Amino acid - Revision history

Fire: Marked this version for translation

2024-03-29T01:25:09Z

Marked this version for translation

Fire at 01:24, 29 March 2024

2024-03-29T01:24:55Z

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			<languages />
			<translate>
	{{short description\|Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups}}		{{short description\|Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups}}
	{{About\|the class of chemicals\|the structures and properties of the standard proteinogenic amino acids\|Proteinogenic amino acid}}		{{About\|the class of chemicals\|the structures and properties of the standard proteinogenic amino acids\|Proteinogenic amino acid}}
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	[[Category:Nitrogen cycle]]		[[Category:Nitrogen cycle]]
	[[Category:Zwitterions]]		[[Category:Zwitterions]]
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Fire: /* Notes */

2024-03-29T01:24:24Z

Notes

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	* [[RNA codon table]]		* [[RNA codon table]]
	{{div col end}}		{{div col end}}

	~~== Notes ==~~
	~~{{notelist}}~~

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

Fire: /* Chirality */

2024-03-29T01:24:14Z

Chirality

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	The [[carbon]] atom next to the [[carboxyl group]] is called the [[alpha carbon\|α–carbon]]. In proteinogenic amino acids, it bears the amine and the R group or [[Substituent\|side chain]] specific to each amino acid. With four distinct substituents, the α–carbon is [[stereogenic]] in all α-amino acids except glycine. All chiral proteogenic amino acids have the <small>L</small> configuration. They are "left-handed" [[enantiomer]]s, which refers to the [[stereoisomers]] of the alpha carbon.		The [[carbon]] atom next to the [[carboxyl group]] is called the [[alpha carbon\|α–carbon]]. In proteinogenic amino acids, it bears the amine and the R group or [[Substituent\|side chain]] specific to each amino acid. With four distinct substituents, the α–carbon is [[stereogenic]] in all α-amino acids except glycine. All chiral proteogenic amino acids have the <small>L</small> configuration. They are "left-handed" [[enantiomer]]s, which refers to the [[stereoisomers]] of the alpha carbon.

	A few <small>D</small>-amino acids ("right-handed") have been found in nature, e.g., in [[bacterial envelope]]s, as a [[Neuromodulation\|neuromodulator]] (<small>D</small>-[[serine]]), and in some [[antibiotic]]s. Rarely, [[D-Amino acid\|<small>D</small>-amino acid residues]] are found in proteins, and are converted from the <small>L</small>-amino acid as a [[post-translational modification]].{{efn\|The <small>L</small> and <small>D</small> convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of [[glyceraldehyde]] from which that amino acid can, in theory, be synthesized (<small>D</small>-glyceraldehyde is dextrorotatory; <small>L</small>-glyceraldehyde is levorotatory).		A few <small>D</small>-amino acids ("right-handed") have been found in nature, e.g., in [[bacterial envelope]]s, as a [[Neuromodulation\|neuromodulator]] (<small>D</small>-[[serine]]), and in some [[antibiotic]]s. Rarely, [[D-Amino acid\|<small>D</small>-amino acid residues]] are found in proteins, and are converted from the <small>L</small>-amino acid as a [[post-translational modification]].

	An alternative convention is to use the [[Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules\|(''S'') and (''R'') designators]] to specify the ''absolute configuration''. Almost all of the amino acids in proteins are (''S'') at the α carbon, with [[cysteine]] being (''R'') and glycine non-[[Chirality (chemistry)\|chiral]]. Cysteine has its side chain in the same geometric location as the other amino acids, but the ''R''/''S'' terminology is reversed because [[sulfur]] has higher atomic number compared to the carboxyl oxygen which gives the side chain a higher priority by the [[Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules\|Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules]].}}

	===Side chains===		===Side chains===

Fire: /* General structure */

2024-03-29T01:23:15Z

General structure

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	==General structure==		==General structure==
	[[File:ProteinogenicAminoAcids.svg\|thumb\|600x600px\|The 21 [[Proteinogenic amino acid\|proteinogenic α-amino acids]] found in [[Eukaryote\|eukaryotes]], grouped according to their side chains' [[PKa\|p''K''<sub>a</sub>]] values and charges carried at [[PH#Living systems\|physiological pH (7.4)]].]]		[[File:ProteinogenicAminoAcids.svg\|thumb\|600x600px\|The 21 [[Proteinogenic amino acid\|proteinogenic α-amino acids]] found in [[Eukaryote\|eukaryotes]], grouped according to their side chains' [[PKa\|p''K''<sub>a</sub>]] values and charges carried at [[PH#Living systems\|physiological pH (7.4)]].]]
	'''2-''', '''alpha-''', or '''α-amino acids''' have the generic [[Chemical formula\|formula]] {{chem2\|H2NCHRCOOH}} in most cases,{{efn\|[[Proline]] and other cyclic amino acids are an exception to this general formula. Cyclization of the α-amino acid creates the corresponding secondary amine. These are occasionally referred to as [[imino acid]]s.}} where R is an [[organic chemistry\|organic]] [[substituent]] known as a "[[Substituent\|side chain]]".		'''2-''', '''alpha-''', or '''α-amino acids''' have the generic [[Chemical formula\|formula]] {{chem2\|H2NCHRCOOH}} in most cases, where R is an [[organic chemistry\|organic]] [[substituent]] known as a "[[Substituent\|side chain]]".

	Of the many hundreds of described amino acids, 22 are [[Proteinogenic amino acid\|proteinogenic]] ("protein-building"). It is these 22 compounds that combine to give a vast array of peptides and proteins assembled by [[Ribosome\|ribosomes]]. Non-proteinogenic or modified amino acids may arise from [[post-translational modification]] or during [[nonribosomal peptide]] synthesis.		Of the many hundreds of described amino acids, 22 are [[Proteinogenic amino acid\|proteinogenic]] ("protein-building"). It is these 22 compounds that combine to give a vast array of peptides and proteins assembled by [[Ribosome\|ribosomes]]. Non-proteinogenic or modified amino acids may arise from [[post-translational modification]] or during [[nonribosomal peptide]] synthesis.

Fire at 01:08, 29 March 2024

2024-03-29T01:08:25Z

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	===Table of standard amino acid abbreviations and properties===		===Table of standard amino acid abbreviations and properties===
	~~{{Redirect\|Amino acid code\|base-pair encoding of amino acids\|Genetic code#Codons}}~~
	{{Main\|Proteinogenic amino acid}}		{{Main\|Proteinogenic amino acid}}

Fire: Created page with "{{short description|Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups}} {{About|the class of chemicals|the structures and properties of the standard proteinogenic amino acids|Proteinogenic amino acid}} Structure of a typical L-alpha-amino acid in the "neutral" form. '''Amino acids''' are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino..."

2024-03-29T00:28:06Z

Created page with "{{short description|Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups}} {{About|the class of chemicals|the structures and properties of the standard proteinogenic amino acids|Proteinogenic amino acid}} thumb|Structure of a typical <small>L</small>-alpha-amino acid in the "neutral" form. '''Amino acids''' are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino..."

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