View source for Vietnamese cuisine/ja

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{{Culture of Vietnam}}
[[File:Pho bo 3.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Pho/ja|フォボー]]（牛肉のフォー）{{lang|vi|[[Hội An|Hội An]]}}市にて – 地域によって[[phở/ja|フォー]]のレシピは異なる]]
[[File:Bún chả Vietnamese food.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Bun cha/ja|ブンチャー]]、豚肉のグリルと麺、ハーブの料理]]
[[File:Bún bò Huế minh28397.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Bún bò Huế/ja|ブンボー・フエ]]、スパイシーなレモングラス風味のビーフン麺スープで、フレッシュハーブと野菜が添えられる]]
'''ベトナム料理'''は、[[:en:Vietnam|ベトナム]]を起源とする[[foods/ja|食べ物]]と[[beverages/ja|飲み物]]の総称である。食事は、甘味、塩味、苦味、酸味、[[Piquant/ja|辛味]]という5つの基本的な味（{{langx|vi|ngũ vị|links=no|label=none}}）の組み合わせを特徴とする。それぞれの料理の際立った個性は、[[:en:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|五行思想]]に基づいた1つ以上の要素（栄養素や色など）を反映している。ベトナム料理のレシピでは、[[lemongrass/ja|レモングラス]]、[[ginger/ja|ショウガ]]、[[mentha/ja|ミント]]、[[Vietnamese mint/ja|ベトナムミント]]、[[long coriander/ja|ロングコリアンダー]]、[[Saigon cinnamon/ja|サイゴンシナモン]]、[[bird's eye chili/ja|鳥の目唐辛子]]、[[lime (fruit)/ja|ライム]]、[[Thai basil/ja|タイバジル]]の葉などの食材が使われる。

伝統的なベトナム料理は、新鮮な食材を使い、乳製品や油の使用が少なく、興味深い食感があり、ハーブや野菜を多用することが特徴とされてきた。また、砂糖の含有量が少なく、多くの料理が小麦ではなく米をベースに、[[rice noodles/ja|米麺]]、[[Rice paper/ja|ライスペーパー]]、[[rice flour/ja|米粉]]で作られているため、ほとんどの場合、自然に[[gluten-free/ja|グルテンフリー]]である。

== 歴史的影響{{Anchor|Historical influences}}==

ベトナム料理は、その歴史の中で様々な文化から影響を受けてきた:

{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = Mì vằn thắn.jpg
| caption1 = 南シナ人移民の影響を受けた''ミエン・ヴァン・タン''（ワンタン麺スープ）
| image2 = Bánh mỳ và bò kho (bò Phú Yên) ở Nguyễn Nhữ Lãm, Tân Phú năm 2015 (3).jpg
| caption2 = フランスの影響を受けた''ボーコー''（牛肉のシチュー）と''バインミー''（ベトナムバゲット）
| image3 = Vietnamese chicken curry and baguette.jpg
| caption3 = 東南アジア料理の影響を受けた''カーリーガー''（ココナッツミルク入りチキンカレー）
}}

ベトナム料理は、固有のベトナムの影響が主要な核となっているが、中国との歴史的な接触と数世紀にわたる[[:en:sinicization|シナ化]]により、一部のベトナム料理は中華料理と類似点を共有している。料理の伝統において、中国はベトナムにいくつかの料理をもたらした。これには、''vằn thắn''/''hoành thánh''（[[wonton/ja|ワンタン]]）、''xá xíu''（''[[char siu/ja|チャーシュー]]''）、''há cảo''（''[[har gow/ja|ハーガオ]]''）、''hủ tiếu''（''[[shahe fen/ja|沙河粉]]''）、''mì''（小麦麺）、''bò bía''（''[[popiah/ja|ポピア]]''）、''bánh quẩy''（''[[youtiao/ja|油条]]''）、[[mooncake/ja|月餅]]と''[[bánh pía/ja|バインピア]]''（蘇州風月餅）、''bánh tổ''（''[[nian gao/ja|年糕]]''）、''sủi dìn''（[[Tangyuan (food)/ja|''湯圓'']]）、''[[bánh bò/ja|バインボー]]''、''[[bánh bao/ja|バインバオ]]''（''[[baozi/ja|包子]]''）、''cơm chiên Dương Châu''（[[Yangzhou fried rice/ja|揚州チャーハン]]）、そして''mì xào''（[[chow mein/ja|チャオメン]]）が含まれる。ベトナム人はこれらの食べ物を取り入れ、独自のスタイルと風味を加えた。中国とベトナムの国境に近い山岳地帯の少数民族も、中国から一部の食べ物を取り入れた。ランソン省の[[:en:Tay people|タイ族]]や[[Nùng|ヌン族]]は、中国から''thịt lợn quay''（ローストポーク）や''khâu nhục''（豚バラ肉の煮込み）を取り入れた。唐辛子やトウモロコシ（メイズ）のような新世界の野菜も、[[:en:Ming dynasty|明王朝]]の時代にベトナムに伝わった。

フランスはバゲットをベトナムにもたらし、それがベトナム風の具材と組み合わさって、海外では「ベトナムバゲット」として知られる''[[bánh mì/ja|バインミーティット]]''という人気のファストフードになった。''Bánh mì''は単にパンを指し、''thịt''は肉や具材を意味する。フランスはまた、ベトナムにタマネギ、ジャガイモ、ブロッコリー、トマト、カリフラワー、レタス、タラゴン、ニンジン、アーティチョーク、アスパラガス、そしてコーヒーをもたらした。

西洋からもたらされた食材には、しばしばベトナム語の名称に、類似のベトナム固有の食材の名称に''tây''（「西洋の」を意味する）という単語を付け加えたものがある。タマネギはベトナム語で''hành tây''（文字通り「西洋のエシャロット」）、アスパラガスは''măng tây''（西洋のタケノコ）、ジャガイモは''khoai tây''（西洋のヤムイモ）と呼ばれ、これはベトナムに到着する前のその起源を反映している。フランスの影響を受けた料理は数多く、これらに限られない。''sa lát''（サラダ）、''[[pâté/ja|パテ]]''、''[[patê sô/ja|パテショー]]''（ブルターニュ地方のパイ、"パテショー"と呼ばれる）、''bánh sừng trâu/bánh sừng bò''（クロワッサン）、''bánh [[Flan (pie)/ja|フラン]]''、''ya ua''（ヨーグルト）、''rôti''（ロティサリー）、''bơ''（バター）、''vịt nấu cam''（鴨のオレンジソース煮）、''ốp lết''（オムレツ）、''ốp la''（''œufs au plat''）、''phá xí''（ファルシー）、''bít tết''（ビーフステーキ）、''sốt vang''（ワイン煮）、''dăm bông''（''ジャンボン''）、そして''xúc xích''（''ソーシース''）。フランス植民地支配の影響により、ラオス、ベトナム、カンボジアのフランス領インドシナ諸国は、バゲットやコーヒーを含むいくつかの共通の料理と飲み物を持っている。フランスはまた、ベトナムとフランスのフュージョン料理における乳製品の使用も導入した。

ベトナム料理は、チャム、マレーシア、カンボジアからの影響も受けている。ココナッツミルクの使用や、''bánh khọt''のような様々な中部料理はチャム料理の影響を受けた。カレーを含むスパイスも、マレー人やインド人商人によってベトナムにもたらされた。北部では一般的ではないが、''cà ri''はベトナム中部と南部でかなり人気のある料理だ。最も一般的なのはチキンカレーで、それほどではないが、ヤギカレーもある。チキンカレーは、結婚式、葬儀、卒業式、愛する人の年忌法要など、多くの社交的な集まりで欠かせない料理だ。カンボジアと同様に、ベトナムのカレーはパン、[[steamed rice/ja|蒸しご飯]]、または丸い米麺（ビーフン）と一緒に食べられる。ベトナム南部でクメール民族から取り入れられた''mắm bồ hóc''または[[prahok/ja|プラホック]]は、ベトナムの米麺スープ''bún nước lèo''の主要な材料として使用されている。これはベトナムのクメール民族に由来し、カンボジアには見られない。

東ヨーロッパの以前の共産主義国との接触により、ベトナム人はキャベツの詰め物スープ、''sa lát Nga''（[[Olivier salad/ja|オリヴィエサラダ]]）、''bia Tiệp''（チェコビール）などの料理を取り入れた。

==地域料理{{Anchor|Regional cuisines}}==
[[File:Chả cá Lã Vọng Hà Nội tháng 2 năm 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|right|[[Cha Ca La Vong/ja|チャー・カー・ラーヴォン]]、[[:en:Hanoi|ハノイ]]の名物]]
[[File:Mì Quảng, Da Nang, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mì Quảng/ja|ミークアン]]、[[:en:Đà Nẵng|ダナン]]と[[:en:Quảng Nam province|クアンナム省]]の名物]]
[[File:Bun Mam Soc Trang - fish, prawns, pork - Vinh Long Market VND20000.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bún mắm/ja|ブンマム]]、[[:en:Sóc Trăng province|ソクチャン省]]の名物]]
[[:en:Vietnam|ベトナム]]の3つの主要な地域の主流の料理の伝統は、いくつかの基本的な特徴を共有している。
* 食材の新鮮さ：ほとんどの肉は短時間しか調理されない（肉の色や食感を保つため）。野菜は生で食べられ、調理される場合も茹でるか短時間炒めるだけである。
* ハーブと野菜の存在：ハーブと野菜は多くのベトナム料理に不可欠であり、しばしば豊富に使われる。
* 多様性と食感の調和：カリカリと柔らかい、水っぽいものと歯ごたえのあるもの、繊細なものと粗いもの。
* スープやスープベースの料理は、3つの地域すべてで一般的である。
* 盛り付け：ベトナム料理に添えられる調味料は通常カラフルで、目を楽しませるように盛り付けられる。

ベトナムの料理の伝統はいくつかの主要な特徴を共有しつつも、地域によって異なる。

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In [[northern Vietnam]], a colder climate limits the production and availability of spices. As a result, the foods there are often less spicy than those in other regions. [[Black pepper]] is used in place of [[Chili pepper|chilies]] as the most popular ingredient to produce spicy flavors. In general, northern Vietnamese cuisine is not bold in any particular taste—sweet, salty, spicy, bitter, or sour. Most northern Vietnamese foods feature light and balanced flavors that result from subtle combinations of many different flavoring ingredients. The use of meats such as pork, beef, and chicken were relatively limited in the past. Freshwater fish, [[crustacean]]s, and [[mollusk]]s, such as [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawns/shrimp]], [[Squid as food|squid]]s, [[Crab meat|crab]]s, [[clam]]s, and [[Mussel#As food|mussel]]s, are widely used. Many notable dishes of [[northern Vietnam]] are crab-centered (e.g., ''bún riêu''). Being the cradle of Vietnamese civilization, northern Vietnam produces many signature dishes of Vietnam, such as ''[[bún riêu]]'' and ''[[bánh cuốn]]'', which were carried to central and southern Vietnam through Vietnamese migration. Other famous Vietnamese dishes that originated from the north, particularly from [[Hanoi]] include "[[Bun cha|''bún chả'']]" (rice noodle with grilled marinated pork), ''phở gà'' (chicken soup with rice noodles), [[Cha Ca La Vong|''chả cá Lã Vọng'']] (rice noodle with grilled fish).
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The abundance of spices produced by [[Central Vietnam]]'s mountainous terrain makes this region's cuisine notable for its spicy food, which sets it apart from the two other regions of Vietnam, where foods are mostly not spicy. Once the capital of the last dynasty of Vietnam, [[Huế]]'s culinary tradition features highly decorative and colorful food, reflecting the influence of ancient Vietnamese royal cuisine. The region's cuisine is also notable for its sophisticated meals consisting of many complex dishes served in small portions. Chili peppers and shrimp sauces are among the frequently used ingredients. Some Vietnamese signature dishes produced in [[central Vietnam]] are ''[[bún bò Huế]]'' and [[Bánh xèo|''bánh khoái'']].
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The warm weather and fertile soil of [[southern Vietnam]] create an ideal condition for growing a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and livestock. As a result, foods in southern Vietnam are often vibrant and flavorful, with liberal uses of garlic, [[shallot]]s, and fresh herbs. Sugar is added to food more than in the other regions. The preference for sweetness in southern Vietnam can also be seen through the widespread use of coconut milk in southern Vietnamese cuisine. Vast shorelines make seafood a natural staple for people in this region. Some signature seafood dishes from southern Vietnam include ''[[bánh khọt]]'' and ''[[bún mắm]]''.
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The [[Mekong Delta]] cuisine relies heavily on fresh products which is abundant in the new land with heavy use of palm sugar, fermented fishes, seafoods and wild herbs and flowers. The history of the region being a newly settled area reflects on its cuisine, with ''Ẩm thực khẩn hoang'' or Settlers cuisine means dishes are prepared fresh from wild and newly-caught ingredients. The cuisine is also influenced by Khmer, Cham and Chinese settlers.
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The cuisine of the Northern and Central Highlands regions is influenced by tribal traditions, with items such as ''thắng cố'' (Hmong horse stew), dried meats, ''[[cơm lam]]'' and ''[[rượu cần]]''.
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== Relation to Vietnamese philosophy ==
Vietnamese cuisine always has [[wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|five elements]] which are known for its balance in each of these features.
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* Many Vietnamese dishes include five fundamental taste senses ({{lang|vi|ngũ vị}}): spicy (metal), sour (wood), bitter (fire), salty (water) and sweet (earth), corresponding to five organs ({{lang|vi|ngũ tạng}}): [[gall bladder]], [[small intestine]], [[large intestine]], [[stomach]], and [[urinary bladder]].
* Vietnamese dishes also include five types of nutrients ({{lang|vi|ngũ chất}}): powder, water or liquid, mineral elements, protein, and fat.
* Vietnamese cooks try to have five colours ({{lang|vi|ngũ sắc}}) in their dishes: white (metal), green (wood), yellow (earth), red (fire) and black (water).
* Dishes in Vietnam appeal to gastronomes via the five senses ({{lang|vi|năm giác quan}}): food arrangement attracts the eyes, sounds come from crisp ingredients, five spices are detected on the tongue, aromatic ingredients coming mainly from herbs stimulate the nose, and some meals, especially finger food, can be perceived by touching.
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=== Five-element correspondence ===
[[File:Nhân nem.jpg|thumb|280px|Raw ingredients to make filling of {{lang|vi|[[nem rán]]}} before mixing together. They represent the five-element principle of Vietnamese cuisine.]]
Vietnamese cuisine is influenced by the Asian principle of [[wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|five elements]] and ''[[mahābhūta]]''.
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{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Correspondence
! colspan="5" | Elements
|-
! width="90"|Wood || width="90"|Fire || width="90"|Earth || width="90"|Metal || width="100"|Water
|-
|'''Spices ({{lang|vi|ngũ vị}})'''
| Sour || Bitter || Sweet || Spicy || Salty
|-
| '''Organs ({{lang|vi|ngũ tạng}})'''
|Gall bladder || Small intestine || Stomach || Large intestine || Urinary bladder
|-
| '''Colors ({{lang|vi|ngũ sắc}})'''
|Green || Red || Yellow || White || Black
|-
| '''Senses ({{lang|vi|ngũ giác}})'''
|Visual || Taste || Touch || Smell || Sound
|-
|'''Nutrients ({{lang|vi|ngũ chất}})'''
| Carbohydrates || Fat || Protein || Minerals || Water
|}
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=== Yin-yang balance ===
The principle of [[yin and yang]] ({{langx|vi|[[:vi:Âm dương|Âm dương]]}}) is applied in composing a meal in a way that provides a balance that is beneficial for the body. While contrasting texture and flavors are important, the principle primarily concerns the "heating" and "cooling" properties of ingredients. Certain dishes are served in their respective seasons to provide contrasts in temperature and spiciness of the food and environment. Some examples are:
* Duck meat, considered "cool", is served during the hot summer with ginger [[fish sauce]], which is "warm". Conversely, chicken, which is "warm", and pork, which is "hot", are eaten in the winter.
* Seafoods ranging from "cool" to "cold" are suitable to use with [[ginger]] ("warm").
* Spicy foods ("hot") are typically balanced with sourness, which is considered "cool".
* [[Balut (food)|Balut]] ({{lang|vi|trứng vịt lộn}}), meaning "upside-down egg" ("cold"), must be combined with [[Vietnamese mint]] ({{lang|vi|rau răm}}) ("hot").
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== Food in relation to lifestyle ==
[[File:Lòng lợn.jpg|thumb|left|A platter of different boiled pork offal]]
[[File:Table, Pho 21, Paris 26 September 2016 002.jpg|thumb|left|A number of Vietnamese condiments including {{lang|vi|nước mắm}}]]
[[File:Vietnamese fruit.jpg|thumb|left|A variety of Vietnamese fruits]]
Vietnamese cuisine is reflective of the Vietnamese [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]], from the preparation to how the food is served. Going through long phases of war and political conflict, as well as cultural shifts, the vast majority of the Vietnamese people have been living in poverty. Therefore, the ingredients for Vietnamese food are often very inexpensive but nonetheless, the way they are cooked together to create a [[yin–yang]] balance makes the food simple in appearance but rich in flavor.
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Because of economic conditions, maximizing the use of ingredients to save money has become a tradition in Vietnamese cooking. In earlier decades and even nowadays in rural areas, every part of a cow is used, from the muscle meat to the intestines; nothing is wasted. The higher quality cuts from farmed animals (cows, pigs) would be cooked in stirfry, soup or other dishes, while the secondary cuts would be used in blood sausages or soup. The same goes for vegetables like [[scallion]]s: the leafy part is diced into small bits which are used to add flavor to the food while the crunchy stalk and roots are replanted.
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{{lang|vi|Nước mắm}} (fish sauce) is the most commonly used and iconic [[condiment]] in Vietnamese cooking. It is made from fermented raw fish and is served with most of the Vietnamese dishes. Vietnamese cuisines are not known for ingredients with top quality, but rather for the very inexpensive and simple scraps that are creatively mixed to create dishes with bold flavor. A traditional [[southern Vietnam]]ese meal usually includes {{lang|vi|cơm trắng}} (plain white rice), {{lang|vi|cá kho tộ}} ([[catfish]] in a clay pot), {{lang|vi|canh chua cá lóc}} ([[sour soup]] with [[snakehead fish]]), and it would be incomplete without fish sauce served as a condiment. Dishes are prepared less with an appearance in mind but are served family-style to bring everyone together after a long day of work. Cooking and then serving fish in the same clay pot has been proven to be an ancient tradition.
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Despite being a small country in Southeast Asia, the foods from each region in Vietnam carry their distinctive and unique characteristics that reflect the geographical and living conditions of the people there. The traditional southern Vietnamese meal is made up of fresh ingredients that only the fertile [[Mekong Delta]] could provide, such as {{lang|vi|[[ca loc|cá lóc]]}}, and a wide range of tropical fruit like [[mangosteen]], [[mango]], and [[dragon fruit]]. The southern-style diet is very 'green', with vegetables, fish and tropical fruits as the main ingredients.
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[[Central Vietnam]] is the region in which food is prepared with the strongest, boldest flavors. This region is constantly under harsh weather conditions throughout the year, so people there do not have as many green ingredients as others do in the north and south of Vietnam. Instead, the coastline around the central Vietnam area is known for its salt and fish sauce industries; these two condiments are central to their daily diets.
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[[Northern Vietnam]]ese cuisine has a strong Chinese influence, and its iconic dish is {{lang|vi|[[pho|phở]]}}. While rice is a staple in the southern Vietnamese diet, the north has a preference for noodles. Owing to the drastic differences in climate and lifestyles throughout the three main regions of Vietnam, the foods vary. Northern Vietnamese cooking is the least bold and spicy in flavor compared to the foods from central and southern Vietnam.
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=== Typical Vietnamese family meal ===
[[File:Vietnamese family daily meal.jpg|thumb|Typical modern Vietnamese family meal served on a round metal tray. Dishes cooked from various native and introduced ingredients which include pork ribs, tofu, potatoes, tomato, [[Calabash|gourd]], ''[[Basella alba]]'' and fish sauce with chilli]]
Daily meals of Vietnamese people are quite different from Vietnamese foods served in restaurants or stalls. A typical meal for the average Vietnamese family would include:
* ''Cơm trắng'': Cooked white rice
* ''Món mặn'' or main dishes to eat with rice: Fish/seafood, meat, tofu (grilled, boiled, steamed, stewed or stir-fried with vegetables)
* ''Rau'': Sauteed, boiled or raw fresh green vegetables
* ''Canh'' (a clear [[broth]] with vegetables and often meat or seafood) or other kinds of soup
* ''[[Nước chấm]]'': Dipping sauces and condiments depending on the main dishes, such as pure fish sauce, ginger fish sauce, tamarind fish sauce, soy sauce, ''muối tiêu chanh'' (salt and pepper with lime juice) or ''muối ớt'' (salt and chili)
* Small dish of relishes, such as salted eggplant, pickled white cabbage, pickled papaya, pickled garlic or pickled bean sprouts
* ''Tráng miệng'' or desserts: Fresh fruits, drinks or sweets, such as ''[[chè]]''.
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Except individual bowls of rice, all dishes are communal and are to be shared in the middle of the table. It is also customary for younger people to ask/wait for the elders to eat first and for the woman who sits directly next to the rice pot to serve rice for other people. People should "invite" the others to enjoy the meal (somehow similar to saying "Enjoy your meal"), in order from the elders to younger people. They also pick up food for each other as an action of care.
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=== Feast ===
[[File:Cỗ ăn hỏi.jpg|thumb|A typical feast for one table (6–8 diners) in an engagement ceremony ({{lang|vi|Ăn hỏi}}) of regional [[Northern Vietnam]]]]
A feast ({{langx|vi|cỗ}}, {{lang|vi|tiệc}}) is a significant event for families or villages, usually up to 12 people for each table. A feast is prepared for weddings, funerals, and festivals, including the longevity-wishing ceremony. In a feast, ordinary foods are not served, but boiled rice is still used.
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A Vietnamese feast has two courses: the main course ({{lang|vi|món mặn}}—salty dish) and dessert ({{lang|vi|món ngọt}}—sweet dish). All dishes, except for individual bowls of rice, are enjoyed collectively. All main course dishes are served simultaneously rather than one after another. The major dish of the main course is placed in the center of the tables, usually big pots of soup or a hot pot.
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A basic feast ({{lang|vi|cỗ một tầng}}) consists of 10 dishes: five in bowls ({{lang|vi|năm bát}}): {{lang|vi|bóng}} (dried and fried pork skin), {{lang|vi|miến}} ([[cellophane noodles]]), {{lang|vi|măng}} (bamboo shoot), {{lang|vi|mọc}} ([[meatball]]), {{lang|vi|chim}} or {{lang|vi|gà tần}} (bird or chicken stew dishes) and five on plates ({{lang|vi|năm đĩa}}): {{lang|vi|giò}} (Vietnamese sausage), {{lang|vi|chả}}, {{lang|vi|gà}} or {{lang|vi|vịt luộc}} (boiled chicken or duck), {{lang|vi|[[nộm]]}} (Vietnamese salad) and {{lang|vi|xào}} (stir-fried dishes). This kind of feast is traditional and is organized only in northern Vietnam. Other variations are found in central and southern Vietnam.
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Four dishes essential in the feast of Tết are {{lang|vi|chả giò }} (spring rolls), {{lang|vi|nem}} (in northern Vietnam, {{lang|vi|nem}} refers to a spring roll called {{lang|vi|nem cuon}} or {{lang|vi|nem ran}}; in southern Vietnam, {{lang|vi|nem}} mainly refer to {{lang|vi|nem chua}}, fermented pork rolls), {{lang|vi|ninh}} (stew dishes) and {{lang|vi|mọc}} (noodle soup). At this time, the feast for offering ancestors includes sticky rice, boiled chicken, Vietnamese rice wine, and other foods preferred by ancestors. Gifts are given before guests leave the feast.
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=== Royal cuisine ===
[[File:Vietnamese imperial spring rolls.jpg|thumb|{{lang|vi|Nem công}} (peacock spring-rolls) is a well-known royal dish in Huế]]
In the Nguyễn dynasty, the 50 best chefs from all over the kingdom were selected for the {{lang|vi|Thượng Thiện}} board to serve the king. There were three meals per day—12 dishes at breakfast and 66 dishes for lunch and dinner (including 50 main dishes and 16 sweets). An essential dish was [[bird's nest soup]] ({{lang|vi|tổ yến}}). Other dishes included shark fin ({{lang|vi|vi cá}}), [[abalone]] ({{lang|vi|bào ngư}}), deer's tendon ({{lang|vi|gân nai}}), bears' hands ({{lang|vi|tay gấu}}), and rhinoceros' skin ({{lang|vi|da tê giác}}). Water had to come from the {{lang|vi|Hàm Long|italic=no}} well, the {{lang|vi|Báo Quốc|italic=no}} pagoda, the {{lang|vi|Cam Lồ|italic=no}} well (near the base of ''{{lang|vi|Thúy Vân|italic=no}}'' mountain), or from the source of the {{lang|vi|Hương|italic=no}} River. Rice was the {{lang|vi|de}} variety from the {{lang|vi|An Cựu|italic=no}} imperial rice field. {{lang|vi|Phước Tích|italic=no}} clay pots for cooking rice were used only a single time before disposal. No one was allowed to have any contact with the cooked dishes except for the cooks and {{lang|vi|Thượng Thiện}} board members. The dishes were first served to eunuchs, then the king's wives, after which they were offered to the king. The king enjoyed meals ({{lang|vi|ngự thiện}}) alone in a comfortable, music-filled space.
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== Cultural importance ==
[[Salt]] is used as the connection between the worlds of the living and the dead. ''[[Bánh phu thê]]'' is used to remind new couples of perfection and harmony at their weddings. Food is often placed at the ancestral altar as an offering to the dead on special occasions (such as [[Lunar New Year]]). Cooking and eating play an extremely important role in Vietnamese culture.
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=== Proverbs ===
The word ''ăn'' (to [[eat]]) is included in a great number of [[proverb]]s and has a large range of semantic extensions.
* {{lang|vi|Ăn trông nồi, ngồi trông hướng}} ("Checking the status of the rice pot when eating, watch where/what direction you are sitting.") = Be careful of possible faux pas.
* {{lang|vi|Ăn theo thuở, ở theo thì}} = living in accordance to one's limit and social circumstance (Eat according to the season; live according to the season).
* {{lang|vi|Cha ăn mặn, con khát nước}} ("The father eats salty food, the children go thirsty.") = Bad actions will later bring bad luck/consequences to descendants.
* {{lang|vi|Nhai kĩ no lâu, cày sâu tốt lúa}} ("Chewing carefully [makes one] feel full longer, ploughing deep is good for the rice") = Careful execution brings better results than hasty actions.
* {{lang|vi|Học ăn, học nói, học gói, học mở}} ("Learning how to eat, how to speak, how to wrap, how to open") = Everything needs to be learned, even the simplest, start from "how to eat" politely.
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Many Vietnamese idioms reflect the '''sex-is-eating''' mapping:
* {{lang|vi|Ông ăn [[chả]], bà ăn [[nem rán|nem]]}} ("He eats meatballs, she eats springrolls") = Both husband and wife are having affairs.
* {{lang|vi|Chán cơm thèm [[phở]]}} ("Tired of rice, craving noodle soup") = A man gets bored of his wife and finds another girl.
* {{lang|vi|Ăn [[bánh]] trả tiền}} ("You eat snacks, you pay money") = Pay before having sex with prostitutes. (Long story short, ''bánh'' is a metaphor for the prostitute).
* {{lang|vi|Ăn vụng không biết chùi mép}} ("Eating on the sly without cleaning your mouth") = Committing adultery but leaving a trace.
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== International popularity ==
Outside of Vietnam, Vietnamese cuisine is widely available in countries with strong Vietnamese immigrant communities, such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and France. Vietnamese cuisine is also popular in Japan, [[Korea]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, Philippines and Russia, and in areas with dense Asian populations.
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Television shows featuring Vietnamese food have increased in popularity. [[Luke Nguyen]] from Australia currently features a television show, ''[[Luke Nguyen's Vietnam]]'', dedicated on showcasing and instructing how to cook Vietnamese dishes.
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On ''The Great Food Truck Race'', a Vietnamese sandwich truck called Nom Nom Truck received the most money in the first five episodes.
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Anthony Bourdain wrote: <blockquote>You don't have to go looking for great food in Vietnam. Great food finds you. It's everywhere. In restaurants, cafes, little storefronts, in the streets; carried in makeshift portable kitchens on yokes borne by women vendors. Your cyclo-driver will invite you to his home; your guide will want to bring you to his favorite place. Strangers will rush up and offer you a taste of something they're proud of and think you should know about. It's a country filled with proud cooks—and passionate eaters.</blockquote>
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[[Gordon Ramsay]] visited Vietnam in his reality show ''[[Gordon's Great Escape]]'' – S02E02 (2011) and fell in love with the taste of the culinary here. Especially the dish called [[Hủ tiếu]] Mì by Mrs. Dì Hai, prepped and served on a small boat in [[Cái Răng Floating Market|Cái Răng floating market]], Cần Thơ. He even praised it as "The greatest dish I have ever eaten" when he brought it up as one of the dishes for the elimination challenge for the top 5 finalists of [[MasterChef (American season 4)|''American MasterChef'']] season 4 episode 21.
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In 2024, [[CNN]] included [[phở]] in its list of the "20 Best [[Soups]] in the World," highlighting its rich broth and aromatic spices.
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== Cooking techniques ==
[[File:Quay.jpg|thumb|Cutting dough and ''rán'' [[youtiao|quẩy]]]]
[[File:Confection de rouleaux de printemps à Hanoi (2).jpg|thumb|''Xào'' (stir-fry)]]
[[File:Bắc Giang - tết 2012 - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|''Thịt nướng'' (grilled pork)]]
[[File:Bánh tẻ.jpg|thumb|[[Bánh tẻ]] is boiled (''luộc'') after wrapped in a leaf (''gói lá'')]]
[[File:Viernam - An Hoi islet - fabrication de galette de riz (6).JPG|thumb|''Tráng'' (spread rice flour on a steamed cloth) [[bánh tráng]]]]
Some common Vietnamese [[culinary]] terms include:
* ''Rán, chiên'' – fried dishes
** ''Chiên nước mắm'' – fried then tossed with fish sauce
** ''Chiên bột'' – battered then deep-fried
* ''Rang'' – dry-fried dishes with little to no oil
* ''Áp chảo'' – pan-fried then sautéed
* ''Xào'' – stir fry, sautéing
** ''Xào tỏi'' – stir fry with [[garlic]], very common way of cooking vegetables
** ''Xào sả ớt'' – sautéed with [[lemongrass]] and [[chili pepper]]
** ''Xào lăn'' – pan searing or stir frying quickly to cook raw meat
** ''Xáo măng'' – braised or sautéed with [[bamboo shoot]]s
* ''Nhồi thịt'' – stuffed with minced meat before cooking
* ''Sốt chua ngọt'' – fried with sweet and sour sauce
* ''[[Kho (cooking technique)|Kho]]'' – stew, braised dishes
** ''Kho khô'' – literally dried stew (until the sauce thickens)
** ''Kho tiêu/kho gừng/kho riềng'' – stewed with [[peppercorns]]/[[ginger]]/[[galangal]]
* ''Nấu'' – means cooking, usually in a pot
** ''Nấu nước dừa'' – cooked with [[coconut water]]
* ''Hầm/ninh'' – slow-cook with spices or other ingredients
* ''Canh'' – broth-like soup to be served over rice
* ''Rim'' – simmering
* ''Luộc'' – boiling with water, usually fresh vegetables and meat
* ''Chần/trụng'' – blanche
* ''Hấp'' – steamed dishes
** ''Hấp sả'' – steamed with [[lemongrass]]
** ''Hấp Hồng Kông'' or ''hấp xì dầu'' – "Hong Kong-style" steamed dish (i.e.: with [[scallion]], ginger and [[soy sauce]])
* ''Om'' – clay pot cooking of northern style
** ''Om sữa'' – cooked in clay pot with milk
** ''Om chuối đậu'' – cooked with young banana and [[tofu]]
* ''[[Gỏi]]'' – salad dishes, usually with meat, fish
* ''Gói lá'' – wrap raw ingredients by a leaf (often banana) to form shape and enhance fragrance
* ''Nộm'' – salads, usually meatless
* ''Nướng'' – grilled dishes
** ''Nướng xiên'' – [[skewer]]ed dishes
** ''Nướng ống tre'' – cooked in bamboo tubes over fire
** ''Nướng mọi/nướng trui/thui'' – char-grilled over open fire
** ''Nướng đất sét/lá chuối'' – cooked in a clay mould or banana leaves wrap, or recently, kitchen foil, hence the method has evolved into ''nướng giấy bạc''
** ''Nướng muối ớt'' – marinated with salt and chili pepper before being grilled
** ''Nướng tỏi'' – marinated with garlic then grilled
** ''Nướng mỡ hành'' – grilled then topped with melted lard, [[peanut]]s, and chopped [[green onion]]s
* ''Bằm/băm'' – sauteed mix of chopped ingredients
* ''Cháo'' – [[congee]] dishes
* ''Súp'' – [[soup]] dishes (not ''canh'' or clear broth soup)
* ''Rô ti'' – roasting then simmering meat, usually with strong spices
* ''Tráng'' – spreading ingredient into a thin layer on a steamed/hot surface
* ''Cà ri'' – curry or curry-like dishes
* ''Quay'' – roasted dishes
* ''Lẩu'' – [[hot pot]] dishes
* ''Nhúng dấm'' – cooked in a vinegar-based hot pot, some variations include vinegar and coconut water-based hot pot
* ''[[Món cuốn|Cuốn]]'' – any dish featuring [[rice paper]] wraps with ''[[bún]]'' and fresh herbs
* ''Bóp thấu''/''tái chanh'' – raw meat or seafood prepared with [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] or vinegar
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== Vietnamese utensils ==
[[File:Meal tray, Northern Viet - Vietnamese Women's Museum - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC04291.JPG|thumb|A traditional set of serving utensils used in Northern Vietnam up to the 20th century include: wooden tray, 'small bottom' bowls (''bát chiết yêu''), stoneware dishes, flat chopsticks (for portioning rice), chopsticks and ladle (for sharing soup)]]
{| class="wikitable"
|
* [[Basket]], various kinds (''rổ'' or ''rá'')
* [[Bowl (vessel)|Bowl]] (small bowl: ''bát'' in northern Vietnam or ''chén'' in southern Vietnam; large bowl: ''tô'')
* [[Chopsticks]] (''đũa'')
* Chõ – a kind of steamer to cook [[glutinous rice]]
* [[Clay pot cooking]] (''thố đất'')
* [[cup]] (''cốc'' or ''ly'')
* [[Ladle (spoon)|Dipper]] (''gáo'')
* Flat drying basket (''nong'' or ''nia'')
* [[Knife]] (''dao'')
|
* [[Mill (grinding)|Mill]] (''cối xay gạo'')
* [[Mortar and pestle|Mortar]] (''cối giã'')
* [[Pestle]] (''chày'')
* [[Plate (dishware)|Plate]] (''dĩa'' or ''đĩa'')
* [[Pottery|Pot]], various kinds (''nồi'' and ''niêu'')
* [[Spoon]] (''thìa'' in northern Vietnam or ''muỗng'' in southern Vietnam)
* [[Teacup]] (''tách'' or ''chén uống trà'')
* [[Teapot]] (''ấm pha trà'')
* [[Tray]], various kinds (''mâm'' and ''khay'')
|}
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== Common ingredients ==
{{Further|List of Vietnamese ingredients}}
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=== Vegetables ===
[[File:Etal de légumes au marché à Hanoi.JPG|thumb|A vegetable stand in a [[Hanoi]] market]]
{| class="wikitable"
|
* [[Bitter melon]] (''khổ qua or mướp đắng'') (southern & northern Vietnamese dialects)
* [[Bok choy]] (''cải thìa'')
* [[Cabbage]] (''bắp cải'')
* [[Carrot]] (''cà rốt'')
* [[Cauliflower]] (''bông cải or súp lơ'')
* [[Celery]] (''cần tây'')
* [[Ceylon spinach]] (''mồng tơi'')
|
* [[Chayote]] (''su su'')
* [[Chili pepper]] (''ớt'')
* [[Cucumber]] (''dưa chuột'' or ''dưa leo'')
* [[Garland chrysanthemum|Crown daisy]] (''cải cúc'' or ''tần ô'')
* [[Radish]] (''củ cải trắng'')
* [[Eggplant]] (''cà tím'')
* [[Jicama]] (''củ đậu'' or ''củ sắn'')
|
* [[Katuk]] (''rau ngót'')
* [[Tonkin jasmine]] (''hoa thiên lý'')
* [[Amaranthus tricolor|Tricolor amaranth]] (''rau dền đỏ'')
* [[Oenanthe javanica|Water celery]] (''rau cần (ta)'')
* [[Water cress]] (''xà lách xoang'')
* [[Water spinach]] (''rau muống'')
|}
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=== Fruits ===
[[File:Fruit stand Da Nang.JPG|thumb|A fruit stand in [[Da Nang]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|
* [[Acerola]] (''sơ ri'' or ''xê-ri'')
* [[Buddha's hand]] (''phật thủ'')
* [[Canistel]] (''trái trứng gà'')
* [[Cherimoya]] (''mãng cầu tây'')
* [[Coconut]] (''dừa'')
* [[Ziziphus|Chinese date]] (''táo tàu'')
* [[Custard apple]] (''bình bát'' or ''mãng cầu'')
* [[Durian]] (''sầu riêng'')
* [[Milk fruit]] (''vú sữa'')
* [[Guava]] (''ổi'')
* [[Jackfruit]] (''mít'')
|
* [[Langsat]] (''bòn bon'')
* [[Longan]] (''nhãn'')
* [[Lychee]] (''vải'')
* [[Mango]] (''xoài'')
* [[Mangosteen]] (''măng cụt'')
* [[Otaheite gooseberry]] (''chùm ruột'')
* [[Papaya]] (''đu đủ'')
* [[Persimmon]] (''hồng'')
* [[Pitaya]] – dragon fruit (''thanh long'')
* [[Plum]] (''mận'')
* [[Pomelo]] (''bưởi'')
|
* [[Rambutan]] (''chôm chôm'')
* [[Sapodilla]] (''hồng xiêm'' or ''xa-pô-chê'')
* ''[[Spondias]] cytherea'' (''cóc'')
* [[Soursop]] (''mãng cầu Xiêm'' or ''mãng cầu gai'')
* [[Star fruit]] (''khế'')
* [[Sweetsop]] (''na'' or ''mãng cầu ta'')
* [[Syzygium jambos|Rose apple]] (''roi'' in the north, ''mận [[Da Lat|Đà Lạt]]'' in the south)
* Tea fruit (''thanh trà'')
* Tomato (''cà chua'')
* [[Water apple]] (''roi'' in the north, ''mận'' in the south)
* [[Watermelon]] (''dưa hấu'')
|}
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=== Herbs (''rau thơm'') ===
[[File:Produce in Ben Thanh Market - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - DSC01142.JPG|thumb|Herbs and vegetables were displayed in [[Ben Thanh Market]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|
* Genus ''[[Allium]]'':
** Using leaf and flower: [[Welsh onion]] or green onion (''hành lá'' or ''hành hương'' or ''hành hoa''), [[garlic chives]] (''hẹ'')
** Using bulb: garlic (''tỏi''), [[shallot]] (''hành tím''), onion (''hành tây''), ''[[Allium chinense]]'' (''củ kiệu'') and [[chives]] (''củ nén'' or ''hành tăm'').
** Welsh onion (''hưng cừ'') and [[leek]] (''tỏi tây'' or ''hành boarô'') are not traditionally used.
* Family [[Zingiberaceae]]: using [[ginger]] (''gừng''), [[galangal]] (''riềng'')—[[greater galangal]] (''riềng nếp'') is preferred to [[lesser galangal]] (''riềng thuốc'') because of the stronger flavour, [[turmeric]] (''nghệ'') and [[black cardamom]] (''thảo quả'')
|
* ''[[Polygonum aviculare]]'' (''rau đắng'')<!--"Rau đắng" is ''Polygonum aviculare''-->
* [[Coriander]] leaf (cilantro) (''rau mùi'' or ''ngò rí'')
* [[Lemongrass]] (''xả'' or ''sả'')
* [[Dill]] (''thì là'')
* ''[[Elsholtzia ciliata]]'' (''kinh giới'')
* [[Long coriander]]/culantro (''ngò gai'' or ''mùi tàu'')
|
* [[Rice paddy herb]] (''ngò ôm'' or ''rau ngổ'')
* ''[[Houttuynia]] cordata'' (''giấp cá'' or ''diếp cá'')
* [[Parsley]] (''mùi tây'')
* [[Peppermint]] (''(húng) bạc hà'')<!--Is the latter correct for northern Vietnamese?-->
* [[Perilla]] (''tía tô'')
* [[Spearmint]] (''húng dũi'')
* [[Thai basil]] (''rau quế'' or ''húng quế'') sometimes substituted with [[sweet basil]] in the United States
* [[Hot mint]] (''rau răm'')
|}
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== Condiments and sauces ==
=== Condiments ===
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Vietnamese usually use raw vegetables, ''rau sống'', or ''rau ghém'' (sliced vegetable) as condiments for their dishes to combine properly with each main dish in flavour. Dishes in which ''rau sống'' is indispensable are ''bánh xèo'' and hot pot. The vegetables principally are herbs and wild edible vegetables gathered from forests and family gardens. Leaves and buds are the most common parts of vegetables used. Most of the vegetables have medicinal value.
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''Rau sống'' includes lettuce, raw bean sprout, herbs, shredded banana flower, green banana, water spinach, mango bud and guava leaves.
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==== Herbs and spices ====
[[Image:Chillies.jpg|thumb|Vietnamese hot chili peppers are added to most foods, especially in central and southern Vietnam.]]
* [[Coriander]] and [[Welsh onion|green onion]] leaves can be found in most Vietnamese dishes.
* A basic technique of stir-frying vegetable is frying garlic or [[shallot]] with oil before putting the vegetable into the pan.
* In northern Vietnam, dishes with fish may be garnished with [[dill]].
* In central Vietnam, the mixture of ground lemongrass and chili pepper is frequently used in dishes with beef.
* In southern Vietnam, coconut water is used in most stew dishes.
* The pair [[culantro]] (''ngò gai'') and [[rice paddy herb]] (''ngò om'' or ''ngổ'') is indispensable in all kinds of sour soups in the southern Vietnam.
* [[Spearmint]] is often used with strongly fishy dishes.
* [[Perilla]] is usually used with crab dishes.
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==== Pairing ====
* Chicken dishes are combined with [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] leaves.
* Crab and seashell dishes are combined with [[Houttuynia cordata|fishy-smelling herb]] and [[perilla]].
* Dishes reputed as "cold" or "fishy-smelling", such as catfish, clams, or snails, are combined with ginger or lemongrass.
* Beef dishes are combined with celeries or pineapples.
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=== Sauces ===
* ''[[Nước chấm]]''
* ''[[Mắm tôm]]'' ([[shrimp paste]])
* ''[[Fish sauce|Nước mắm]]'' (fish extract) can be used as it is or mixed with lemon juice, garlic, vinegar, sugar, and chili. This mixture is called [[Nước chấm|''nước mắm pha'']].
* ''[[Tương]]'' is made from fermented soybeans.
* [[Soy sauce]] mostly is used in marinades and sauces.
* [[Hoisin sauce]] is used in Southern Vietnam to mix with ''phở'' while serving.
* Hot chili sauce.
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=== Food colourings ===
[[File:Xôi ngũ sắc.JPG|thumb|''[[Xôi]] ngũ sắc'' (five colours sticky rice) is coloured with plant-based ingredients.]]
Traditionally, the colouring of Vietnamese food comes from natural ingredients; however, today there is an increase in the use of artificial food dye agents for food colouring, in Vietnam.
* Red – usually from [[beetroot]] or by frying [[annatto]] seeds to make oil (''dầu điều'')
* Orange – usually used for sticky rice, comes from ''[[gac]]''
* Yellow – from [[turmeric]]
* Green – from the [[pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan]] leaf or ''[[katuk]]''
* Purple – from the [[magenta plant]] (''lá cẩm'')
* Black – in ''banh gai'' is from the [[ramie]] leaf (''lá gai'')
* Dark brown – for stew dishes, uses ''nước màu'' or ''nước hàng'', which is made by heating sugar to a temperature above that of [[caramel]] (170&nbsp;°C).
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Colourings can be absorbed by mixing ground colourings or colouring liquid or wrapping before boiling to get the extracts. When colouring dishes, the tastes and smells of colourings must also be considered.
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== Popular dishes ==
{{About||a longer list of popular dishes|List of Vietnamese dishes|a list of popular dishes organized by [[Provinces of Vietnam|province]]|List of Vietnamese culinary specialities}}
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When Vietnamese dishes are referred to in English, it is generally by the Vietnamese name without the [[diacritic]]s. Some dishes have gained descriptive English names, as well.
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Popular Vietnamese dishes include:
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=== Noodle soups ===
{{Main|Vietnamese noodles}}
[[File:BANH DA CUA 1.jpg|thumb|''Bánh đa cua'' (Crab red noodle soup)]]
[[File:Bún mắm Bạc Liêu tại đường Nguyễn Sơn tháng 7 năm 2016 (4).jpg|thumb|[[Bún mắm]] (Mix seafood noodles soup)]]
Vietnamese cuisine boasts a huge variety of noodle soups, each with distinct influences, origins and flavours. A common characteristic of many of these soups is a rich broth.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''[[Bún bò Huế]]''
|Spicy beef [[noodle soup]] originated from the royal city of [[Huế]] in Central Vietnam. Beef bones, [[fermentation (food)|ferment]]ed shrimp paste, lemongrass, and dried [[Chili pepper|chili]]es give the broth its distinctive flavors. Often served with [[Mentha|mint]] leaves, [[bean sprout]]s, and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] wedges. Pig's feet are also common ingredients at some restaurants.
|-
|''Bún măng vịt''
|[[Bamboo]] shoots and duck noodle soup.
|-
|''[[Bún ốc]]''
|Vermicelli with [[Snails as food|snails]] (freshwater snails with noodles, tomato pork bone broth, tofu and herbs)
|-
|''[[Bánh canh]]''
|A thick tapioca/rice [[noodle]] soup with a simple broth, often includes pork, crab, chicken, [[Shrimp (food)|shrimp]], [[spring onion]]s and fresh onions sprinkled on top
|-
|''[[Bún riêu]]''
|A [[noodle soup]] made of thin rice noodles, topped with crab and shrimp paste, served in a tomato-based broth and garnished with bean sprouts, prawn paste, herb leaves, tamarind/lime, tofu, [[water spinach]], and chunks of tomato
|-
|''[[Mì]] (súp mì)''
|A Chinese-influenced wheat (egg) noodle soup.
|-
|''[[Phở]]''
|A noodle soup with a rich, clear broth made from a long boiling of meat and spices, its many varieties are made with different meats (most commonly beef or chicken) along with beef meatballs. ''Phở'' is typically served in bowls with spring onion, (in ''phở tái'') slices of semi-cooked beef (to be cooked by the boiling hot broth), and broth. In the south, bean sprouts and various herbs are also added.
|-
| ''Phở satế''
| Spicy noodle soup with thinly sliced rare beef steak, satế hot chili sauce, sliced cucumber, tomatoes, and peanut
|-
|''Mì vịt tiềm''
| Yellow noodle soup with roasted duck and Chinese broccoli
|-
|''Bún chả cá''
|Rice vermicelli soup with fried fishcake
|-
|''[[Hủ tiếu]]''
|A noodle soup with many varied styles, including a 'dry' (not soup, but with sauce) version, which was brought to Vietnam by way of Chinese ([[Teochew cuisine|Teochew]]) immigrants from [[Cambodia]]. The noodles are usually [[egg noodles]] or [[rice noodles]], but many other types may be used. The soup base is made of pork bones.
|}
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=== Soup and ''cháo'' (congees) ===
[[File:Canhchua2.jpg|thumb|[[Canh chua]], sour soup]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''Súp măng cua''
|Asparagus and crab soup typically served as the first dish at banquets
|-
|''Lẩu'' (Vietnamese [[hot pot]])
|A spicy variation of the Vietnamese sour soup with assorted vegetables, meats, seafood, and spicy herbs
|-
|''[[Congee|Cháo]]''
|A variation of [[congee]], it uses a variety of different broths and meats, including duck, [[offal]], fish, etc. When chicken is used, it is called ''cháo gà''.
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|-
| ''Cháo lòng''
| Rice porridge with pork intestine, liver, gizzard, heart, and kidney
|-
| ''[[Bò kho]]''
| Beef stew with carrots, usually served with toasted bread or rice noodles
|-
| ''Nhúng dấm''
| Fire pot with a combination of sliced rare beef and seafood cooked in sour broth, served with thin rice vermicelli noodles, fresh vegetables, rice spring roll wrapper, and dipping sauce
|-
|''[[Canh chua]]''
|Vietnamese sour soup – typically includes fish, [[pineapple]]s, tomatoes, herbs, beansprouts, [[tamarind]], and various kinds of vegetables
|}
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=== Rice dishes ===
[[File:Cơm Tấm, Da Nang, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|''[[Cơm tấm]]'']]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''[[Yangzhou fried rice|Cơm chiên Dương Châu]]''
|A Chinese fried rice dish, named after the [[Yangzhou]] region in China, it is a well-known dish in Vietnam.
|-
|''[[Cơm gà rau thơm]]'' (chicken and rice with mint)
|This dish is rice cooked in chicken stock and topped with fried then shredded chicken, with mint and other herbs. The rice has a unique texture and taste that the fried mint garnish enhances. It is served with a special herb sauce on the side.
|-
|''[[Cơm hến]]''
|Rice with clams – a popular, inexpensive dish in the city of [[Huế]] and its vicinity
|-
|''[[Cơm chiên cá mặn]]''
| Fried rice with salty fermented fish and chopped snow pea and chicken
|-
|''[[Cá/thịt kho]]''
| A traditional family dish of fish or pork braised in a clay pot and served with sweet and sour soup (''canh chua'')
|-
| ''[[Gà xào gừng]]''
| Chicken sauteed with ginger and fish sauce
|-
| ''[[Bò lúc lắc]]''
| Cubed beef sauteed with cucumber, tomatoes, onion, pepper, and soy sauce
|-
| ''[[Cơm lam]]''
| Rice (often glutinous rice) cooked in a bamboo tube either boiled or steamed
|-
| ''[[Cơm tấm]]''
|In general, grilled pork (either ribs or shredded) is mixed with ''bì'' (thinly shredded pork mixed with cooked and thinly shredded pork skin and fried ground rice) over ''com tam'' ("broken rice") and is served with [[sweet and sour]] fish sauce. Other types of meat, prepared in various ways, may be served with the broken rice. [[Barbecue]]d beef, pork, or chicken are common choices and are served with the broken rice. The rice and meat are accompanied by various greens and pickled vegetables, along with a prawn paste cake (''chả tôm''), steamed egg (''trứng hấp'') and grilled prawns.
|}
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=== Sticky rice dishes ===
[[File:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|thumb|''[[Bánh chưng]]'']]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
| ''[[Bánh chưng]]''
|[[Sticky rice]] wrapped in banana leaves and stuffed with [[mung bean]] paste, lean pork and black pepper, it is traditionally eaten during the Lunar New Year(''[[Tết]]''). ''Bánh chưng'' is popular in the North, while the similar ''[[bánh tét]]'' is more popular in the South. ''Bánh tét'' has the same content, except it is cylindrical in shape, and lean pork is substituted with fatty pork.
|-
| ''[[Xôi]]''
|Sticky rice with [[coconut]] milk, cooked the same way as one cooks rice, or steamed for a firmer texture and more flavorful taste, in a number of varieties
|-
|Xôi Mặn
|A popular Vietnamese street food. Savory sticky rice accompanied with lots of mix-ins, typically [[Chinese sausage|''lạp xưởng'']], dried shrimp, ''[[chả lụa]]'', [[Meat floss|pork floss]], [[Shiitake|shittake mushrooms]], and topped with soy sauce. 
|}
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=== Bánh ===
{{Main|Bánh}}
{{see also|Bánh lá}}
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The Vietnamese name for pastries is ''bánh''. Many of the pastries are wrapped in various leaves (bamboo, banana, ''dong'', ''gai'') and boiled or steamed. One of the historic dishes, dating to the mythical founding of the Vietnamese state is ''[[bánh chưng]]''. As it is a savory dish and thus not a true pastry, ''bánh chưng'' and the accompanying ''bánh dày'' are laden with heaven and earth symbolism. These dishes are associated with offerings around the Vietnamese New Year (''Tết''). Additionally, as a legacy of French colonial rule and influence, [[Yule log (cake)|bûche de Noël]] is a popular dessert served during the Christmas season.
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[[File:Bánh Bèo, Da Nang, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|''[[Bánh bèo]]'']]
[[File:Bánh xèo with nước mắm.jpg|thumb|right|''Bánh xèo'']]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!
|-
| ''[[Bánh bao]]''
|A steamed bun [[dumpling]] that can be stuffed with onion, [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], or vegetables, ''bánh bao'' is an adaptation from the Chinese ''[[baozi]]'' to fit Vietnamese taste. Vegetarian ''banh bao'' is popular in Buddhist temples. Typical stuffings include slices of [[marinate]]d barbecued pork from Chinese cooking, tiny boiled [[quail]] eggs, and pork.
|-
|''[[Bánh bèo]]''
|A central Vietnamese dish, it consists of tiny, round, rice flour pancakes, each served in a similarly shaped dish. They are topped with [[mincing|minced]] shrimp and other ingredients, such as [[chive]]s, fried [[shallot]]s, and pork rinds, eaten with [[nước chấm]].
|-
| ''[[Bánh bột chiên]]'' (fried rice flour dish)
|A Chinese-influenced pastry, it exists in many versions all over Asia; the Vietnamese version features a special tangy soy sauce on the side, rice flour cubes with fried eggs (either duck or chicken), and some vegetables. This is a popular after-school snack for young students in southern Vietnam.
|-
| ''[[Bánh bột lọc]]''
|A [[Huế]] food, it consists of tiny rice dumplings made in a clear rice-flour [[Batter (cooking)|batter]], often in a small, flattish, tube shape, stuffed with shrimp and ground pork. It is wrapped and cooked inside a banana leaf, served often as Vietnamese ''[[hors d'œuvres]]'' at more casual [[buffet]]-type parties.
|-
|''[[Bánh xèo]]''
|A flat pan-fried dish made of rice flour with [[turmeric]], shrimp with shells on, slivers of fatty pork, sliced onions, and sometimes [[button mushroom]]s, fried in oil, usually [[coconut]] oil, which is the most popular oil used in Vietnam. It is eaten with lettuce and various local herbs and dipped in ''[[nước chấm]]'' or sweet fermented [[peanut butter]] sauce. [[Rice paper]]s are sometimes used as wrappers to contain ''banh xeo'' and the accompanying vegetables.
|-
|''[[Bánh nậm]]''
|A [[Huế]] food, it is a flat steamed rice dumpling made of rice flour, shallots, shrimp, and seasoned with pepper. It is wrapped and cooked in banana leaves and served with fish sauce.
|}
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=== Wraps and rolls ===
{{Main|Món cuốn}}
[[File:Vietnamese salad roll.jpg|thumb|''Gỏi cuốn'' (rice paper roll or summer roll)]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''[[Bánh cuốn]]''
|Rice flour rolls stuffed with ground pork, prawns, and [[Cloud ear fungus|wood ear]] mushroom, they are eaten in a variety of ways with many side dishes, including ''[[chả]]'' (sausage).
|-
| ''[[Bì cuốn]]''
|Rice paper rolls with the ''bì'' mixture of thinly shredded pork and thinly shredded pork skin tossed with powdered [[toasted]] rice, among other ingredients, along with [[salad]]; it is similar to [[summer roll]]s.
|-
| ''[[Bò bía]]'' (Vietnamese-style ''[[popiah]]'')
|Stir-fried [[jicama]] and carrots are mixed with Chinese [[sausage]] and shredded scrambled eggs, all wrapped in a rice paper roll, dipped into a spicy peanut sauce (with freshly roasted and ground peanuts). It is of Chinese ([[Fujian cuisine|Hokkien]]/[[Chiuchow cuisine|Chaozhou]]) origin, having been brought over by the immigrants. In Saigon (particularly in [[Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City|''Chợ Lớn'']]), it is common to see old Teochew men or women selling'' bò bía'' at their roadside stands. The name ''bò bía'' phonetically resembles its original name ''[[popiah]]'' in the [[Chaozhou language|Teochew language]].
|-
|''[[Chả giò]]'' or ''[[nem rán]]'' (northern)
|A kind of [[spring roll]] (sometimes referred to as [[egg roll]]), it is deep-fried flour rolls filled with pork, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], crab, shrimp, rice vermicelli, mushrooms ("wood ear") and other ingredients. The spring roll goes by many names – as many people actually use (falsely) the word "spring roll" while referring to the fresh transparent rice paper rolls (discussed below as "summer rolls"), where the rice paper is dipped into water to soften, and then rolled up with various ingredients. Traditionally, these rolls are made with a rice-paper wrapper, but in recent years, Vietnamese chefs outside of Vietnam have changed the recipe to use a wheat-flour wrapper.
|-
| ''[[Gỏi cuốn]]''
|Also known as Vietnamese fresh rolls, [[salad roll]]s, or [[summer roll]]s, they are rice-paper rolls that often include shrimp, herbs, pork, rice vermicelli, and other ingredients wrapped up and dipped in ''[[nước chấm]]'' or peanut sauce. Spring rolls almost constitute an entire category of Vietnamese foods, as the many different kinds of spring rolls have different ingredients in them.
|}
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''[[Bánh tráng]]'' can be understood as either of the following:
* [[Rice paper|''Bánh tráng cuốn'']]
: Thin rice flour sheet dried into what is commonly called "rice paper", used in making [[spring roll]] (''[[chả giò]]''), and [[summer rolls]] (''[[gỏi cuốn]]'') by applying some water to soften the texture
* ''[[Bánh tráng nướng]]'' (in the south), or ''bánh đa'' in the north
: These are large, round, flat rice [[Cracker (food)|crackers]], which, when heated, enlarge into round, easily shattered pieces. They can be eaten separately, although they are most commonly added into the [[vermicelli]] noodle dishes like ''[[cao lầu]]'' and ''[[Mì Quảng|mì quảng]]''. Many types of ''[[bánh tráng]]'' exist, including the clear [[sesame]] seed ones, prawn-like cracker with dried spring onions, and sweet milk.
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=== Sandwiches and pastries ===
{{Main|Bánh mì}}
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''[[Bánh mì]] kẹp thịt''
|Vietnamese [[baguette]] or French bread is traditionally filled with ''[[pâté]]'', Vietnamese [[mayonnaise]], cold cuts, jalapeños, pickled white [[radish]], [[pickled carrot]], and [[cucumber]] slices. While traditional cold cuts include [[ham]], [[head cheese]], and Vietnamese [[Bologna sausage|bologna]], varieties of stuffing such as eggs, canned sardines, shredded pork, fried tofu, and grilled meats are common. Sandwiches are often [[garnish (food)|garnish]]ed with coriander leaves and black pepper.
|-
|''Bánh [[Pâté chaud]]''
|A French-inspired meat-filled pastry, it is characterized by flaky crust and either pork or chicken as the filling.
|-
|''Bánh mì ốp la''
|Vietnamese-style fried egg sandwich. ''"Ốp la"'' means "sunny-side up".
|}
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=== Meat dishes ===
[[File:Lợn mán mẹt.jpg|thumb|right|A platter of pork dishes]]
[[File:Chalua.jpg|thumb|right|Sliced ''[[chả lụa]]'' served over ''[[bánh cuốn]]'', and garnished with fried shallots]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
| ''[[Bò kho]]'' (meat soup)
|A beef and vegetable stew, it is often cooked with warm, spicy herbs and served very hot with French baguettes for dipping. In northern Vietnam, it is known as ''bò sốt vang''.
|-
| ''[[Bò lá lốt]]''
|A dish of spiced beef rolled in a betel leaf (''lá lốt'') and grilled
|-
| ''[[Bò lúc lắc]]'' (shaking beef)
|French-influenced dish of beef cut into cubes and marinated, served over greens (usually [[watercress]]), and sautéed onions and tomatoes, eaten with rice
|-
| ''[[Bò 7 món]]'' (seven courses of beef)
|Multi-course meal consisting of seven beef dishes. Developed during the French colonial era when beef became more widely consumed.
|-
|''[[Cá 7 món]]'' (seven courses of fish)
|Similar course arrangement as ''Bò 7 món'' substituting beef with fish. Less popular than the original variant.
|-
| ''[[Chả lụa]] or giò lụa''
|A sausage made with ground lean pork and [[potato starch]], it is also available fried; known as ''chả chiên''. Various kinds of [[chả]] (sausage) are made of ground chicken (''chả gà''), ground beef (''chả bò''), fish (''chả cá''), or tofu (''chả chay'', or vegetarian sausage).
|-
| ''[[Gà nướng sả]]''
|Grilled chicken with [[lemon grass]] (sả), lemongrass grilled beef and other meats are also popular variations.
|-
| ''[[Giò thủ]]''
|Giò thủ is a [[Head cheese|brawn]] made of fresh bacon, pig's ears, garlic, scallions, onions, black fungus, fish sauce and cracked black pepper.
|-
| ''[[Nem nướng]]''
|[[Grilling|Grilled]] meatballs, usually made of seasoned pork, they are often colored reddish with [[food coloring]] and with a distinct taste, grilled on [[skewer]]s like [[shish kebab]]s. Ingredients in the marinade include fish sauce.
|-
|'''''Nem nguội'''''
|A Huế dish and a variation of the ''Nem nướng'' [[meatball]]s, these also come from central Vietnam. They are chilled, small and rectangular in shape, and stuffed with vermicelli. The reddish meat is covered with peppers and typically a chili pepper. Very spicy, they are eaten almost exclusively as a cocktail snack.
|}
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=== Seafood dishes ===
[[File:Cua rang muối tại Rạn Biển quán năm 2016 (3).jpg|thumb|Wok-tossed crabs with tamarind sauce]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''Bánh Tôm''
|Prawn and sweet potato fritter
|-
| ''Cá cuốn ho''
|A roll with fish and spring onions
|-
| ''Cá kho tộ''
| Caramelized fish in clay pot
|-
|''[[Chạo tôm]]''
|Prawn paste/cake on sugarcane
|-
|''Cua rang muối/me''
|Wok-tossed crab with salt and pepper/[[tamarind]]
|}
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=== Salads ===
[[File:Vietnamese mango salad with shrimp.jpg|thumb|''Nộm tôm xoài'' (Vietnamese mango salad with shrimp)]]
''[[Nộm]]'' (Northern dialects) or ''Gỏi'' (Southern dialects) is Vietnamese salad; of the many varieties, the most popular include:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
| ''Gỏi đu đủ''
|Vietnamese [[papaya]] salad typically with shredded papaya, herbs, various meats such as shrimp, slices of pork, [[Liver (food)|liver]], or [[jerky]], herbs, and with a more [[vinegar]]-based rendition of ''nước chấm''
|-
| ''Gỏi Huế rau muống''
|A salad dish originating from Huế (Central Vietnam), including [[Ipomoea aquatica|water spinach]] (''rau muống'')
|-
| ''Nộm ngó sen''
|[[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] stem salad, with shrimp and pork or chicken
|-
| ''Gỏi đậu hủ''
| Tofu salad with shredded cabbage, mint, and soy dressing
|-
| ''[[Gỏi nhệch]]''
| Rice paddy eel salad with shredded vegetables
|-
| ''Nộm sứa''
| Jellyfish salad with carrot, cucumber, and sesame dressing
|-
| ''Gỏi chân vịt''
| Duck feet salad with shredded cabbage and sweet and sour fish sauce
|-
| ''Bò tái chanh''
| Shredded salad with thinly sliced rare beef, fresh lemon, onion, fried onions, and fish sauce
|-
| ''Gỏi gà bắp cải''
|Chicken and cabbage salad
|-
| ''Gỏi mít''
|Young [[jackfruit]] salad with peanuts, mint, and fish sauce
|}
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=== Curries ===
* Vietnamese [[curry]] is also popular, especially in the center and south, owing to the cultural influence of Indian, Khmer and Malay traders.
* Another type of well-known Vietnamese curry is beef [[brisket]] curry or [[oxtail]] curry. The beef curries are often served with French bread for dipping, or with rice.
* '' Cà ri gà'' is a popular Vietnamese curry made with chicken, carrots, sweet potatoes, and peas in a [[coconut curry]] sauce. It is also served with rice or baguette.
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=== Preserved dishes ===
''Muối'' (literally means ''salting'') and ''chua'' (literally means ''sour'' or ''fermenting'') are Vietnamese term for preserved dishes. Monsoon tropical climate with abundant rainfall gives the Vietnamese a generous year-round supply of vegetables. [[Animal husbandry]] never occurred in large scale in Vietnamese history, therefore, preserved dishes are mainly plant-based pickled dishes. Seafood is often made into a fermented form called ''mắm'' like [[fish sauce]]. 
[[File:Pickled mustard greens and onion.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Dưa chua'' (pickled mustard greens and onion)]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''Bắp cải muối xổi''
|Quick-pickled shredded cabbage
|-
|''Dưa chua, Dưa cải muối chua''
|Made from a kind of mustard green
|-
| ''Cà pháo muối''
|Made from [[Vietnamese eggplant]]
|-
|''Dấm tỏi''
|Pickled garlic cloves in vinegar
|-
| ''Dưa kiệu''
|Made from ''[[Allium chinense]]'', this is a dish of the ''Tết'' holiday.
|-
|''Dưa hành''
|Made from spring onion bulbs or shallot
|-
|''Dưa món''
|Made from carrot, white radish, or green papaya
|-
|''Măng muối''
|Made from sliced bamboo shoot with chilies
|-
|''Ớt ngâm''
|Pickled chilies in rice vinegar
|-
|''Rau cần muối xổi''
|Quick-pickled [[Oenanthe javanica|water celery]]
|-
|''Tôm chua''
|Sweet and spiced pickled shrimp
|}
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=== Mắm ===
''Mắm'' is a Vietnamese term for fermented fish, shrimp or other aquatic ingredients. It is used as main course, as an ingredient or as condiment. The types of fish most commonly used to make ''mắm'' are [[Anchovies as food|anchovies]], [[catfish]], [[Channidae|snakeheads]], and [[Mackerel (food)|mackerels]]. The fish flesh remains intact (this is how it is different from ''nước mắm''), and can be eaten cooked or uncooked, with or without vegetables and condiments. [[Fish sauce]] is literally called "mắm water" in Vietnamese and is the distilled liquid from the process of fermentation of mắm.
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[[File:Bún đậu mắm tôm, bún nem rán.JPG|thumb|left|''Mắm tôm'' (purple colour) and ''nước mắm'' (amber colour) in two dipping bowls]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''Mắm tôm''
| Fermented shrimp paste
|-
|''Mắm cáy''
|Made from [[Sesarmidae]] (family of crabs), in north central coast of Vietnam
|-
|''Mắm cá thu''
|Made from mackerel fish, usually in [[Bình Định province]]
|-
| ''Mắm nêm''
|Usually made from [[round scad]] fish, in central Vietnam
|-
|''Mắm ruốc''
|Made from krill, from central Vietnam
|-
|''Mắm cá linh''
|Made from a kind of fish that immigrates to the Mekong Delta every flood season from [[Tonlé Sap]], Cambodia
|-
|''Nước mắm'' or ''mắm mặn''
|General name for all fish sauces but usually refer to pure extracted anchovy fish sauce
|}
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=== Fermented meat dishes ===
[[File:Nem chua.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Nem chua]]'', a sweet, sour, salty and spicy fermented pork or beef sausage, usually served with a slice of garlic, [[bird's eye chili]] and [[Vietnamese coriander]]]]
''[[Nem chua|Nem]] chua'', a Vietnamese [[fermented meat]] served as is or fried, is made from pork meat, coated by fried rice (''thính gạo''), mixed with pork skin and then wrapped in [[country gooseberry]] leaves (''lá chùm ruột'') or ''[[Erythrina orientalis]]'' leaves (''lá vông nem''). The preservation process takes about three to five days.
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=== Sausages ===
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{{see also|Giò lụa}}
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Vietnamese sausage, ''[[Giò lụa|giò]]'', is usually made from fresh ground pork and beef. Sausage makers may use the meat, skin or ear. Fish sauce is added before banana leaves are used to wrap the mixture. The last step is boiling. For common sausage, 1&nbsp;kg of meat is boiled for an hour. For ''chả quế'', the boiled meat mixture will then be roasted with [[cinnamon]].
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=== Vegetarian dishes ===
{{Main|Buddhist cuisine}}
[[File:Saigon Vegetarian food.jpg|thumb|Vegetarian dishes at a Buddhist restaurant in Ho Chi Minh City]]
Vegetarian dishes in Vietnam often have the same names as their meat equivalents, e.g. ''phở bò'', but with ''chay'' (vegetarian) sign in front, those dishes are served with tofu instead of meat. Nearly every soup, sandwich and street food has its vegetarian correspondent. Sometimes you can also see notations like ''"phở chay"'', ''"bánh mì chay"'' (vegetarian sandwich) or ''"cơm chay"'' (vegetarian rice). Vegetarian food in comparison the normal dishes are almost always cheaper, often half of the normal price. Vegetarian restaurants are mostly frequented by religious Vietnamese people and are rarely found in touristic areas. Vegetarian food is also eaten to earn luck during special holiday and festival, especially during Lunar New Year where Vietnamese culture serve vegetarian food regardless of their religion.
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=== Desserts ===
[[File:Food stand in Huế.jpg|thumb|right|A street stall selling [[chè]] and desserts in [[Huế]]]]
[[File:Bánh rán.JPG|thumb|right|Vietnamese-style donuts]]
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Name
!Description
|-
|''[[Chè]]''
|A sweet dessert beverage or pudding, it is usually made from beans and sticky rice. Many varieties of ''chè'' are available, each with different fruits, [[bean]]s (for example, [[mung bean]]s or [[common bean|kidney beans]]), and other ingredients. ''Chè'' can be served hot or cold and often with coconut milk.
|-
| ''Rau câu''
|This popular [[dessert]] is made with a type of red algae called [[Gracilaria]] and is flavored with coconut milk, [[pandanus|pandan]] or other flavors. It is eaten cold by itself or added to drinks and [[Chè]].
|-
| ''Chuối chiên''
|Banana deep-fried in a batter, often served hot with cold [[ice cream]], usually [[vanilla]] or coconut
|-
|[[Crème caramel|''Bánh flan'']]
|Influenced by French cuisine and served with caramel or coffee sauce
|-
| ''Sinh tố''
|A [[fruit smoothie]] made with just a few teaspoons of [[sweetened condensed milk]], crushed ice and fresh, local fruits. The smoothies' many varieties include [[custard apple]], [[sugar apple]], [[avocado]], [[jackfruit]], [[soursop]], [[durian]], [[strawberry]], [[Passiflora edulis|passionfruit]], [[Pitaya|dragonfruit]], [[lychee]], [[mango]], and banana.
|-
|[[Yogurt|''Sữa chua'']]
|Local variant of yogurt, which was brought to Vietnam by French colonists. Made with [[condensed milk]], it has a sweet, tart flavor. It can be eaten in its cool, soft form, or frozen, in which form it is often sold in small, clear bags.
|-
|''[[Bánh bò]]''
|A sweet and airy sponge cake flavored with coconut milk, made from rice flour, water, sugar, and yeast.
|-
|''[[Bánh da lợn]]''
|A sweet, soft, steamed layer cake made with rice flour, mung bean, coconut milk, water, and sugar with alternating layers of starch and flavored filling. Taro or durian are typically used for the layers of filling.
|-
|''[[Bánh rán]]''
|A deep-fried glutinous rice ball dish.
|}
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=== Mứt ===
[[File:Ho Chi Minh Trip-197.jpg|thumb|left|A variety of ''mứt'' on display in a shop]]
Vietnamese use fruits in season. When the season is passing, they make candied fruit, called ''ô mai'', and [[fruit preserves]], called ''mứt''. The original taste of ''ô mai'' is sour, sweet, salty, and spicy. The most famous kind of ''ô mai'' is ''ô mai mơ'', made from [[apricot]]s harvested from the forest around [[Perfume Pagoda]] (''Chùa Hương''), [[Hà Tây province]]. This ''ô mai'' consists of apricot covered by ginger, sugar, and [[liquorice]] root slivers.
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=== Tofu ===
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[[Tofu]] (''đậu phụ'') is widely used in Vietnamese cuisine. It is boiled, fried (sprinkled with ground shrimp or oil-dipped minced [[spring onion]]) or used as an ingredient in a variety of dishes.
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Other [[soybean]] products range from [[soy sauce]] (''nước tương''; usually light soy sauce), [[fermented bean paste]] (''[[tương]]''), and [[fermented bean curd]] (''đậu phụ nhự'' or ''chao'') to douhua (soft tofu sweet soup; ''tàu hũ nước đường'' or ''tào phớ'').
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=== Bò kho ===
[[Bo kho]] is a dish made from beef with a stewing method, originating from the [[South Vietnam|South of Vietnam]]. Originally, [[Southern Vietnamese]] people served Bo kho with many kinds of herbs to enhance the flavor of the dish. Although it is called "kho" (meaning "to stew"), the main cooking method of the dish is braising. The stewing method is used to marinate and tenderize the beef before braising.
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=== Phở ===
Phở is a traditional Vietnamese dish originating from Van Cu, [[Nam Định province]]. It is traditionally served with a variety of herbs to enhance its flavor. Nowadays, there are many different ways to prepare and flavor phở. In Vietnam, there are different names to distinguish them: Northern phở (in the North), Huế phở (in the Central region), and Saigon phở (in the South). In 2016, the Japanese chose April 4 of each year as Vietnam's Phở Day in Japan. In [[Vietnam]], on December 12, 2017, Tuổi Trẻ newspaper cooperated with Acecook Vietnam Company to organize the first Phở Day. This will be an annual traditional activity. Since 2018, "Phở Day" will be organized as a community cultural and tourism activity.
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== Exotic dishes ==
[[File:Ruou thuoc 1.jpg|thumb|Snake is one of Vietnamese varieties of ''[[rượu thuốc]]''. The bottle on the left is a cobra wine (''rượu rắn'').]]
[[File:Vietnamese dog meat.jpg|thumb|''Thịt chó'' (boiled dog meat)]]
[[File:Blood pudding 2.JPG|thumb|''Tiết canh'' (blood pudding with cubed meat and herbs) is curing.]]
The use of ingredients typically uncommon or taboo in most countries is one of the quintessential attributes that make Vietnamese cuisine unique. While unusual ingredients can only be found in exotic restaurants in many countries, Vietnamese cuisine is deemed atypical in that the usage of these ingredients can play a customary role in daily family dishes regardless of social class.
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A common and inexpensive breakfast dish that can be found in any wet market, [[Balut (food)|balut]] (''hột vịt lộn'') is a fertilized duck egg with a nearly developed [[embryo]] inside, which is boiled and eaten in the shell. It is typically served with fresh herbs: [[Persicaria odorata|''rau răm'']], salt, and black pepper; [[lime juice]] is another popular additive, when available. A more unusual version of balut dish—fetus quail (''trứng cút lộn'') is a snack favored by many Vietnamese students. [[Paddy crab]] and paddy snail are the main ingredients in ''bún riêu ốc''—a popular noodle dish—and in some everyday soup dishes (''canh'') and braised food (''món bung''). Family meals with [[silkworm]]s (''nhộng''), banana flowers (''hoa chuối''), sparrows, doves, fermented fish and shrimp (''mắm cá'', ''mắm tôm'', ''mắm tép'') are not rare sights. Seasonal favorites include [[ragworm]]s (''rươi''), which are made into many dishes such as fried ''rươi'' omelet (''[[chả rươi]]''), fermented ''rươi'' sauce (''mắm rươi)'', steamed ''rươi (rươi hấp)'', stir-fried ''rươi'' with radish or bamboo shoot ''(''[[rươi xào củ niễng]] [[măng tươi]] hay [[củ cải]]'').'' Three-striped crab ''[[:vi:Ba khía|(''ba khía)'']]'' is popular in several southern provinces, including [[Cà Mau province|Cà Mau]], [[Sóc Trăng province|Sóc Trăng]] and [[Bạc Liêu province|Bạc Liêu]]; it is eaten fermented, stir-fried or steamed''.''
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Northern Vietnamese cuisine is also notable for its wide range of meat choices. Exotic meats such as [[Dog meat consumption in Vietnam|dog meat]], [[cat meat]], [[rat meat]], [[snake meat]],[[Trionychidae|soft-shell turtle]], deer, and domestic goat are sold in street-side restaurants and generally paired with alcoholic beverages. A taboo in many Western countries and in southern Vietnam, consumption of dog meat and cat meat is common throughout the northern part of the country and is believed to raise the libido in men. Television chef [[Andrew Zimmern]] visited northern Vietnam in the 12th episode of his popular show ''[[Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern]]''.[[Cobra]] beating heart and dried bones, silkworms, and [[bull penis]] are some of the dishes he sampled. He also tried [[porcupine]].
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Paddy [[mouse]] meat—barbecued, braised, stir- or deep-fried—is a delicacy dish that can be found in Southern Vietnamese rural areas or even high-end city restaurants.
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[[Crocodile#Crocodile products|Crocodile]]s were eaten by Vietnamese while they were taboo and off limits for Chinese.
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[[Shark fin soup|Shark fins]] are imported in massive amounts by Vietnam.
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[[Anthony Bourdain]], the host chef of [[Travel Channel]]'s ''[[Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations]]'', wrote in April 2005: "...everything is used—and nothing wasted in Vietnam." Animal parts that are often disposed of in many Western countries are used fully in Vietnamese cooking. Organs, including lungs, livers, hearts, intestines and bladders of pigs, cattle, and chickens are sold at even higher prices than their meat. Chicken [[Testicles as food|testicles]] and undeveloped eggs are stir-fried with vegetables and served as an everyday dish.
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Many of the traditional northern Lunar New Year dishes such as ''{{ill|thịt đông|vi}}'', ''[[giò thủ]]'', and ''canh măng móng giò'' involve the use of pig heads, tongues, throats and feet. Pig and beef tails, as well as chicken heads, necks and feet, are Vietnamese favorite beer dishes. ''Bóng bì'', used as an ingredient in ''canh bóng''—a kind of soup, is pig skin baked until popped. Steamed pig brains can be found almost everywhere. Also in the northern part of Vietnam, different kinds of animal blood can be made into a dish called ''[[tiết canh]]'' by whisking the blood with fish sauce and cold water in a shallow dish along with finely chopped, cooked duck innards (such as gizzards), sprinkled with crushed peanuts and chopped herbs such as Vietnamese coriander, mint, etc. It is then cooled until the blood coagulates into a soft, jelly-like mixture and served raw.
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Coconut worms, or ''đuông dừa'', is a delicacy found widely in the [[Trà Vinh province]] of Vietnam. They are the larvae form of the [[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus|palm weevil]] and are eaten live within a salty fish sauce with chili peppers.
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== 飲み物{{Anchor|Beverages}}==

ベトナムには、地元の特色を活かしたさまざまな飲み物がある。

[[File:Vietnamese coffee brewing with metal filter.jpg|left|thumb|''Cà phê phin'' (フィルター式コーヒー)]]
[[File:Vietnamese wine-01 (1).jpg|left|thumb|[[Vietnamese wine/ja|ベトナムワイン]]]]
[[File:Vodka cá sấu (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|ベトナムウォッカ]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;" |名称
!説明
|-
| [[Jasmine tea/ja|ジャスミンティー]]
| ベトナムの地元の茶飲料。
|-
| ''[[Bia hơi/ja|ビアホイ]]''
| 地元で少量生産されるベトナムのスペシャルティドラフトビール。
|-
| ''[[Cà phê sữa đá/ja|カフェスアダー]]''
| 濃い深煎りアイスコーヒーで、カップの底に[[sweetened condensed milk/ja|加糖練乳]]が入っており、かき混ぜて飲むのがベトナム人に非常に人気がある。
|-
| ''[[Cà phê trứng/ja|カフェチュン]]''
| ベトナムエッグコーヒーと訳される飲み物だ。卵黄、ホイップクリーム、練乳、そしてもちろんエスプレッソを使用する。砂糖の代わりにバニラエッセンスや砂糖を使う場合もある。
|-
| [[Sugarcane juice/ja|''ヌオックミーア'']]
| サトウキビの茎を絞って抽出したジュース（柑橘系の風味を加えるためにキンカンを入れることもある）。氷を入れて提供される。
|-
| ''Rau má''
| [[Asiatic pennywort/ja|ツボクサ]]の葉を水と砂糖と一緒に溶けるまでブレンドして作ったジュースで、ほぼ透明な緑色をしており、氷を入れて提供される。
|-
| ''Sữa đậu nành''
| 温かいものと冷たいもの、甘いものと無糖のものがある大豆飲料。この飲み物はアジア諸国で非常に人気がある。しかし、ベトナムの豆乳が他のアジア諸国の豆乳と異なるのは、パンダンリーフを使用する点だ。パンダンリーフの使用はこの飲み物で非常に人気があるが、他の国では異なる甘味料を使用する。
|-
| ''[[Rượu đế/ja|ルオウデー]]''
| 米から作られた蒸留酒。
|-
| ''Trà đá''
| 安価で人気のあるアイスティーの一種で、薄いライムイエローの色をしており、通常あまり味がない。
|-
| ''Trà đá chanh''
| レモンアイスティー。
|-
| ''Chanh muối''
| 甘酸っぱい塩味のライムドリンク。
|-
| Soda ''xí muội''
| 甘じょっぱい梅ソーダ。
|-
| Soda ''hột gà''
| エッグソーダ。
|-
| ''Sinh tố''
| 緑豆、小豆、アボカド、パイナップル、イチゴ、ジャックフルーツ、カスタードアップル、ドリアン、サポジラ、またはマンゴーと加糖練乳、砕いた氷で作られたベトナムのフルーツスムージー。
|-
| ''Nước sắn dây hoa bưởi''
| [[kudzu/ja|クズ]]と[[pomelo/ja|ブンタン]]のフラワーエキスで作られている。
|}

== 関連項目 ==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[List of Vietnamese dishes/ja]]
* [[List of Vietnamese culinary specialities/ja]]
* [[List of Vietnamese ingredients/ja]]
* [[Vietnamese noodles/ja]]
* [[Vietnamese wine/ja]]
* [[Rượu đế/ja]] ライスワイン
* [[Basa (fish)/ja]]
* [[Southeast Asian cuisine/ja]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Food|Vietnam}}

== 参考資料 ==
{{wikivoyage|Vietnamese cuisine}}
{{commons category|Vietnamese cuisine}}

{{Vietnamese cuisine/ja}}
{{Southeast Asia topic|Cuisine of}}
{{Asian topic|| cuisine}}
{{cuisine/ja}}
{{Vietnam topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vietnamese Cuisine}}
[[Category:Vietnamese cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Buddhist cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
{{二次利用/ja|date=23 May 2025, at 08:04}}