imported>Fire: Created page with "{{short description|Complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities}} {{See also|Organ system}} A '''biological system''' is a complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.{{Cite book|chapter=Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)|a..."

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Created page with "{{short description|Complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities}} {{See also|Organ system}} A '''biological system''' is a complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)|a..."

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{{short description|Complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities}}
{{See also|Organ system}}
A '''biological system''' is a complex [[biological network|network]] which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)|author1=F. Muggianu |title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)|pages=713–717|author2=A. Benso |author3=R. Bardini |author4=E. Hu |author5=G. Politano |author6=S. Di Carlo |website=IEEE Xplore Digital Library|doi=10.1109/BIBM.2018.8621533|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5386-5488-0|s2cid=59233194 }}</ref> Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are [[populations]] of [[organisms]]. On the [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] and [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] scale in [[mammals]] and other animals, examples include the [[circulatory system]], the [[respiratory system]], and the [[nervous system]]. On the [[Micrometre|micro]] to the [[Nanometre|nano]]scopic scale, examples of biological systems are [[cell (biology)|cells]], [[organelles]], macromolecular complexes and [[Regulatory T cell|regulatory]] pathways. A biological system is not to be confused with a [[Living systems|living system]], such as a living [[organism]].

==Organ and tissue systems==
[[File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg|thumb|352x352px|
An
example of a system: The [[brain]], the [[cerebellum]], the [[spinal cord]], and the [[nerve]]s are the four basic components of the [[nervous system]].
]]

{{Further|Organ system|List of systems of the human body}}

These specific systems are widely studied in [[human anatomy]] and are also present in many other animals.

* [[Respiratory system]]: the organs used for [[breathing]], the [[Human pharynx|pharynx]], [[larynx]], [[bronchi]], [[lung]]s and [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]].
* [[Digestive system]]: [[digestion]] and processing food with [[salivary gland]]s, [[oesophagus]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[intestine]]s, [[rectum]] and [[anus]].
* [[Cardiovascular system]] ([[heart]] and [[circulatory system]]): pumping and channeling [[blood]] to and from the body and [[lungs]] with [[heart]], blood and [[blood vessel]]s.
* [[Urinary system]]: [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] involved in fluid balance, [[electrolyte]] balance and excretion of [[urine]].
* [[Integumentary system]]: [[skin]], [[hair]], [[fat]], and [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s.
* [[Skeletal system]]: structural support and protection with [[bone]]s, [[cartilage]], [[ligament]]s and [[tendon]]s.
* [[Endocrine system]]: communication within the body using [[hormone]]s made by [[endocrine gland]]s such as the [[hypothalamus]], [[pituitary]] gland, [[pineal body]] or pineal gland, [[thyroid]], [[parathyroid]] and [[adrenal]]s, i.e., adrenal glands.
* [[Lymphatic system]]: structures involved in the transfer of [[lymph]] between [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]s and the [[blood stream]]; includes the lymph and the [[lymph node|node]]s and [[lymph vessel|vessels]]. The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies.
** [[Immune system]]: protects the organism from foreign bodies.
* [[Nervous system]]: collecting, transferring and processing information with [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[peripheral nervous system]] and [[sense organs]].
** [[Sensory systems]]: [[visual system]], [[auditory system]], [[olfactory system]], [[gustatory system]], [[somatosensory system]], [[vestibular system]].
* [[Muscular system]]: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes [[skeletal muscles]], [[smooth muscles]] and [[cardiac muscle]].
* [[Reproductive system]]: the [[sex organs]], such as [[ovary|ovarie]]s, [[fallopian tube]]s, [[uterus]], [[vagina]], [[mammary gland]]s, [[testes]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicle]]s and [[prostate]].

==History==
The notion of system (or apparatus) relies upon the concept of vital or organic [[function (biology)|function]]:<ref name = Fletcher>Fletcher, John (1837). "On the functions of organized beings, and their arrangement". In: ''Rudiments of physiology''. Part 2. On life, as manifested in irritation. Edinburgh: John Carfrae & Son. pp. 1-15. [https://archive.org/details/b21301608 link].</ref> a system is a set of organs with a definite function. This idea was already present in [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] ([[Galen]], [[Aristotle]]), but the application of the term "system" is more recent. For example, the nervous system was named by Monro (1783), but [[Rufus of Ephesus]] (c. 90-120), clearly viewed for the first time the brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit.<ref>Swanson, Larry (2014). ''Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLEBgAAQBAJ link]. p. 489.</ref>

The enumeration of the principal functions - and consequently of the systems - remained almost the same since Antiquity, but the classification of them has been very various,<ref name = Fletcher/> e.g., compare [[Aristotle]], [[Bichat]], [[Cuvier]].<ref>Bichat, X. (1801). ''Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine'', 4 volumes in-8, Brosson, Gabon, Paris, [https://archive.org/details/anatomiegnra001bich link]. (See pp. cvj-cxj).</ref><ref>Cuvier, Georges. ''Lecons d'anatomie comparée'' 2. éd., cor. et augm. Paris: Crochard, 1835-1846. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6850#/summary link].</ref>

The notion of physiological division of labor, introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologist [[Henri Milne-Edwards]], allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of [[Adam Smith]], Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as ''appareils'').<ref>R. M. Brain. ''The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe''. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp., [https://books.google.com/books?id=l8IECgAAQBAJ].</ref>

== Cellular organelle systems ==
{{See also|Organelle}}
The exact components of a cell are determined by whether the cell is a [[eukaryote]] or [[prokaryote]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/3-2-the-cytoplasm-and-cellular-organelles/|title=Human Anatomy And Physiology|website=PressBooks}}</ref>

* Nucleus (eukaryotic only): storage of genetic material; control center of the cell.
*[[Cytosol]]: component of the [[cytoplasm]] consisting of jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended within
* [[Cell membrane]] (plasma membrane):
* [[Endoplasmic reticulum]]: outer part of the [[nuclear envelope]] forming a continuous channel used for transportation; consists of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
** Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): considered "rough" due to the [[ribosome]]s attached to the channeling; made up of cisternae that allow for protein production
** Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): storage and synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones as well as detoxification
* [[Ribosome]]: site of biological protein synthesis essential for internal activity and cannot be reproduced in other organs
* [[Mitochondrion]] (mitochondria): powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration producing ATP ([[adenosine triphosphate]])
* [[Lysosome]]: center of breakdown for unwanted/unneeded material within the cell
* [[Peroxisome]]: breaks down toxic materials from the contained digestive enzymes such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(hydrogen peroxide)
*[[Golgi apparatus]] (eukaryotic only): folded network involved in modification, transport, and secretion
*[[Chloroplast]]: site of photosynthesis; storage of chlorophyll

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Biological network]]
* [[Artificial life]]
* [[Biological systems engineering]]
* [[Evolutionary systems]]
* [[Systems biology]]
* [[Systems ecology]]
* [[Systems theory]]
{{div col end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=253 Systems Biology: An Overview] by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103455/https://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW99/GIW99P66.pdf Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System], by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999.
*It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms and biological systems originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, including evolution of genes and memes, into the complex memetics from organisations and multinational corporations and a "[[global brain]]", (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/
* Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2007. ''The Evolution of Organ Systems''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iiwTDAAAQBAJ].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Organ systems}}
{{Composition (Biology)}}
{{Systems}}
{{Portal bar|Biology|Medicine}}
{{Portal|Systems science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{二次利用|date=8 November 2022}}
[[Category:Biological systems]]

Biological system - Revision history