolyn A. Tylenda (2011): "Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (Update)". DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN|9781437930771}}</ref>{{rp|p165}} and [[hydrofluoric acid]].

===Food industry===
The compound is a food additive classified by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] as [[Generally Recognized as Safe]] (GRAS), for uses as a [[firming agent]], a [[flavor enhancer]] or [[flavoring agent]], a [[leavening agent]], a [[nutritional supplement]], and a [[Stabilizer (food)|stabilizer]] and [[thickener]].

Calcium lactate is also known as cheese lactate because it coagulates milk, making the [[chhena]] used in the production of [[paneer]] cheese. Chhena is also used to make various sweets and other milk proteins.

Calcium lactate is an ingredient in some [[baking powder]]s containing [[sodium acid pyrophosphate]]. It provides calcium in order to delay leavening.

Calcium lactate is added to sugar-free foods to prevent [[tooth decay]]. When added to [[chewing gum]] containing [[xylitol]], it increases the [[remineralisation of teeth|remineralization]] of [[tooth enamel]].

The compound is also added to fresh-cut fruits, such as [[cantaloupe]]s, to keep them firm and extend their shelf life, without the bitter taste caused by [[calcium chloride]], which can also be used for this purpose.

Calcium lactate is used in [[molecular gastronomy]] as a flavorless [[fat]]-soluble agent for plain and reverse [[spherification]]. It reacts with [[sodium alginate]] to form a skin around the food item.

===Animal feeds===
Calcium lactate may be added to animal rations as a source of calcium.

===Chemistry===
The compound was formerly an intermediate in the preparation of lactic acid for food and medical uses. The impure acid from various sources was converted to calcium lactate, purified by crystallization, and then converted back to acid by treatment with [[sulfuric acid]], which precipitated the calcium as [[calcium sulfate]]. This method yielded a purer product than would be obtained by distillation of the original acid. Recently [[ammonium lactate]] has been used as an alternative to calcium in this process.

===Water treatment===
Calcium lactate has been considered as a [[Coagulation (water treatment)|coagulant]] for removing suspended solids from water, as a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable alternative to [[aluminum chloride]] {{chem|Al|Cl|3}}.

===Bioconcrete===
Addition of calcium lactate substantially increases the compressive strength and reduces water permeability of [[bioconcrete]], by enabling bacteria such as ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'', ''[[Bacillus cohnii]]'', ''[[Bacillus pseudofirmus]]'' and ''[[Sporosarcina pasteurii]]'' to produce more [[calcite]].

==See also==
* [[Calcium supplement]]
* [[Calcium lactate gluconate]]
* [[Calcium gluconate]]
* [[Calcium citrate]]

{{Mineral supplements}}

{{二次利用|date=4 April 2024}}
[[Category:Calcium compounds]]
[[Category:Lactates]]
[[Category:Food antioxidants]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]