View source for Chinese herbology/ja

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[[File:Xi'an traditionnal medecine market (20).JPG|thumb|right|[[:ja:西安|西安]]の市場で漢方薬に使う乾燥ハーブと植物部分]]
{{History of science and technology in China/ja}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar/ja}}

'''漢方'''（簡体字：中药学、繁体字：中藥学、ピンイン：zhōngyào xué）とは、[[traditional Chinese medicine/ja|中国伝統医学]]（TCM）における治療の大部分を占める漢方治療の理論である。''[[:en:Nature (journal)|Nature]]''誌の社説は、中医学を「[[pseudoscience/ja|疑似科学]]に満ちている」と評し、中医学が多くの治療法を提供できていない最も明白な理由は、その治療法の大半が論理的な[[mechanism of action/ja|作用機序]]を持っていないからだと述べている。

[[herbology/ja|本草学]]という言葉は誤解を招きやすいが、植物成分が圧倒的に多く使用されている一方で、動物性、人体性、鉱物性のものも利用されており、その中には有毒なものもある。''[[:en:Huangdi Neijing|黄帝内経]]''では、それらは毒藥（ピンイン：dúyào）と呼ばれ、毒素、毒、薬を意味する。[[:en:Paul U. Unschuld|ポール・U・ウンシュルド]]は、これはギリシャ語の''[[:en:Pharmakon (philosophy)|pharmakon]]''と語源が似ていると指摘し、「薬学的」という言葉を使っている。したがって、药（ピンイン：yào）の訳語としては、（[[herb/ja|薬草]]の代わりに）「薬用」という用語が通常好まれる。

伝統的な漢方治療の有効性に関する研究は質が低く、しばしばバイアスに汚染されており、有効性に関する厳密な証拠はほとんどない。潜在的に有毒な漢方薬の数々には懸念がある。

==歴史==
{{Anchor|History}}
[[File:Zh pharmacopoeia 1.JPG|thumb|right|150px|中国薬局方]]
中国の薬草は何世紀にもわたって使用されてきた。最も古い文献の中には、紀元前168年に封印された『[[:en:Mawangdui|馬王堆]]』から発見された写本『52の病気のためのレシピ』に代表される、特定の病気に対する処方のリストがある。

伝統的に認められている最初の漢方医は、紀元前2800年頃に生きたとされる神話の神のような人物、神農（[[:en:Shennong| Shénnóng]]、神农）である。彼は何百種類もの薬草を味わい、薬草や毒草に関する知識を農民に教えたと言われている。彼が著した『[[:en:Shennong Ben Cao Jing|神農本草経]]』は、中国最古の漢方薬の本とされている。365種の根、草、木、毛皮、動物、石を3種類の生薬に分類している：
#　「上薬」カテゴリーには、複数の病気に有効な生薬が含まれ、身体のバランスを維持・回復させる働きがほとんどである。副作用はほとんどない。
# トニックとブースターで構成されるカテゴリーで、その摂取は長期化してはならない。
# 通常、少量しか服用せず、特定の病気の治療のみに使用する物質のカテゴリーである。
「神農本草経』の原文は失われてしまったが、現存する翻訳がある。本当の成立年代は前漢末（紀元前1世紀）と考えられている。

『[[:en:Shanghan lun|寒損病雑病論]]』は、[[:en:Zhang Zhongjing|張仲景]]が[[:en:Han Dynasty|漢代]]末期の196年から220年にかけて編纂した。薬物処方に重点を置き、[[Yin and yang/ja|陰陽]][[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)/ja|五行]]と薬物療法を組み合わせた最初の医学書である。この[[Formulary (pharmacy)/ja|処方]]はまた、症状を臨床的に有用な「パターン」（''zheng'', 證）に分類し、治療の対象とした中国最古の医学書でもある。時代とともに何度も変遷を経て、現在では2種類の書物として流通している： 
『[[:en:Shang Han Lun|冷え症論]]』と『[[:en:Jingui Yaolue|金匱要略]]』は、11世紀の[[:en:Song Dynasty|宋代]]に別々に編集された。

7世紀の[[:en:Tang dynasty|唐代]]に編纂された漢方医学書''[[:en:Yaoxing Lun|{{zh|labels=no|s=药性论|t=藥性論|l=Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs}}]]''のように、後世の書物も増補された。

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There was a shift in emphasis in treatment over several centuries. A section of the [[Neijing]] Suwen including Chapter 74 was added by Wang Bing [{{lang|zh|王冰}} Wáng Bīng] in his 765 edition. In which it says: {{lang|zh|主病之謂君，佐君之謂臣，應臣之謂使，非上下三品之謂也。}} "Ruler of disease it called Sovereign, aid to Sovereign it called Minister, comply with Minister it called Envoy (Assistant), not upper lower three classes (qualities) it called."  The last part is interpreted as stating that these three rulers are not the three classes of Shénnóng mentioned previously. This chapter in particular outlines a more forceful approach. Later on Zhang Zihe [{{lang|zh|張子和}} Zhāng Zĭ-hé, aka Zhang Cong-zhen] (1156–1228) is credited with founding the 'Attacking School' which criticized the overuse of tonics.
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Arguably the most important of these later works is the ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' (''Bencao Gangmu'':{{lang|zh|本草綱目}}) compiled during the [[Ming dynasty]] by [[Li Shizhen]], which is still used today for consultation and reference.
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The use of Chinese herbs was popular during the [[medieval age]] in western Asian and Islamic countries. They were traded through the Silk Road from the East to the West. [[Cinnamon]], [[ginger]], [[rhubarb]], [[nutmeg]] and [[cubeb]] are mentioned as Chinese herbs by medieval Islamic medical scholars Such as [[Rhazes]] (854– 925 CE), [[Haly Abbas]] (930–994 CE) and [[Avicenna]] (980–1037 CE). There were also multiple similarities between the clinical uses of these herbs in Chinese and Islamic medicine.
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==Raw materials==
There are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over 100,000 medicinal recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. In the classic ''Handbook of Traditional Drugs'' from 1941, 517 drugs were listed – out of these, only 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals. For many plants used as medicinals, detailed instructions have been handed down not only regarding the locations and areas where they grow best, but also regarding the best timing of planting and harvesting them.
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Some animal parts used as medicinals can be considered rather strange such as cows' gallstones.
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Furthermore, the classic [[materia medica]] ''[[Bencao Gangmu]]'' describes the use of 35 [[traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body]], including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs, but most are no longer in use.
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==Preparation==
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===Decoction===
Typically, one batch of medicinals is prepared as a [[decoction]] of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of these are considered as main herbs, some as ancillary herbs; within the ancillary herbs, up to three categories can be distinguished. Some ingredients are added in order to cancel out toxicity or side-effects of the main ingredients; on top of that, some medicinals require the use of other substances as [[catalysts]].
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===Chinese patent medicine===
{{main|Chinese patent medicine}}
'''Chinese patent medicine''' ({{zh|t=中成藥|s=中成药|p=zhōngchéng yào|labels=no}}) is a kind of [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. They are standardized [[Herbalism|herbal]] formulas. From ancient times, pills were formed by combining several herbs and other ingredients, which were dried and ground into a powder. They were then mixed with a binder and formed into pills by hand. The [[Binder (material)|binder]] was traditionally honey. Modern teapills, however, are extracted in stainless steel extractors to create either a water decoction or water-alcohol decoction, depending on the herbs used. They are extracted at a low temperature (below 100 degrees Celsius) to preserve essential ingredients. The extracted liquid is then further condensed, and some raw herb powder from one of the herbal ingredients is mixed in to form an herbal dough. This dough is then machine cut into tiny pieces, a small amount of excipients are added for a smooth and consistent exterior, and they are spun into pills.
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These medicines are not [[patent]]ed in the traditional sense of the word. No one has [[exclusive right]]s to the formula. Instead, "patent" refers to the [[standardization]] of the formula. In China, all Chinese patent medicines of the same name will have the same proportions of ingredients, and manufactured in accordance with the PRC Pharmacopoeia, which is mandated by law. However, in western countries there may be variations in the proportions of ingredients in patent medicines of the same name, and even different ingredients altogether.
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Several producers of Chinese herbal medicines are pursuing FDA clinical trials to market their products as drugs in U.S. and European markets.
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===Chinese herbal extracts===
Chinese herbal extracts are herbal decoctions that have been condensed into a granular or powdered form. Herbal extracts, similar to patent medicines, are easier and more convenient for patients to take. The industry extraction standard is 5:1, meaning for every five pounds of raw materials, one pound of herbal extract is derived.
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==Categorization==
There are several different methods to classify traditional Chinese medicinals:
* The Four Natures ({{zh|labels=no|t=四氣|s=四气|p=sìqì}})
* The Five Flavors ({{zh|labels=no|t=五味|s=五味|p=wǔwèi}})
* The [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)|meridians]] ({{zh|labels=no|t=經絡|s=经络|p=jīngluò}})
* The specific function.
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===Four Natures===
The Four Natures are: hot ({{zh|labels=no|t=熱|s=热}}), warm ({{zh|labels=no|t=溫|s=温}}), cool ({{lang|zh|凉}}), cold ({{lang|zh|寒}}) or neutral ({{lang|zh|平}}). Hot and warm herbs are used to treat [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Eight principles of diagnosis|cold]] diseases, while cool and cold herbs are used to treat hot diseases.
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===Five Flavors===
{{anchor|Five Tastes}}
[[File:Wuxing en.svg|thumb|right|200px|The Five Phases, which correspond to the Five Flavors]]
The Five Flavors, sometimes also translated as ''Five Tastes'', are: acrid/pungent ({{lang|zh|辛}}), sweet ({{lang|zh|甘}}), bitter ({{lang|zh|苦}}), sour ({{lang|zh|酸}}), and salty ({{zh|labels=no|t=鹹|s=咸}}). Substances may also have more than one flavor, or none (i.e., a bland ({{lang|zh|淡}}) flavor). Each of the Five Flavors corresponds to one of the [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Zang-fu|zàng organs]], which in turn corresponds to one of the [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Five Phases theory|Five Phases]]: A flavor implies certain properties and presumed therapeutic "actions" of a substance: saltiness "drains downward and softens hard masses"; sweetness is "supplementing, harmonizing, and moistening"; pungent substances are thought to induce sweat and act on [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Qi|qi]] and [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|blood]]; sourness tends to be astringent ({{zh|labels=no|t=澀|s=涩}}) in nature; bitterness "drains [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|heat]], purges the bowels, and eliminates [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|dampness]]".
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===Specific function===
These categories mainly include:
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Eight principles of diagnosis|exterior]]-releasing or exterior-resolving
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|heat]]-clearing
* downward-draining or precipitating
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|wind-damp]]-dispelling
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|dampness]]-transforming
* promoting the movement of water and percolating dampness or dampness-percolating
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Eight principles of diagnosis|interior]]-warming
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Qi|qi]]-regulating or qi-rectifying
* dispersing food accumulation or food-dispersing
* worm-expelling
* stopping bleeding or blood-stanching
* quickening the [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|Blood]] and dispelling stasis or [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|blood]]-quickening or Blood-moving.
* transforming phlegm, stopping coughing and calming wheezing or phlegm-transforming and cough- and panting-suppressing
* Spirit-quieting or [[Heart (Chinese medicine)|Shen]]-calming.
* calming the [[Liver (Chinese medicine)|Liver]] and expelling [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|wind]] or Liver-calming and wind-extinguishing
* orifice-opening
* supplementing or tonifying: this includes [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Qi|qi]]-supplementing, [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|blood]]-nourishing, [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Yin and yang|yin]]-enriching, and [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Yin and yang|yang]]-fortifying.
* astriction-promoting or securing and astringing
* vomiting-inducing
* substances for external application
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==Nomenclature==
Many herbs earn their names from their unique physical appearance. Examples of such names include ''Niu Xi'' (Radix cyathulae seu achyranthis), "cow's knees," which has big joints that might look like cow knees; ''Bai Mu Er'' (Fructificatio tremellae fuciformis), white wood ear,' which is white and resembles an ear; ''Gou Ji'' (Rhizoma cibotii), 'dog spine,' which resembles the spine of a dog.
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===Color===
Color is not only a valuable means of identifying herbs, but in many cases also provides information about the therapeutic attributes of the herb. For example, yellow herbs are referred to as ''huang'' (yellow) or ''jin'' (gold). Huang Bai (Cortex Phellodendri) means 'yellow fir," and ''Jin Yin Hua'' (Flos Lonicerae) has the label 'golden silver flower."
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===Smell and taste===
Unique flavors define specific names for some substances. ''Gan'' means 'sweet,' so ''Gan Cao'' (Radix glycyrrhizae) is 'sweet herb," an adequate description for the licorice root. "Ku" means bitter, thus Ku Shen (Sophorae flavescentis) translates as 'bitter herb.'
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===Geographic location===
The locations or provinces in which herbs are grown often figure into herb names. For example, ''Bei Sha Shen'' (Radix glehniae) is grown and harvested in northern China, whereas ''Nan Sha Shen'' (Radix adenophorae) originated in southern China. And the Chinese words for north and south are respectively ''bei'' and ''nan''.
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''Chuan Bei Mu'' (Bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae) and ''Chuan Niu Xi'' (Radix cyathulae) are both found in Sichuan province, as the character "chuan" indicates in their names.
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===Function===
Some herbs, like Fang Feng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), literally 'prevent wind," prevents or treats wind-related illnesses. Xu Duan (Radix Dipsaci), literally 'restore the broken,' effectively treats torn soft tissues and broken bones.
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===Country of origin===
Many herbs indigenous to other countries have been incorporated into the Chinese materia medica. ''Xi Yang Shen'' (Radix panacis quinquefolii), imported from North American crops, translates as 'western ginseng," while ''Dong Yang Shen'' (Radix ginseng Japonica), grown in and imported from North Asian countries, is 'eastern ginseng.'
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==Toxicity==
From the earliest records regarding the use of medicinals to today, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese materia medica. Since TCM has become more popular in the Western world, there are increasing concerns about the potential toxicity of many traditional Chinese medicinals including plants, animal parts and minerals. For most medicinals, efficacy and toxicity testing are based on traditional knowledge rather than laboratory analysis. The toxicity in some cases could be confirmed by modern research (i.e., in [[scorpion]]); in some cases it could not (i.e., in ''[[Curculigo]]''). Further, ingredients may have different names in different locales or in historical texts, and different preparations may have similar names for the same reason, which can create inconsistencies and confusion in the creation of medicinals, with the possible danger of poisoning. [[Edzard Ernst]] "concluded that adverse effects of herbal medicines are an important albeit neglected subject in dermatology, which deserves further systematic investigation." Research suggests that the toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs found in Chinese herbal medicines might be a serious health issue.
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Substances known to be potentially dangerous include [[aconitine|aconite]], secretions from the [[Asiatic toad]], powdered centipede, the Chinese beetle (''[[Mylabris phalerata]]'', Ban mao), and certain fungi. There are health problems associated with ''[[Aristolochia]]''. Toxic effects are also frequent with ''[[Aconitum]]''. To avoid its toxic adverse effects ''[[Xanthium sibiricum]]'' must be processed. [[Hepatotoxicity]] has been reported with products containing ''[[Reynoutria multiflora]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Polygonum multiflorum''), [[glycyrrhizin]], ''[[Senecio]]'' and ''[[Symphytum]]''. The evidence suggests that hepatotoxic herbs also include ''[[Dictamnus dasycarpus]]'', ''[[Astragalus membranaceous]]'', and ''[[Paeonia lactiflora]]''; although there is no evidence that they cause liver damage. Contrary to popular belief, ''[[Ganoderma lucidum]]'' mushroom extract, as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, appears to have the potential for toxicity.
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Also, adulteration of some herbal medicine preparations with conventional drugs which may cause serious adverse effects, such as [[corticosteroid]]s, [[phenylbutazone]], [[phenytoin]], and [[glibenclamide]], has been reported.
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However, many adverse reactions are due to misuse or abuse of Chinese medicine. For example, the misuse of the dietary supplement ''[[Ephedra (medicine)|Ephedra]]'' (containing [[ephedrine]]) can lead to adverse events including gastrointestinal problems as well as sudden death from [[cardiomyopathy]]. Products adulterated with [[pharmaceutical]]s for weight loss or erectile dysfunction are one of the main concerns. Chinese herbal medicine has been a major cause of [[acute liver failure]] in China.
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Most Chinese herbs are safe but some have shown not to be. Reports have shown products being contaminated with drugs, toxins, or false reporting of ingredients. Some herbs used in TCM may also react with drugs, have side effects, or be dangerous to people with certain medical conditions.
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==Efficacy==
{{Further|Traditional Chinese medicine#Efficacy|Drug research}}
Only a few trials exist that are considered to have adequate methodology by scientific standards. Proof of effectiveness is poorly documented or absent. A 2016 [[Cochrane review]] found "insufficient evidence that Chinese Herbal Medicines were any more or less effective than placebo or Hormonal Therapy" for the relief of menopause related symptoms. A 2012 Cochrane review found no difference in decreased [[mortality rate|mortality]] for [[SARS]] patients when Chinese herbs were used alongside Western medicine versus Western medicine exclusively. A 2010 Cochrane review found there is not enough robust evidence to support the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine herbs to stop the bleeding from [[haemorrhoids]].  A 2008 Cochrane review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in relieving [[dysmenorrhea|painful menstruation]], compared to conventional medicine such as [[NSAID]]s and the oral contraceptive pill, but the findings are of low methodological quality. A 2012 Cochrane review found weak evidence suggesting that some Chinese medicinal herbs have a similar effect at preventing and treating [[influenza]] as [[Antiviral drug|antiviral]] medication. Due to the poor quality of these medical studies, there is insufficient evidence to support or dismiss the use of Chinese medicinal herbs for the treatment of influenza. There is a need for larger and higher quality randomized clinical trials to determine how effective Chinese herbal medicine is for treating people with influenza. A 2005 Cochrane review found that although the evidence was weak for the use of any single herb, there was low quality evidence that some Chinese medicinal herbs may be effective for the treatment of acute [[pancreatitis]].
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Successful results have been scarce: [[artemisinin]] is one of few examples, as effective treatment for [[malaria]] derived from ''[[Artemisia annua]],'' which is traditionally used to treat fever. Chinese herbology is largely [[pseudoscience]], with no valid [[mechanism of action]] for the majority of its treatments.
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==Ecological impacts==
[[File:Seahorse Skeleton Macro 8 - edit.jpg|thumb|upright|Dried [[seahorse]]s like these are extensively used in [[traditional medicine]] in China and elsewhere.]]
The traditional practice of using (by now) [[endangered species]] is controversial within TCM. Modern Materia Medicas such as Bensky, Clavey and Stoger's comprehensive Chinese herbal text discuss substances derived from endangered species in an appendix, emphasizing alternatives.
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Parts of endangered species used as TCM drugs include tiger bones and [[rhinoceros horn]]. Poachers supply the [[black market]] with such substances, and the black market in rhinoceros horn, for example, has reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Concerns have also arisen over the use of [[turtle]] [[plastron]] and [[seahorse]]s.
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TCM recognizes [[bear bile]] as a medicinal. In 1988, the Chinese Ministry of Health started controlling bile production, which previously used bears killed before winter. Now bears are fitted with a sort of permanent [[catheter]], which is more profitable than killing the bears. More than 12,000 [[asiatic black bears]] are held in "bear farms", where they suffer cruel conditions while being held in tiny cages. The catheter leads through a permanent hole in the abdomen directly to the [[gall bladder]], which can cause severe pain.
Increased international attention has mostly stopped the use of bile outside of China; gallbladders from butchered cattle ({{zh|labels=no|t=牛膽|s=牛胆 |p=niú dǎn}}) are recommended as a substitute for this ingredient.
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Collecting [[American ginseng]] to assist the Asian traditional medicine trade has made ginseng the most harvested wild plant in North America for the last two centuries, which eventually led to a listing on [[CITES Appendix II]].
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==Herbs in use==
{{See also|List of medicines in traditional Chinese medicine}}
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Chinese herbology is a pseudoscientific practice with potentially unreliable product quality, safety hazards or misleading health advice. There are regulatory bodies, such as China GMP (Good Manufacturing Process) of herbal products. However, there have been notable cases of an absence of [[quality control]] during herbal product preparation. There is a lack of high-quality scientific research on herbology practices and product effectiveness for anti-disease activity. In the herbal sources listed below, there is little or no evidence for efficacy or proof of safety across consumer age groups and disease conditions for which they are intended.
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There are over 300 herbs in common use. Some of the most commonly used herbs are [[Ginseng]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=人参|t=人參|p=rénshēn}}), [[wolfberry]] ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|枸杞子}}|p=gǒuqǐzǐ), [[dong quai]]}} (''[[Angelica sinensis]]'', {{zh|labels=no|s=当归|t=當歸|p=dāngguī}}), [[astragalus]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=黄耆|t=黃耆|p=huángqí}}), [[atractylodes macrocephala|atractylodes]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=白术|t=白朮|p=báizhú}}), bupleurum ({{zh|labels=no|c=柴胡|p=cháihú}}), cinnamon (cinnamon twigs ({{zh|labels=no|c=桂枝|p=guìzhī}}) and cinnamon bark ({{zh|labels=no|c=肉桂|p=ròuguì}})), [[coptis]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=黄连|t=黃連|p=huánglián}}), ginger ({{zh|labels=no|s=姜|t=薑|p=jiāng}}), hoelen ({{zh|labels=no|c=茯苓|p=fúlíng}}), [[licorice]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=甘草|p=gāncǎo}}), ''[[ephedra sinica]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|s=麻黄|t=麻黃|p=máhuáng}}), [[peony]] (white: {{zh|labels=no|c=白芍|p=báisháo}} and reddish: {{zh|labels=no|c=赤芍|p=chìsháo}}), [[rehmannia]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=地黄|t=地黃|p=dìhuáng}}), rhubarb ({{zh|labels=no|s=大黄|t=大黃|p=dàhuáng}}), and salvia ({{zh|labels=no|s=丹参|t=丹參|p=dānshēn}}).
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==50 fundamental herbs==
In Chinese herbology, there are 50 "fundamental" herbs, as given in the reference text, although these herbs are not universally recognized as such in other texts. The herbs are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Binomial nomenclature]]
!Chinese name
!English common name (when available)
|-
||''[[Agastache rugosa]]'', ''[[Pogostemon cablin]]'' || huò xiāng ({{linktext|lang=zh|藿|香}})||Korean mint, Patchouli
|-
||''[[Alangium chinense]]'' || bā jiǎo fēng ({{linktext|lang=zh|八|角|枫}})||Chinese Alangium root
|-
||''[[Anemone chinensis]]'' (syn. ''Pulsatilla chinensis'') || bái tóu weng <!--need tone for third syllable-->({{linktext|lang=zh|白|头|翁}})<!--THIS APPEARS TO BE THE WRONG PLANT-->||Chinese anemone
|-
||''[[Anisodus tanguticus]]'' || shān làng dàng ({{linktext|lang=zh|山|莨|菪}})<!--check this; is there a fourth character 属?-->||(trans.) Mountain henbane
|-
||''[[Ardisia japonica]]'' || zǐ jīn niú ({{linktext|lang=zh|紫|金|牛}})||Marlberry
|-
||''[[Aster tataricus]]'' || zǐ wǎn ({{linktext|lang=zh|紫|菀}})||Tatar aster, Tartar aster
|-
||''[[Astragalus propinquus]]'' (syn. ''Astragalus membranaceus'') || huáng qí ({{linktext|lang=zh|黄|芪}}) or běi qí ({{linktext|lang=zh|北|芪}})||Mongolian milkvetch
|-
||''[[Camellia sinensis]]'' || chá shù ({{linktext|lang=zh|茶|树}}) or chá yè ({{linktext|lang=zh|茶|叶}})<!--former genus name:''Thea''-->||Tea plant
|-
||''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' || dà má ({{linktext|lang=zh|大|麻}})||Cannabis
|-
||''[[Carthamus tinctorius]]'' || hóng huā ({{linktext|lang=zh|红|花}})<!--check tone for "hong"-->||Safflower
|-
||''[[Cinnamomum aromaticum|Cinnamomum cassia]]'' || ròu gùi ({{linktext|lang=zh|肉|桂}})||Cassia, Chinese cinnamon
|-
||''[[Cissampelos pareira]]'' || xí shēng téng ({{linktext|lang=zh|锡|生|藤}}) or ({{linktext|lang=zh|亞|乎|奴}})<!--get pinyin for second set of characters-->||Velvet leaf
|-
||''[[Coptis chinensis]]'' || duǎn è huáng lián ({{linktext|lang=zh|短|萼|黄|连}})<!--other species: ''teeta''?-->||Chinese goldthread
|-
||''[[Corydalis yanhusuo]]'' || yán hú suǒ ({{linktext|lang=zh|延|胡|索}})<!--also add variety name?-->||Chinese poppy of Yan Hu Sou
|-
||''[[Croton tiglium]]'' || bā dòu ({{linktext|lang=zh|巴|豆}})<!--need to check-->||Purging croton
|-
||''[[Daphne genkwa]]'' || yuán huā ({{linktext|lang=zh|芫|花}})||Lilac daphne
|-
||''[[Datura metel]]'' || yáng jīn huā<!--check pinyin--> ({{linktext|lang=zh|洋|金|花}})<!--also add other Chinese names-->||Devil's trumpet
|-
||''[[Datura stramonium]]'' || zǐ huā màn tuó luó ({{linktext|lang=zh|紫|花|曼|陀|萝}})||Jimson weed
|-
||''[[Dendrobium nobile]]'' || shí hú ({{linktext|lang=zh|石|斛}}) or shí hú lán ({{linktext|lang=zh|石|斛|兰}})||Noble dendrobium
|-
||''[[Dichroa febrifuga]]'' || cháng shān ({{linktext|常山}})||Blue evergreen hydrangea, Chinese quinine
|-
||''[[Ephedra sinica]]'' || cǎo má huáng ({{linktext|lang=zh|草|麻|黄}})<!--can someone check the pinyin and tones?-->||Chinese ephedra
|-
||''[[Eucommia ulmoides]]'' || dù zhòng ({{linktext|lang=zh|杜|仲}})||Hardy rubber tree
|-
||''[[Euphorbia pekinensis]]'' || dà jǐ ({{linktext|lang=zh|大|戟}})||Peking spurge
|-
||''[[Flueggea suffruticosa]]'' (formerly ''[[Securinega]] suffruticosa'') || yī yè qiū ({{linktext|lang=zh|一|叶|秋}})||
|-
||''[[Forsythia suspensa]]'' || liánqiáo ({{linktext|lang=zh|连|翘}})<!--maybe qiáo? check tone of second syllable-->||Weeping forsythia
|-
||''[[Gentiana loureiroi]]'' || dì dīng ({{linktext|lang=zh|地|丁}})<!--Or loureirii?-->||
|-
||''[[Gleditsia sinensis]]'' || zào jiá ({{linktext|lang=zh|皂|荚}})<!--Chinese name needs to be checked-->||Chinese honeylocust
|-
||''[[Glycyrrhiza uralensis]]'' || gān cǎo ({{linktext|lang=zh|甘|草}})|| Licorice
|-
||''[[Hydnocarpus anthelminticus]]'' (syn. ''H. anthelminthica'') || dà fēng zǐ ({{linktext|lang=zh|大|风|子}})||Chaulmoogra tree
|-
||''[[Ilex purpurea]]'' || dōngqīng ({{linktext|lang=zh|冬|青}})<!--or Ilex chinensis?-->||Purple holly
|-
||''[[Leonurus japonicus]]'' || yì mǔ cǎo ({{linktext|lang=zh|益|母|草}})<!--also species ''sibiricus''?-->||Chinese motherwort
|-
||''[[Ligusticum wallichii]]'' || chuān xiōng ({{linktext|川|芎}})|| Szechwan lovage
|-
||''[[Lobelia chinensis]]'' || bàn biān lián ({{linktext|lang=zh|半|边|莲}})||Creeping lobelia
|-
||''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'' || [[huáng bǎi]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|黄|柏}})||Amur cork tree
|-
||''[[Platycladus orientalis]]'' (formerly ''Thuja orientalis'') || cè bǎi ({{linktext|lang=zh|侧|柏}})|| Chinese arborvitae
|-
||''[[Pseudolarix amabilis]]'' || jīn qián sōng ({{linktext|lang=zh|金|钱|松}})|| Golden larch
|-
||''[[Psilopeganum sinense]]'' || shān má huáng ({{linktext|lang=zh|山|麻|黄}})||Naked rue
|-
||''[[Pueraria lobata]]'' || gé gēn ({{linktext|lang=zh|葛|根}})||Kudzu
|-
||''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'' || shégēnmù ({{linktext|lang=zh|蛇|根|木}}), cóng shégēnmù ({{linktext|lang=zh|從|蛇|根|木}}) or yìndù shé mù ({{linktext|lang=zh|印|度|蛇|木}}) || Sarpagandha, Indian snakeroot
|-
||''[[Rehmannia glutinosa]]'' || dìhuáng ({{linktext|lang=zh|地|黄}})||Chinese foxglove
|-
||''[[Rheum officinale]]'' || yào yòng dà huáng ({{linktext|lang=zh|药|用|大|黄}})||Chinese or Eastern rhubarb
|-
||''[[Rhododendron qinghaiense]]'' || Qīng hǎi dù juān<!--check pinyin--> ({{linktext|lang=zh|青|海|杜|鹃}})<!--need to check-->||
|-
||''[[Saussurea costus]]'' || yún mù xiāng ({{linktext|lang=zh|云|木|香}})||Costus root
|-
||''[[Schisandra chinensis]]'' || wǔ wèi zi ({{linktext|lang=zh|五|味|子}}) ||Chinese magnolia vine
|-
||''[[Scutellaria baicalensis]]'' || huáng qín ({{linktext|lang=zh|黄|芩}})|| Baikal skullcap
|-
||''[[Stemona tuberosa]]'' || bǎi bù ({{linktext|lang=zh|百|部}})||
|-
||''[[Stephania tetrandra]]'' || fáng jǐ ({{linktext|lang=zh|防|己}})<!--find alternate names-->||Stephania root
|-
||''[[Styphnolobium japonicum]]'' (formerly ''Sophora japonica'') || huái ({{linktext|lang=zh|槐}}), huái shù ({{linktext|lang=zh|槐|树}}), or huái huā ({{linktext|lang=zh|槐|花}})<!--need to check-->|| Pagoda tree
|-
||''[[Trichosanthes kirilowii]]'' || guā lóu ({{linktext|lang=zh|栝|楼}})|| Chinese cucumber
|-
||''[[Wikstroemia indica]]'' || liāo gē wáng ({{linktext|lang=zh|了|哥|王}})|| Indian stringbush
|}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Other Chinese herbs==
<!--Please only use species names; a lot of these are informal/outmoded Latin terms-->
In addition to the above, many other Chinese herbs and other substances are in common use, and these include:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Akebia quinata]]'' ({{lang|zh|木通}})
* ''[[Arisaema heterophyllum]]'' ({{lang|zh|胆南星}})
* ''[[Chenpi]]'' (sun-dried tangerine (mandarin) peel) ({{lang|zh|陳皮}})
* ''[[Clematis]]'' ({{lang|zh|威灵仙}})
* ''[[Concretio silicea bambusae]]'' ({{lang|zh|天竺黄}})
* ''[[Caterpillar fungus|Cordyceps sinensis]]'' ({{lang|zh|冬虫夏草}})
* ''[[Curcuma]]'' ({{lang|zh|郁金}})
* ''[[Dalbergia odorifera]]'' ({{lang|zh|降香}})
* ''[[Myrrh]]'' ({{lang|zh|没药}})
* ''[[Frankincense]]'' ({{lang|zh|乳香}})
* ''[[Persicaria]]'' ({{lang|zh|桃仁}})
* ''[[Patchouli]]' ({{lang|zh|广藿香}})
* ''[[Polygonum]]'' ({{lang|zh|虎杖}})
* ''[[Sparganium]]'' ({{lang|zh|三棱}})
* ''[[Zedoary]]'' (''Curcuma zedoaria'') ({{lang|zh|莪朮}})
{{div col end}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chinese classic herbal formula]]
* [[Chinese Ophthalmology|Chinese ophthalmology]]
* ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''
* [[Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals]]
* [[Herbalism]], for the use of medicinal herbs in other traditions.
* [[Japanese star anise]]
* ''[[Jiuhuang Bencao]]''
* [[Kampo]] (traditional Japanese medicine)
* [[Li Shizhen]]
* [[Pharmacognosy]]
* [[Star anise]]
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine]]
* [[Traditional Korean medicine]]
* [[Traditional Vietnamese medicine]]
* ''[[Yaoxing Lun]]''
{{Div col end}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==References==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite book  |first1=John K. |last1=Chen |first2=Tina T. |last2=Chen |year=2004 |url=http://aompress.com/book_herbology/index.html |title=Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology |isbn=0-9740635-0-9 }}
* {{Cite book |first1=John K. |last1=Chen |first2=Tina T. |last2=Chen |year=2009 |url=http://aompress.com/book_formulas/index.html |title=Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine |isbn=978-0-9740635-7-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ergil |first=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdZ1rFKW-LEC&q=tcm+pattern+diagnosis&pg=PA146  |title=Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine |publisher=Thieme |isbn=978-3-13-141611-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Foster |first1=S. |last2=Yue |first2=C. |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y78zzxTN570C&q=herbal+emissaries |title=Herbal emissaries: bringing Chinese herbs to the West |publisher=Healing Arts Press |isbn=978-0-89281-349-0 }}
*  {{Cite book |last=Kiessler |first=Malte |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mmm-ZlIHrjwC&q=tcim+kiessler&pg=PA14 |title=Traditionelle Chinesische Innere Medizin |publisher=Elsevier, Urban & Fischer |isbn=978-3-437-57220-3 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book|last=Goldschmidt |first=Asaf |title=The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960-1200 |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-415-42655-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sivin|first=Nathan|title=Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China|year=1987|publisher=Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=978-0-89264-074-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Unschuld|first=Paul U.|title=Medicine in China: A History of Ideas|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-05023-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Xu |first1=L. |last2=Wang |first2=W. |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36dhuXGm3OgC&q=traditional+chinese+medicine+herb&pg=PA1|title=Chinese materia medica: combinations and applications |publisher=Donica Publishing |edition=1st |isbn=978-1-901149-02-9 }}
</div>

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== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Traditional Chinese medicine}}
</div>

{{Traditional Chinese medicine/ja}}
{{Medicinal herbs & fungi/ja}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Herbology}}
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Traditional medicine]]
[[Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Herbalism]]
[[Category:Chinese traditions]]
[[Category:Pharmacognosy]]