View source for Kaffir lime/ja

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{{Speciesbox
|image = Citrus hystrix fruit.jpg
|image_caption = 木の上の果物
|range_map = Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa (Fuller et al., 2017).png
|range_map_caption = 主要な柑橘類栽培品種の推定される原生地の地図（''C. hystrix''は薄緑色で示す）
|genus = Citrus
|species = hystrix
|authority = [[:en:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]
|synonyms =
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''C. auraria'' <small>Michel</small>
*''C. balincolong'' <small>(Yu.Tanaka) Yu.Tanaka</small>
*''C. boholensis'' <small>(Wester) Yu.Tanaka</small>
*''C. celebica'' <small>Koord.</small>
*''C. combara'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''C. echinata'' <small>St.-Lag.</small> nom. illeg.
*''C. hyalopulpa'' <small>Yu.Tanaka</small>
*''C. kerrii'' <small>(Swingle) Tanaka</small>
*''C. kerrii'' <small>(Swingle) Yu.Tanaka</small>
*''C. latipes'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson ex Hook.f.</small>
*''C. macroptera'' <small>Montrouz.</small>
*''[[Citrus micrantha|C. micrantha]]'' <small>Wester</small>
*''C. papeda'' <small>Miq.</small>
*''C. papuana'' <small>F.M.Bailey</small>
*''C. southwickii'' <small>Wester</small>
*''C. torosa'' <small>Blanco</small>
*''C. tuberoides'' <small>J.W.Benn.</small>
*''C. ventricosa'' <small>Michel</small>
*''C. vitiensis'' <small>Yu.Tanaka</small>
*''C. westeri'' <small>Yu.Tanaka</small>
*''Fortunella sagittifolia'' <small>K.M.Feng & P.Y.Mao</small>
*''Papeda rumphii'' <small>Hassk.</small>
    }}
|synonyms_ref = 
}}

'''''Citrus hystrix'''''は、'''コブミカン'''、'''タイライム'''、または'''マクルートライム'''と呼ばれ、[[:en:tropical Asia|熱帯]][[:en:Southeast Asia|東南アジア]]原産の[[citrus fruit/ja|柑橘類]]の果物である。

その果実と葉は[[Southeast Asian cuisine/ja|東南アジア料理]]で、[[:en:Petitgrain|エッセンシャルオイル]]は香水製造で使用される。その皮と砕いた葉は、強い柑橘系の香りを放つ。

==名称{{Anchor|Names}}==
[[File:Citrus hystrix Blanco2.408-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[:en:Francisco Manuel Blanco|フランシスコ・マヌエル・ブランコ]]による''C. hystrix''のイラスト]]

最も可能性の高い[[:en:etymology|語源]]は、[[:en:Sri Lanka Kaffirs|カフィア族]]を経由するものである。彼らは[[:en:Sri Lanka|スリランカ]]の民族集団で、一部は奴隷化された[[:en:Bantu peoples|バンツー族]]の子孫である。最も古い既知の言及は、1888年の[[:en:Emanuel Bonavia|エマヌエル・ボナヴィア]]による『''The Cultivated Oranges, Lemons Etc. of India and Ceylon''』という本に、「caffre」という別の綴りで記されている。「プランテーションの[[:en:coolie|クーリー]]たちは、ヒルを避けるために足や脚にこれを塗る。そのためセイロン[スリランカ]では、''Kudalu dchi''、つまりヒルライムという名前も付けられている。ヨーロッパ人はそれをカフィアライムと呼ぶ」。同様に、H.F.マクミランの1910年の著書『''A Handbook of Tropical Gardening and Planting''』には、「セイロンの『カフィアライム』」と記されている。

別の語源としては、インドのイスラム教徒が東方の非イスラム圏から輸入した果物に、直接「異質性や異国情緒」を伝えるために名付けたという説がある。この果物の名前が、[[:en:South Africa|南アフリカ]]の民族的蔑称である「[[:en:Kaffir (racial term)|カフィア]]」（''下記「南アフリカ」参照''）に直接由来するという主張は、十分に裏付けられていない。

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''C. hystrix'' is known by various names in its native areas:
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* {{lang|jv|jêruk purut}} in [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and {{lang|ms|limau purut}} in [[Malay language|Malay]] (respectively into [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]) both meaning "warty/rough-skinned lime" due to the fruit's bumpy texture.
* {{transliteration|zh|jiàn yè chéng}} ({{lang|zh|箭叶橙}} "arrow-leaf lime") in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].
* {{lang|tl|kabuyaw}} or {{lang|tl|kulubot}} in the Philippines. The city of [[Cabuyao]] in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] is named after the fruit.
*''Kolumichai'', <span lang="ta">கொலுமிச்சை</span> in [[Kongu Tamil]]
* {{transliteration|th|makrud}} or {{transliteration|th|makrut}} ({{lang|th|[[wikt:มะกรูด|มะกรูด]]}}, {{IPA|lang=th|/máʔ.krùːt/}}) in Thailand (a name also used for the [[bergamot orange]]).
* {{transliteration|lo|mak khi hut}} ({{lang|lo|ໝາກຂີ້ຫູດ}}, {{IPA|lang=lo|/ma᷆ːk.kʰi᷆ː.hu᷆ːt/}}) in Laos.
* {{lang|vi|chúc}} or {{lang|vi|chanh Thái}} in [[Vietnam]].
*  {{lang|fr|combava}} in [[Réunion]] Island
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The [[Citrus micrantha|micrantha]], a similar citrus fruit native to the Philippines that is ancestral to several hybrid limes, such as the [[Key lime]] and [[Persian lime]], may represent the same species as ''C. hystrix'', but the genomic characterization of the kaffir lime has not been performed in sufficient detail to allow a definitive conclusion.
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===South Africa===
In South Africa, the Arabic ''kafir'' was adopted by white colonialists as "[[Kaffir (racial term)|kaffir]]," an ethnic slur for Black Africans. Consequently, some authors favour switching from "kaffir lime" to "makrut lime," a less well-known name, while in South Africa, it is usually referred to as "Thai lime".
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==Description==
''C. hystrix'' is a thorny shrub or small tree, {{convert|6|to|35|ft|0|disp=flip}} tall, with aromatic and [[leaf shape|distinctively shaped "double" leaves]]. These hourglass-shaped leaves comprise the leaf blade plus a flattened, leaf-like stalk (botanically, a winged [[petiole (botany)|petiole]]). The fruit is rough and green and ripens to yellow; it is distinguished by its bumpy exterior and small size, approximately {{convert|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide. The fruits have thick skins ([[Fruit_(plant_structure)#Pericarp_layers|pericarps]]) and taste very acidic and slightly bitter. Flowers can have four to five petals that are white in color and are fragrant.
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==History==
[[Pierre Sonnerat]] (1748–1814) collected specimens of it in 1771–72, and it appears in Lamarck's Encyclopédie Méthodique (1796).
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Makrut lime appears in texts under the name of kaffir lime in 1868, in Ceylon, where rubbing the juice onto legs and socks prevents leech bites. This could be a possible origin of the name leech lime.
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==Uses==
=== Culinary ===
''C. hystrix'' leaves are used in Southeast Asian cuisines such as [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]], [[Laotian cuisine|Laotian]], [[Cambodian cuisine|Cambodian]], and [[Thai cuisine|Thai]]. The leaves are the most frequently used part of the plant, fresh, dried, or frozen. The leaves are widely used in [[Thai cuisine]] (for dishes such as [[tom yum]]) and [[Cambodian cuisine]] (for the base paste "[[Kroeung|krueng]]"). The leaves are used in [[Vietnamese cuisine]] to add fragrance to chicken dishes and to decrease the pungent odor when steaming snails. Also, in Vietnamese villages that harvest [[silkworms]], the silkworms in the [[pupa]] stage are [[stir-fried]] with the kaffir lime leaves. The leaves are used in [[Cuisine of Indonesia|Indonesian cuisine]] (especially [[Balinese cuisine]] and [[Javanese cuisine]]) for foods such as [[soto ayam]] and are used along with [[Syzygium polyanthum|Indonesian bay leaf]] for chicken and fish. They are also found in [[Cuisine of Malaysia|Malaysian]] and [[Cuisine of Myanmar|Burmese]] cuisines.
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The [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] (peel) is commonly used in Lao and [[Thai curry]] paste, adding an aromatic, astringent flavor. The [[Zest (ingredient)|zest]] of the fruit, referred to as combava, is used in [[creole cuisine]] to impart flavor in [[Flavored liquor|infused rums]] and [[rougails]] in [[Mauritius]], [[Réunion]], and [[Madagascar]]. In Cambodia, the entire fruit is [[candied fruit|crystallized or candied]] for eating.
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===Medicinal===
The juice and rinds of the peel are used in traditional medicine in some Asian countries; the fruit's juice is often used in shampoo and is believed to kill head lice.
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===Other uses===
The juice is used as a cleanser for clothing and hair in Thailand and occasionally in Cambodia. [[Lustral water]] mixed with slices of the fruit is used in religious ceremonies in Cambodia.
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Makrut lime oil is used as raw material in many fields, including pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, sanitary, cosmetic, and perfume industries. It is also used extensively in aromatherapy and as an essential ingredient in various cosmetic and beauty products.
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<gallery>
File:Fish stuffed with Thai herbs.jpg|[[Channa striata|Striped snakehead]] fish stuffed with ''C. hystrix'' and [[Cymbopogon|lemongrass]] in preparation for steaming
File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Tom yam.jpg|''C. hystrix'' leaves floating in [[tom yum]]
File:Citrus hystrix DC. (AM AK305877-3).jpg|Fruit longitudinal section
File:Combava Rind Madagascar.jpg|Dried fruit rinds
File:Combava Powder Madagascar.jpg|Powdered fruit rind, used in [[Malagasy cuisine]]
File:Phanaeng kai.jpg|Cut leaf strips on chicken [[phanaeng]]
File:2022.08-516-248ap1 Large bags with Citrus hystrix leaves for sale in Phou Puy Wholesale Vegetable Market in Battambang, Cambodia sat27aug2022-1516h.jpg|''C. hystrix'' leaves for sale in Phou Puy Wholesale Vegetable Market in [[Battambang]], Cambodia (August 2022)
</gallery>
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==Cultivation==
[[File:Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) 1.jpg|thumb|Small ''C. hystrix'' shrub in pot]]
''C. hystrix'' is grown worldwide in suitable climates as a garden shrub for home fruit production. It is well suited to [[container garden]]s and for large [[flower pot|garden pots]] on [[patio]]s, [[Terrace (building)|terraces]], and in conservatories.
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==Main constituents==
The compound responsible for the characteristic aroma was identified as [[citronellal|(–)-(''S'')-citronellal]], which is contained in the leaf oil up to 80 percent; minor components include [[citronellol]] (10 percent), [[nerol]] and [[limonene]].
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From a stereochemical point of view, it is remarkable that makrut lime leaves contain only the (''S'') [[stereoisomer]] of citronellal, whereas its [[enantiomer]], (+)-(''R'')-citronellal is found in both [[lemon balm]] and (to a lesser degree) [[lemon grass]], (however, citronellal is only a trace component in the latter's essential oil).
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Makrut lime fruit peel contains an essential oil comparable to lime fruit peel oil; its main components are limonene and [[pinene|β-pinene]].
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==毒性{{Anchor|Toxicity}}==
''C. hystrix''は、果皮と果肉の両方にかなりの量の[[furanocoumarins/ja|フロクマリン]]を含んでいる。フロクマリンは、潜在的に重度の皮膚炎症である[[phytophotodermatitis/ja|植物光線皮膚炎]]を引き起こすことが知られている。''C.&nbsp;hystrix''の外用によって誘発された植物光線皮膚炎の症例が報告されている。

==関連項目==
{{Commons category|Citrus hystrix}}
*[[Citrus taxonomy/ja]]

{{Citrus}}

[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Limes (fruit)]]
[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Flora of China|Citrus]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia|Citrus]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia|Citrus]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia|Citrus]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Lao cuisine]]
[[Category:Filipino cuisine]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Thai cuisine]]
[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]
{{二次利用/ja|date=28 June 2025, at 19:50}}